Ohio History Journal

A REVIEW-ESSAY

 

"Noble Fellow": William Starling Sullivant. By Andrew Denny

Rodgers, III. Foreword by Dr. Adolph E . Waller (New

York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1940. xxii. ³⁶¹p. Illustrations,

maps and appendix.)

 

An Abstract by FRANK C. CALDWELL

 

This is a remarkable book, centered about the accomplish-

ments of a remarkable man. He lived and worked in an almost

frontier town hundreds of miles from the early eastern centers

of science, and before the days even of stage coach and federal

mail communication. He was already in his thirties and had be-

come a leading member of the commercial and industrial groups

of his town, when he first became interested in the science in

which, during the next 30 years, he came to be an international

leader. Much detail of William Sullivant's scientific accomplish-

ments gives an especial interest to the historically-minded botanist.

Throughout the narrative also many interesting episodes have to

do with the founding of Franklinton, the locating of the Capitol

on the "high bank opposite Franklinton," and the growth of

Columbus to about the time of the opening of the Ohio State

University in 1873. Many of the notable pioneers of Kentucky

and Ohio and of botanical science in America and Europe come

into the picture. Conspicuous among these are the members of

the Starling and Sullivant families themselves.

This brief abstract lays no claim to originality. Interest in

Mr. Rodgers' book led to the starting of a series of notes, and

this led to the writing of the following story:

Lucas Sullivant was born in 1765 in Lunenburg County

near the center of the southern boundary of Virginia. It was a

fairly well settled and prosperous region, but the pioneering

spirit was still strong and Kentucky was the next step toward

the West. Four families with which Lucas Sullivant's career in

 

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Virginia was closely tied were the Lucases, his mother's family,

the Starlings, the Foxes and the Lynes. Col. William Starling

was an intimate friend whose daughter Lucas later married and

with whose son, Lyne Starling, he became intimately associated in

business.

About the beginning of 1793 Lucas, who had adopted the

profession of surveying, went to northern Kentucky to practice,

and never permanently returned to his Virginia home. He lo-

cated at Washington, four miles south of Maysville on the Ohio

River. Arthur Fox had preceded him to Kentucky and had al-

ready become prosperous as a surveyor. Col. Edmund Lyne had

also moved to Washington, but had died before Lucas arrived.

Lucas began his surveying in Kentucky as a deputy-surveyor

under a Col. R. C. Anderson; this work was mostly along the

Ohio River. In Washington he made his home with a prominent

citizen, one Stephen Treacle.

In 1794, Sullivant was driven back by the Indians from an

attempt to explore and survey north of the Ohio River. Again

in October he organized a party of 20 men and reached Old

Chillicothe, but was once more driven back. A similar expedition

in 1795 resulted in the deaths of two men and a narrow escape for

Sullivant. In September, 1796, he first reached the intersection

of the Scioto and the Olentangy then called the Whetstone River.

He was much impressed with the location on the west side

of the Scioto and in June, 1797, he obtained a warrant for 2,000

acres at this point. Owing to complications concerning the title

he could not claim complete ownership till Christmas, 1800. He

also bought other large tracts in the neighborhood. Already in

1797 he had determined to found a town and had selected the

name Franklinton. He was, however, still living in Washington,

Kentucky.

In 1798 Col. William Starling, Lucas' Virginia friend, settled

in Harrodsburg, Ky. Early in 1800 Lucas made a trip to Rich-

mond, Va., and Philadelphia, where he obtained from the Virginia

and the federal authorities the documents needed to establish his

rights to his Franklinton property. On his return he built the

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first brick house in Franklinton. He then paid a long postponed

visit to the Starlings in Harrodsburg and successfully sought the

hand of Sarah Starling, William's oldest unmarried daughter, at

that time 19 years of age. Short engagements were then in style,

so he took his young bride back with him to his new brick house.

This house had a living room and kitchen on the first floor and

two rooms on the second, but it boasted such luxuries as glass

windows and a fine stairway of walnut. Lucas had to fight a long

law suit over his land ownership, but in the end, his title was

cleared. On January 15, 1803, William Starling Sullivant was

born. A famous physician, Dr. William Goforth, rode horseback

from Cincinnati to attend his arrival. At that time Franklinton

was surrounded by forest and had about 50 inhabitants. Then

came the creation of Franklin County with Franklinton as its

county seat. In 1806, the first log school house was built and in

the following year, the first courthouse. Also Lucas Sullivant

surveyed the new road to Springfield.

