AN EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION BY ALFRED J. WRIGHT "Miami Valley College For both sexes, near Springboro, Warren County, Ohio. Under the care of Friends; term opens Ninth Month, 4th., 1877. Term fees for the year $230 from which will be deducted amounts earned at suitable industries, two hours daily, for boys on the farm and in Mechanics Hall, and girls in household duties; also cost of railroad fares once each way from the fees of the first and the last terms, respectively. For particulars send for catalog. Aron Wright, M. D. President." |
|
The above advertisement appeared in the Lebanon Western Star for November 8, 1877. The story behind it constitutes an item in the cultural and economic development of Ohio. The establishment of Miami Valley College in 1869 by members of the Society of Friends residing in the Springboro community 30 |
EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION 31
marked the climax of the economy of this
village. In its growth
and early maturing are to be observed
the forces which were
common to many small towns of the Miami
Valley which were
passed by when the railroads were built.
Despite its agricultural
excellence the changed vitality of trade
routes that resulted from
greater accessibility to other parts of
the Miami Valley and to
more distant regions meant that
Springboro reached the climax
of its community development during its
first seventy-five years.
Since then the community has become
economically and culturally
adjusted as peripheral to the large
urban center of Dayton a
dozen miles north.
For two races the valley of the Great
Miami River in south-
western Ohio has served as the principal
corridor between the
central Great Lakes basin and the Ohio
River. It is the only major
break in the hills which border the Ohio
on the north from the
Mississippi River to the Appalachian
Highlands. Since the late
eighteenth century the Miami Valley has
been occupied by settle-
ments which have been almost unequalled
for rapidity of growth
and density of distribution throughout
the old Northwest Terri-
tory. Whether immigrants came down the
Ohio in boats or moved
northward through the southern
tributaries of the Ohio which
gave access to the Great Appalachian
Valley from the northeast,
favorable terrain made this valley a
popular route to the fertile
lands of the upper Mississippi Valley.
Its importance derived not only from its
terrain. It is the
only place where the more productive
soils of the glacial till plains
reach the Ohio. Elsewhere from the
Appalachian Highland to the
Mississippi River, the Ohio is bordered
on the north by relatively
unproductive soils, generally underlain
with heavy, tough and
impervious subsoils which have
contributed to their poor drainage
and unproductiveness. The Miami Valley
is in the nature of a
funnel which leads to the light-colored,
moderately productive
soils which characterize the major part
of the glacial till plains
upon which these Miami Valley
settlements were made.
The original forest which greeted the
pioneers reflected these
soil differences. Throughout the entire
region a deciduous hard-
32
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
wood forest of useful trees prevailed,
but the Miami Valley was
mostly white oak, sugar maple and some
walnut and beech on the
well-drained soils, and elm and basswood
on the poorly drained
soils. Interior trim and furniture for
the pioneers were made
from these hardwoods. Local
cabinetmakers made many fine
pieces which are today prized by
descendants of the original
owners. Wagon and carriage shops did a
thriving business for
local people and the hundreds of
immigrant wagons which went
through the village during its first
half century. Several sawmills
manufactured for export.
The excellence of the soils and the
nature of the climate
permitted the production of nearly all
of the crops which grow in
the humid continental type of climate.
Some of the crops have
passed from the economy, but the region
is still an excellent
general farming area, with concessions
made to nearby urban
markets in the form of dairying and
tobacco.
After the Ordinance of 1787 made
settlement possible, the
Territory was the object of interested
appraisal by eastern people.
Among these was Joel Wright, a surveyor
and civil engineer from
Pipe Creek in Maryland. He made his
first trip to the Ohio
country probably in 1788. During the
next twenty years he made
surveys in the Muskingum, Scioto, and
Miami valleys. As a result
of these trips, he took a fancy to the
Miami Valley; in 1806, he
and Abijah O'Neal bought a thousand-acre
tract in the Symmes
Purchase near Waynesville. In 1813, he
and his son, Jonathan,
also a surveyor, bought an additional
tract due west of the earlier
purchase. To this second tract he and
his son with his family
moved, there to establish a village for
fellow-members of the
Society of Friends from eastern
Maryland, Virginia and Pennsyl-
vania. For the remainder of his life,
Joel Wright surveyed farms
for those who bought land from his and
his son's tracts.
The immediate site for the village of
Springboro was on a
south-sloping terrace between two small
streams flowing into Clear
Creek, a tributary of the Great Miami.