Two more sons were born to Lucas and Sarah, Michael in

1806 and Joseph in 1809. Both were to become famous in the

history of Columbus and of Ohio. An interesting sidelight on

the pioneer conditions of life is the fact that Sarah shared the

nursing of William with the deserted child of a negro slave.

This child served the Sullivants all through his life, and was

buried in the Green Lawn Cemetery.    His name was Arthur

Boke.

From one of Lucas' trips to Philadelphia be brought to his

wife a Brussels carpet, probably the first factory-made carpet in

central Ohio. He also brought the first orange and gave it to

his son. William working with his father, early became inter-

ested in surveying and building, while Indians and wild animals

still constituted dangers to the settlers. Later he carried wheat

on horseback as much as 100 miles to be milled.

When nine years old, William was sent to his grandfather

William Starling's home, near Harrodsburg, Ky., to attend the

Forrest Hill Academy in Jessamine County, where the principal

was Samuel Wilson, A.M. This school was a one-story log

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cabin and the tuition was $10 for a six-month session. Among

the neighbors of the Starlings were Gen. John Adair, Gabriel

Slaughter, Major Geo. Thompson, Samuel McDowell, father of

Abram, and John McDowell, who later moved to Columbus; also,

Gen. James Ray and Robert McAfee.

In June, 1812, Col. Starling sold his plantation to a Mr.

Craddock and opened a store in Harrodsburg. During the War

of 1812 the Sullivants granted the use of their grounds for the

encampment of the soldiers serving under General Harrison. The

officers they entertained in their house, thus placing a great burden

on Mrs. Sullivant, and probably contributing to her death in 1814.

After several years of legislative sparring between the larger

towns of central Ohio, on February 14, 1812, the "high bank" on

the east side of the Scioto opposite Franklinton was selected as

the location of the Capitol of Ohio. In this competition Lyne

Starling, 4th son of Col. William Starling and thus brother-in-law

of Lucas Sullivant, was an outstanding contestant. He had come

to Franklinton in 1806 and had bought the property across the

Scioto in 1809. The name Columbus was selected by the legis-

lature about February 20, 1812.

In 1814, Starling and a Columbus syndicate began the con-

struction of the State House, and in 1816, Lucas Sullivant built

a toll bridge across the river.

After a few weeks' special preparation at Transylvania Col-

lege, William spent a year at Ohio University at Athens, to which

he rode horseback, accompanied by an attendant with a pack

horse. He entered Yale University in November, 1819, riding on

horseback to New Haven. Only one other member of his class

came from west of the Allegheny Mountains. His studies were

the traditional classics, but some science was being taught and

William experienced his first acquaintance though at second hand,

with that field of knowledge. He was also active in athletics and

was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

On August 8, 1823, Lucas Sullivant died from a pestilence

that ravaged the region and William was obliged to abandon the

graduate studies he was then taking, and return to the charge of

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his father's estate. This now consisted of extensive holdings in

real estate, and in various commercial and industrial projects.

He was without doubt one of the outstanding citizens of central

Ohio at that time.

On April 8, 1824, William married Jane Marshall, a niece of

Chief Justice Marshall. Her home was near Washington, Ky.,

and she had come to Franklinton with her mother to visit friends.

Her mother was a McDowell and had come to Kentucky from

Virginia in 1784. The McDowells had long been friends of the

Sullivants and the Starlings. William now took up surveying

as a profession. He worked on the surveys for the early Ohio

canals, but followed this profession for only a short time. His

wife, Jane, died in January, 1825, being then only 17 years of age.

She left a baby daughter Jane Marshall only 17 days old. For

four years William kept the little girl with him and then sent her

to an aunt in Kentucky, where she could go to kindergarten with

cousins of her own age. During some 10 years following his

wife's death, William devoted himself to promoting his father's

business enterprises, notably a grist mill a short distance up the

Scioto, a new bridge on Broad Street, and a stone quarry. He

rented his house on Sullivant Hill and lived by himself. He was

especially interested in improving the milling machinery which

he used.

In 1818, William Neil, a Kentuckian, visited Columbus as a

guest of Capt. Joseph Vance, then owner of the land now occupied

by the Ohio State University campus. About 1822, Neil located

in Columbus as cashier of the Franklin Bank, in which Sullivant

was interested. He also undertook mail and passenger transpor-

tation enterprises, which later led to Columbus becoming "the

center of one of the most extensive systems of stage lines in the

Union". Stages ran to Chillicothe, Zanesville, Springfield, Day-

ton and Cincinnati.  By 1826, stages ran from  Cincinnati via

Dayton and Columbus to Portland, near Sandusky, in four

days.

By 1828, William Sullivant appears as a promoter of the

"Ohio Stage Co. with Post Coaches from Wheeling via Colum-

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400   OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

bus to Cincinnati daily, through in less than four days." Also

from Portland and from Cleveland to Cincinnati via Columbus,

also each in four days.

In 1828, William Neil became the owner of the Vance prop-

erty, already mentioned as the future site of the State University.

His house until about the year 1900 was occupied by his son,

Henry, and his family and is now a fraternity house, facing on

Indianola Ave., between 15th and 16th Aves.

Franklinton still had less than 500 inhabitants and was rap-

idly yielding its importance to Columbus. In 1834, the Clinton

Bank later the Hayden-Clinton, and now included in the Hunt-

ington National Bank, was chartered, with William Sullivant a

director and later as president and with David W. Deshler as

cashier.

About 1840, William Neil built the first Neil House at a cost

of $100,000. It was directly on the stage line and greatly pros-

pered. In 1845, he became the first president of the Columbus

and Xenia Railroad Co., the first railroad out of Columbus and

later a part of the Pennsylvania Railroad System.

By 1846, Sullivant had sold his milling interests, and seems

to have definitely aimed, after 25 years of successful operation,

to relieve himself as much as practicable from his business cares.

By June, 1854, the railroads had largely displaced the stage

coach business.

In November, 1834, William Sullivant married Eliza Griscom

Wheeler of New York City. His meeting her was quite acci-

dental, while he was crossing on a Hudson River ferry, but it

developed into a very happy union in spite of his being 14 years

her senior. She took great interest in beautifying the old "Sulli-

vant Hill" homestead, which William "had improved and adorned

with a large white brick residence."

On New Year's Day, 1854, the directors of the Clinton Bank

presented a loving cup to Sullivant "in testimony of his faithful

services as President".

The 1850's marked the change in Sullivant's career from

predominantly the business man to definitely the scientist. He

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still retained active business connections and these, at times, con-

sumed much of his effort and drew him reluctantly away from

his favorite activities. Already in the late 1830's he was buying

books on botany. His younger brother, Joseph, was studying

botany, conchology and ornithology, and William's wife, Eliza,

took most kindly to cooperation in his scientific work. In addi-

tion to a genuine interest in his botanical studies she had great

skill in drawing, which throughout her life with him was of

notable assistance in his work.

At about this time he became a correspondent with Dr. John

Torrey, the famous botanist of New York, and his collaborator,

Dr. Asa Gray. His acquaintance with these outstanding scientists

became more intimate with the passing years, and cooperation

with them, and especially with Dr. Gray, played a large part in

William Sullivant's remarkable botanical accomplishments. Per-

sonal acquaintance was promoted through occasional business trips

to New York, and in the early years of their cooperation, before

dependable mail or express transportation was established, inter-

change of botanical specimens was carried on through business

associates. Among these were three whose names became famous

in Columbus history--William A. Platt, Lieut. A. McDowell and

Alfred Kelley.

Through Dr. Torrey and Dr. Gray, Sullivant began the col-

lection of a botanical library, which later was to become one of

the finest collections of books on mosses (bryological) in the

world. With their cooperation, also, he built up one of the finest

herbariums in this field. In this he was assisted by exchanges

with other botanists both in America and in Europe, with whom

he became a correspondent.