The excellence of the land
and the number of large springs in the
immediate vicinity made
the choice attractive. These springs
were diverted to form a pond
EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION 33
which provided a flow of water for the
flour mills which soon
were in operation. They also provided
the name for the commu-
nity.
Surveying and platting Springboro was
done by Jonathan
Wright; the plat was entered at the
county courthouse in 1815.
It provided for two north-south and six
east-west streets in
rectangular pattern, used for the first
time in original surveys in
the Miami Valley.1
As was customary with eastern cities,
the houses were gen-
erally of brick and set close to the
street. The principles of the
founder were expressed in the provision
that for a period of
twenty years from the date of sale no
alcoholic beverages could
be made or sold on any of the lots. This
resulted in an early
addition (Carr's) on the north in which
liquor was sold to some
of the later settlers and particularly
to wayfarers on the Franklin-
Waynesville Road, which road served for
several years as an
important road for immigrant travel to
western lands.
The community grew rapidly for several
decades. At the
time of the Civil War, it supported four
flour mills, six black-
smiths, one woolen factory, four wagon
and carriage shops, two
tan-yards, two harness makers and three
sawmills.
Although Springboro was at no time an
exclusively Friends
community, this group was dominant in
the affairs of the village
for about three generations.2 Letters
of the time reveal a generally
prosperous condition among the farmers
in the rigion and in the
mills and shops of Springboro. Jonathan
Wright saw continued
growth of the community during all of
his lifetime. He did not
live to see the stagnation which came
some time after the railroads
followed the valleys eight miles to the
east and four miles to the
west, leaving this village languishing
between them. The pro-
prietors of Springboro mills saw
business going to the larger towns
1 "Ohio Town Patterns," Geographical
Review (New York), XXVII (October, 1937),
615-24; and "Ohio Surveys from the Air," Ohio
State Archaeological and Historical
Quarterly, XLVIII (Jan. 1939), 53-57.
2 Indiana Yearly Meeting was
authorized by Ohio Yearly Meeting and established
in 1821, being composed of Friends who resided in the
states of Indiana, Illinois
and that part of Ohio lying west of
the Scioto River. It now comprises Friends be-
longing to the Monthly Meetings which compose
Whitewater and Miami Quarterly
Meetings.
34
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
and cities in the Great Miami Valley.
This was the beginning of
the industrial transformation of these
valley cities in which
Springboro and other off-river towns
were to play increasingly
dependent roles.
Although times were not propitious for
starting an institu-
tion of higher learning in a rural
community which seemed to
have passed its industrial peak, letters
of the time refer to a con-
cern on the part of several members of
the Society of Friends for
establishing a college. Hard times had
forced Miami University
(State supported) to close its doors in
1873 not to reopen until
1885. Perhaps a score of men and women
from the Springboro
community had graduated from eastern and
mid-western colleges.
But several members were dissatisfied
with many of the exist-
ing colleges because no activities were
provided for students outside
of their studies. They felt this
permitted young men to lapse into
idle and dissolute ways.3 They
wanted a college providing co-
educational facilities and where every
student must work at some
useful task for a minimum of two hours
each day. They should
be paid at the prevailing rates; the
money could be applied toward
the student's college expenses. This
provision in the college plan
was not to attract students without
funds; it was believed edu-
cationally desirable.
The Friends in the Waynesville
community, eight miles east,
wanted the proposed college to be
located there. It was a larger
Meeting and Waynesville was on a
railroad. After some dis-
cussion the members decided upon the
Springboro site.
In September, 1869, interested Friends
met at the home of
one of their number to select a Board of
Trustees to proceed with
the establishment of the Miami Valley
Institute. Four years later
the Board sought and was granted a new
charter as the Miami
Valley College. During the years before
this charter, the insti-
tution was generally referred to as
"The College."
3 "As knowledge gives
increased qualification for usefulness, it becomes us to
encourage a thorough education for
all, and to provide for the instruction of our
children and those under our care, in
whatever is useful and within the limit of their
capacity and our ability. As children
need moral as well as intellectual education, and
are very much influenced during the irrepressible period of youth when their character
is being formed, great care should be
observed to see that these are helpful and good."
(From the Discipline of Indiana Yearly
Meeting of Friends, revision of 1892).
EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION 35
The first Board of Trustees was composed
of Aron Wright,
president, Josiah Wright,
secretary-treasurer, Jason Evans,
Moses Hollingsworth, Job Mullin and
Ethan Brown. All were
Friends. The president was a physician,
the secretary-treasurer
was proprietor of the woolen factory and
general store. The only
member not resident in the community was
Jason Evans, a pork
packer and banker of Cincinnati. Within
the month, 34 acres
of land were purchased and 33 acres
leased for the site of the
institution on a south-facing slope just
east of Springboro.
The undertaking was considerable for a
small community,
particularly during the troubled times
for business which prevailed
after the war. All of the money was
raised by subscription among
local Friends. By December, 1870, the
Main Building was ready
for occupancy; Miami Valley Institute
opened its doors the first
Monday in January, 1871.
The Main Building was of four stories,
constructed of brick
made on the site. The wings of this
large building were for dor-
mitories, one for boys and the other for
girls. Dining and social
rooms, class rooms and the
administrative offices were in the cen-
tral portion. Mechanics Hall, to house
industrial arts classes and
the shops, was erected within the
year. Soon thereafter two
faculty homes were built on the west
side of the campus. From
time to time other buildings were added
as the need arose. The
institute holdings were appraised in
1872 at $57,000; in 1876 the
college was valued at $75,000.4
The new charter for the Miami Valley
College was granted
November 2, 1874, at the county seat, in
accordance with the State
law in effect until 1879. Throughout its
life the college was under
the care of Friends.
The catalog described the students'
rooms as being 14 by 15
feet, and the class rooms as 40 feet
square. The trim throughout
the building was of local hardwood. Two
students were as-
signed to each room, although one girl
wrote in 1873 that several
of the rooms in the girls' wing were
shared by four, the need was
4 Commissioner of Education, 1875, as
reported in Barnard's American Journal of
Education (Hartford),
XXIX (1878), 510, 520.
36
OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
so great. In those days, it was a
problem to heat such a large
building, and reliance was placed upon
big round iron stoves with
pipes leading to the upper rooms. The
fuel was wood.
Costs were $230 for a year of forty
weeks, including board
at $3 per week. To operate the
institution there was a staff of
thirteen, with eight members in
residence. Forty students were
enrolled the first year.
"Factotum," writing in the Western Star
for December 3, 1874, says, "We had
the pleasure of visiting
Miami Valley College at Springboro this
week, remaining over
night. The number of pupils in
attendance is seventy." Graduates
of the college say that there never were
more than a hundred
students enrolled at one time. In 1874,
the Commissioner of
Education listed the Friends library,
used by the college, as
having in excess of five hundred
volumes.
Graduates reported the fare as wholesome
and abundant. Dr.
Wright who served as college physician
as well as president said
that during the ten years of his active
association with Miami Val-
ley there were no cases of serious
illness or accident.5
Dr. Aron Wright and Josiah Wright,
moving spirits in estab-
lishing the college, were sons of the
founder of the Springboro
community. Dr. Wright had graduated in
medicine from Yale,
and for a number of years had been a
successful practitioner in
Brooklyn. While there he had met Horace
Mann at that time
serving in Congress. The prominent
educator had convinced Dr.
Wright of the worth of many of his
ideas. When his father,
Jonathan, died in 1855, leaving part of
his large land holding and
one of his mills to him, he gave up his
Brooklyn practice and
removed to a new home he had built a
short distance west of the
village. When the new college was being
discussed Dr. Wright
found other Friends in the vicinity
sympathetic with the ideas of
Horace Mann.
The college offered two four-year
curricula, the Classical and
the Scientific. They required successful
entrance examinations
and led to the baccalaureate degree. In
the Classical curriculum
the emphasis was on languages: 4 years
of Latin, 2 of Greek, 2
5 A. Wright Chapman, Aron and Mary
Wright (privately published, New York,
1941).
EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION 37
of German and 1 of French. The
Scientific curriculum required
only one foreign language, but
emphasized the sciences and mathe-
matics.
Both required thorough training in written and oral
English. A two-year Preparatory
Department was added during
the second year of the college. The
influence of Mann is seen
in the provision for co-education and
for the teaching of industrial
arts to both sexes. The first class
graduated in 1875, the second in
1877, the third in 1878 and so on,
regularly.