William Sullivant had received no formal scientific education

and was nearing 40 years of age before he actively undertook his

botanical work. These conditions, together with the fact that he

was working in an undeveloped area on the frontier of civilization

and hundreds of miles from others occupied seriously in the same

field, make his accomplishments among the most notable in all

the realm of science. On the other hand he had, in addition to

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402   OHIO  ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

unusual ability, interest and perseverance, two great advantages,

a large independent income and the capable and interested coopera-

tion of his wife.

At first, Sullivant's botanical interest was naturally quite

general, but it was gradually narrowed down till in his later years

he confined his work entirely to mosses.

In 1839, Sullivant received the contract for supplying lime-

stone at fifty cents per "perch" of 25 cubic feet for the new State

House. Political contentions delayed the operation for six years,

but the building was finally dedicated in January, 1857. In that

year, Dr. Gray, being in Europe, bought for Sullivant his first

high-grade microscope.

In 1839, also, he made his first large exchange of plants with

Dr. Torrey, sending him a box of about 500 plants. His own

herbarium already contained about a thousand. At that time he

was specializing in grasses and sedges, but was becoming inter-

ested in mosses and lichens.

In May, 1840, the new microscope arrived and delighted

Sullivant, who before his death was to be hailed as "the head of

all American microscopists." The botany of Sullivant's day was

almost entirely taxonomic, that is, confined to the collection and

classification of plants. Fame for the botanist came from the

discovery of new plants and their naming. He was anxious to

acquire a reputation by this route, but naturally lacked confidence

in his own judgment, being based on such limited experience. He

would argue points with Gray, however, and was not always in

the wrong.

In 1841, Sullivant's contacts with European botanists began.

Dr. Gray forwarded for him a set of Ohio mosses to Sir William

J. Hooker of England. Later exchanges were made with him

and with several other European botanists.

In April, 1842, Sullivant's first published paper appeared in

the American Journal of Science and Arts, otherwise often known

as Silliman's Journal. Three new plants, first described by him

were discussed. Also, in this year, he had the pleasure of first

seeing his name attached, by Dr. Torrey, to a newly discovered

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plant, Sullivantia Sullivantii, a member of the Saxifrage family.

From this time on, his wife's skill in drawing played a larger

and larger part in his contributions. With her cooperation he

developed the hitherto unused method of showing pictures of

botanical specimens on printed plates. They also were the first

to bind their sheets of herbarium specimens in book form.

In August and September, 1843, Sullivant joined Dr. Gray

in a trip through the Allegheny Mountains south from Frostburg,

Md., to Asheville, N. C. This trip proved very profitable in its

yield of rare and new botanical specimens. From near Asheville

he returned via Lexington to Columbus, while Dr. Gray continued

south to Augusta, Ga., and thence home to Cambridge, where he

had become permanently located at Harvard University. Sulli-

vant, of course, specialized on mosses during this trip and arrived

home with some 140 specimens. He was now beginning to work

on what was to become his first important publication-Musci

Alleghanienses, the mosses of the Alleghenys.

In August, 1844, Sullivant was invited to become a "corre-

spondent" of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science.

Because of a land investment which he, in company with

Lyne Starling, had made in Georgia, Sullivant, in 1845, took his

wife, his daughter Eliza and a niece on a trip to New Orleans,

Mobile, and thence to Columbia County, Georgia, where his busi-

ness was located. From there they returned home via Charleston,

Baltimore and the Cumberland Road. This trip while, in part,

most interesting, was rather disappointing in botanical output and

marred by Mrs. Sullivant's illness. In this year he was made a

member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

In 1845, the Musci Alleghanienses was at last published,

"about 50 presentation copies or sets of specimens themselves,

with printed labels, title pages and index," so described by Dr.

Gray in Silliman's Journal. There were nearly 300 mosses and

lichens. Most of the copies were presented by Sullivant to Euro-

pean botanists. Very complimentary appreciation was received

from all sides, and naturally most advantageous correspondence

and exchanges resulted.

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404   OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL  AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

At this time, through exchange with Dr. Gray and others,

Mrs. Sullivant developed a notable garden of rare plants at their

home.

In 1847, Sullivant cooperated with Dr. Gray by writing and

illustrating a section on mosses in a textbook which Gray was

publishing. This was made difficult by an exceptional pressure

of business and by the building of a new house across Broad

Street from the Capitol.

About this time the Sullivants were saddened by the death

of their little son Harry, 2 1/2 years old, poisoned by a mistake of

a physician.

In November, 1848, Sullivant experienced a stroke of great

good fortune. He obtained the services, as assistant, of Leo

Lesquereux, a Swiss, who, at 42 years of age, had come to

America on the invitation of Louis Agassiz. The life of Les-

quereux, as outlined by Mr. Rodgers, should make a splendid

subject for a biographical romance into which Agassiz, Sullivant

and other famous scientists, as well as certain members of the

German nobility, would enter. Von Moltke served as "best man"

at his wedding. Lesquereux already had an international repu-

tation in Europe. His greatest usefulness to Sullivant was as

a collector, in which capacity he traveled widely through the coun-

try. As this activity was not sufficient to keep him occupied, he

and his sons conducted a jewelry business on High Street oppo-

site the Capitol. His father had been a Swiss watchmaker and

Leo had been trained in his shop. In spite of being entirely deaf

he became a leading citizen of Columbus and "the leading fossil

botanist of America." He was in later years an intimate friend

of Edward Orton, T. C. Mendenhall and other early members of

the university faculty. He lived in Columbus until his death in

1889 at 83 years of age.

In 1850, Sullivant was also employing at least two other col-

lectors, Charles Wright and August Fendler, both of whom later

became outstanding botanists. The whole world now constituted

his field of activity.

In August of this same year, Sullivant's helpmate and en-

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thusiastic botanical co-worker, his wife, Eliza, died very suddenly

of cholera. This occurred in spite of the fact that the family had

gone to Mt. Vernon, Ohio, to escape the plague which was epi-

demic in Columbus. In 15 years of married life, she had not

only borne six children and made many friends in Columbus

among Sullivant's scientific and business contemporaries, but had

established such a place for herself among the botanists of the

world that a newly discovered moss was named for her by a

famous German botanist. She left four children. His oldest

daughter, Jane Marshall, by his first wife had married Robert

E. Neil, son of William and Hannah Neil, in 1843.

In September, 1851, after a year of intolerable loneliness, he

married a niece of Eliza's, Caroline Sutton in Aurelius, Cayuga

County, New York.    (Cayuga County extends along the east

shore of Cayuga Lake, at the south end of which Ithaca is lo-

cated.) She was to be the mother of six children, two girls and

four boys. Thus in his three families Sullivant was the father

of 13 children, five girls and eight boys.

In 1856, appeared the second edition of the widely used

Manual of the Botany of the Northern U. S. with Gray and

Sullivant as authors, and six months later the first book of which

Sullivant appeared as sole author, the Musci and Hepaticae of

the United States East of the Mississippi River (mosses and

lichens). This was made up largely of Sullivant's part of the

above manual.

In 1857, Musci Boreali-Americani (Mosses of North Amer-

ica) was published and won very high commendation. This work

was a large bound volume, on the sheets of which about 416

specimens were mounted, with suitable labels; additional loose

specimens of most of the included mosses were also provided.

The edition was naturally small and each copy sold for over $20,

less than half the actual cost. In the preparation of this, Les-

quereux cooperated with Sullivant. He also handled the sales,

and through the liberality of his partner received the proceeds in

payment for his part of the work.

During the 1850's, several government surveys were carried

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out in the western portion of the country and Sullivant cooperated

with these in their botanical aspects. He was also becoming an

internationally recognized authority on microscopy.

The friendship and cooperation between Lesquereux and

Sullivant was becoming ever closer and continued to the end of

Sullivant's life. He also found many opportunities to be helpful

and encouraging to the generation of younger botanists who were

coming on the stage. His own botanical activity, now confined

to the mosses, had extended to cover the whole world. Collections

from Cuba, the Hawaiian Islands, Japan, China, Terra del Fuego,

the Philippines, Dutch Guiana and New Zealand are among the

areas mentioned. He was building up the finest herbarium in his

field then existing in America, if not in the world. By 1856, he

had at last succeeded in converting his investments into such

securities as would require little active care on his part, and was

devoting practically all his time and much of his large income to

his favorite science.