The Trustees continued their planned
work requirement; for
boarding students two hours daily work
was offered on the college
farm or in Mechanics Hall for boys, and
in the college household
for girls. Day students were to perform
at least equivalent tasks
at their homes. In a bulletin dated
March 1, 1875, the president
stated, "The Founders feel that
their theory of education has been
satisfactorily vindicated by results and
they will proceed as they
had planned to gradually widen the field
of usefulness." The
college was entirely out of debt and
would be kept so. It was
to provide useful labor in winter when
there was little work to do
on the farm that they were considering
the installation of machin-
ery in Mechanics Hall which would enable
them to turn out sash,
blinds (shutters), and doors for which
there was a steady demand
in nearby localities.6
Although it has not been possible to
gather information con-
cerning each member of the staff, there
were at least three who
were with the college long enough to
make a major contribution
to the experiment.
In Dr. Edward Orton the Trustees of
Miami Valley College
must have found a kindred spirit. He had
been an honor graduate
of Hamilton College, New York, in 1845.
In 1866, Horace Mann
invited him to become professor of
natural history in Antioch
College at Yellow Springs, a position he
held until his election as
its president in 1872. In 1869, he was
made an assistant to J. S.
Newberry, State Geologist. In 1872,
Orton became the first
president of the Ohio Agricultural and
Mechanical College in
Columbus. In 1882, he became the State
Geologist. His con-
6 Ibid., 39.
38
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
nections with these two Columbus posts
he retained until his death
in 1885.
During his presidency of the institution
which later became
the Ohio State University, he helped
establish its College of Agri-
culture. His writings reveal a deep
interest in the problems of
agriculture and the need for
conservation in agricultural and min-
eral lands. As a visiting professor at
Miami Valley between 1870-
1872, he taught geology, botany and
agriculture. Letters written by
students during his tenure there speak
of his interesting lectures.
Among students and friends of the
college, Professor Orton
developed a large following. His open
lectures are among the
few college news items carried in the Western
Star, published in
Lebanon only eight miles away.
Although the Western Star made no
mention of another popu-
lar professor at the college, Ezekiel
Whipple, his name is fre-
quently encountered in letters from the
students of his day. A
graduate of Dartmouth College, Whipple
acted as principal and
taught mathematics, and occasionally a
course in speech. He was
not at the college for every term, and
the news of his announced
return for the following college term
was invariably hailed by the
students. As an administrator and as an
inspiring teacher his
name has been most often mentioned by
graduates and former stu-
dents. He also found time to encourage
athletics among the boys.
After Miami Valley College closed he
probably went to Minne-
sota to teach.
The field of physics and chemistry seems
to have been strong.
For a number of years Dr. Joseph W.
Haines presided over this
department. His success as a teacher has
been reported by many.
At least six of the twenty-odd graduates
became physicians.
Only the names of other faculty members
are known today.
Their contribution to the college seems
to have been mainly in the
classroom. As a group, however,
graduates and former students
at Miami Valley affirm that instruction
was thorough and high
standards were maintained.
EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION 39
Despite the comparatively low enrollment
and the two hours
daily devoted to work on the farm and in
the shops, the boys
engaged in organized athletics.
The mill pond which ran the village
mills was about a quarter
mile west of Springboro and perhaps
three-quarters of a mile
west of the college. Former students
speak of the good times
they had skating on this pond. Some of
the girls have written
of long walks taken along the rolling
countryside of Clear Creek
Valley.
Public speaking was popular at the
college. This emphasis
upon expression was in keeping with the
times.7 It also was a part
of the custom and practice of Friends.
One finds in the Minutes
of the Yearly Meetings interest in
national and international af-
fairs, and the expression of opinion
concerning them. Letters are
exchanged with distant Meetings. The
preparation of these let-
ters, the conduct of business affairs of
the Meeting, and the visits
of Friends with a "minute" to
speak from their home Meeting,
all tended to make intimate and personal
the Friendly experience.
Friday afternoons at the college were
often devoted to some
phase of public speaking. For March 9,
1871, the Western Star
said, "There was held at the Miami
Valley College a gathering a
few nights ago consisting of students,
parents, friends of the
Board, and guests from the community.
There were over a hun-
dred present. They convened at 7 P. M.
and most of the time was
spent in discussing a reading on
Thunderstorms by Miss Moore.
The assembly dispersed about 10
o'clock."
Again, for April 13, 1871: "The
first term at the Miami
Valley College closed last Saturday. The
afternoon was spent
in the exercise of declamations, dialog,
and reading of composi-
tions. There have been quite a few
applications for the next term,
starting April 10, 1871."