About this time he began work upon a project which was

destined to be his most important publication, his Icones Mus-

corum. This was developed through nearly a decade, not being

published till 1864. When it finally came out, it was an imperial

octavo volume with 129 finely engraved copper-plate cuts of as

many American mosses with magnified views of parts of the

plants of the smaller mosses, also with a printed description of

each specimen on a separate page. The Icones received extraor-

dinary commendation not only for the subject matter, but also for

the mounting, the engraving and the typography. Sullivant spared

no expense and had no expectation of reimbursement. Soon after

the publication of Icones Muscorum he began work on a second

volume which was well on its way to completion, at the time of

his death. It was completed by Lesquereux and Gray in 1874

as a labor of love.

It is easy to believe that the presence in Columbus, a growing

and still almost a frontier town of two such enthusiastic scientists

as William Sullivant and Leo Lesquereux must have had a notable

effect upon the attitude of its better educated citizens. This situ-

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ation may well have had an influence on the location of the State

University.

His brother, Joseph, in particular, was already interested in

botany and when William turned his natural interest in nature in

this direction, Joseph probably influenced him even then, and

always encouraged and supported him in his work.

Joseph received his education at a private school at Worthing-

ton and at Ohio University at Athens and Center College at Dan-

ville, Kentucky. He became one of the outstanding public-spirited

citizens of Ohio. He was active in the campaign to get the funds

appropriated by Congress under the Morrill Act wisely expended

for the establishment of a real State University as contrasted with

one or more technical training schools and he helped to obtain its

location at the State capital. He was one of the only three men

who were appointed on each of the first three successive boards

of trustees of what later became the Ohio State University. These

were brought about through political reorganizations. He served

as secretary on each of these boards from 1870 to 1878. He was

the designer of the first university seal, and the author of the

first general scheme for university organization and for a cur-

riculum adopted by the board in 1870. He also took an active

part in selecting the scientific and technical equipment of the

departments.

In 1911, Dr. Thomas C. Mendenhall, in a presidential address

before the Ohio Academy of Science, reviewed the accomplish-

ments of that early group of Columbus citizens, who had devel-

oped such a notable interest in science. He paid high tribute to

the Sullivant brothers and in 1923, then himself a trustee of the

university, he established the Joseph Sullivant Medal, to be

awarded at approximately five-year intervals to the then most out-

standing alumnus of the University. William's other brother,

Michael, was also famous in the Ohio of his time, his interest

being especially agricultural. William's uncle, on whose property

the State House had been located, was another of his active sup-

porters. It was he whose bequest of $30,000 founded the Starling

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408   OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Medical College, now a part of the university. Another was Dr.

T. G. Wormley, an outstanding toxicologist.

In 1867, the Sullivants moved back from Broad Street to

their old home on Sullivant Hill, west of the city. The house

was at that time practically rebuilt. Columbus now had 30,000

inhabitants and some horse cars. Their stay at Sullivant Hill,

however, was disappointingly short. Only three years later the

State of Ohio selected it as the site for the new institution for

the care of the insane, the present Columbus State Hospital.

Rutherford B. Hayes, then governor, presided at the "consecra-

tion service" held by the Grand Lodge of Masons, and William

Sullivant threw out the first shovelful of earth. The family moved

back to the East Broad Street house which was repurchased.

By this time travel to the East had become relatively easy

and the Sullivants and Grays exchanged occasional and very

pleasant visits.

In 1872, Sullivant was honored by election to the National

Academy of Sciences.

In January, 1873, Sullivant contracted pneumonia from which

he never completely recovered and on April 30 he passed quietly

away, being 70 years of age. His old friend, Dr. John Torrey,

had died only seven weeks earlier, but Dr. Asa Gray, the third

member of that notable botanical triumvirate, and Sullivant's

closest scientific friend, survived him by 16 years. Sullivant's

fine herbarium was bequeathed to Harvard University, where it

is located in the Gray Herbarium Building. Sullivant's micro-

scope and a considerable portion of his botanical library were

bequeathed to the Starling Medical College, and to what is now

the Ohio State University.

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