An organization among the students known
as "The Name-
less Society" was formed early in
the school year of 1873. On
one occasion this group was addressed by
Professor Haines on
7 In 1841, young men in the community organized a Mock Legislature.
This
legislature was succeeded in the fall
of 1843 by the Corwin Institute. Essays, debates
and declamations were held for several years.
40
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
the subject "Nameless Tendencies of
the Times." This organiza-
tion seems to have sustained interest
for several years.
A Shakespeare Club was active through
several years. Refer-
ences are made to its presentation of
such plays as "Julius
Caesar," "King John,"
"The Merry Wives of Windsor," and "A
Winter's Tale."
In keeping with the Friendly tradition,
all college functions
were simple. A student writes of one
commencement as follows:
June 18, 1875
Dear Uncle:
As I find no one has written to thee
since Commencement, I will tell
thee about it. Long before examinations
began, the three graduates began
to look forward to this occasion with
great trepidation and to review in their
studies. As their other studies were by
no means easy or few in number,
this made it pretty hard for them.
Mother shook her head very often over
Mary's sitting up so late.
While the examinations were going on,
Mary was in a sad state.
The loss of appetite, spirits, and sleep
was alarming, and if she had not
made up in all these particulars
afterward, I am afraid serious conse-
quences might have ensued.
At last the important day came. Enough
rain had fallen to lay the
dust nicely, without making it too damp.
The day was bright and sunny,
but not too warm. The College looked
unusually pleasant within. They
had refurnished the reception room and
had decorated the lecture room
with cedar. Over the stand on the wall,
was the motto, "Work is Wealth."
The exercises were to have begun at 9 A.
M., but from some misun-
derstanding they did not commence until
much later. I was in the room
where two of the graduates were getting
ready. If they had not been
well dosed with tea, I'm afraid they
couldn't have stood it.
They looked ready to drop. Sometime
after, when the audience was
all seated, a rustle in the hall
announced the entrance of the graduates.
They entered in the following order:
Susan Heston on the arm of Dr.
Wright, then Mary supported by Dr.
Haines, then Charles Hough with
Mrs. Woodward, the governess. The girls
looked very pretty in their
white dresses. The graduates sat to one
side of the rostrum, and the
members of the faculty took their seats
upon it.
Dr. Haines opened with a chapter from
the Bible, and the exercises
followed in the order of the programme
thee received. In the evening
there was a party at the President's
home. The trees were hung with
Chinese lanterns which made the yard
look beautiful. The whole house
EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION 41
was lighted, the front doors thrown
open, and as we drove up, the lighted
windows, the hall and staircase, the
lanterns in the trees, and the people
walking about reminded me of some
beautiful picture.
Thy loving niece,
Anna.
Springboro matured relatively early.
Within fifty years of its
founding there was evidence of the
uprooting forces which ulti-
mately were to make this community
dependent upon the large
cities of the Miami Valley for economic
and cultural sustenance.
Shortly after the Civil War, Springboro
industries were tak-
ing a turn for the worse. A new patent
white flour was being
milled that promised to displace the
product of the many small
flour mills of the Miami and other
valleys. A trip to Minne-
apolis mills convinced the owner of the
Springboro mill that the
days for mills using stone burrs and the
whole grain were nearing
an end. He promptly closed the mill.
Sawmills had cut off most of the
merchantable timber.
Springboro mills languished. Pork
packers were forced to close
in most small towns, leaving the
business to large Cincinnati
packers, now easily and cheaply
accessible by rail.
Although settlers' wagons came through
Springboro as late
as 1880, their number had greatly
diminished and their part in
the prosperity of the community was no
longer important. The
woolen factory remained in operation
until the 1880's, when
cotton and wool mixtures began to
dominate the market for
several of its products.
The farmers in the region also felt this
decline. For a num-
ber of years after the Miami and Erie
Canal was built through
Franklin, 1830, the prices of farm
products advanced.8 Spring-
boro, being only four miles away, shared
in this prosperity. Once
the railroad came, generally prosperous
conditions prevailed until
after the Civil War. High taxes and
depressed business left this
and other Ohio communities in straitened
circumstances. Lack
of good roads and railroad services made
the community less self-
8 See C. C. Huntington and C. P. McClelland, History of Ohio Canals (Colum-
bus,
1905).
42
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
sufficient. This extended to cultural
opportunities as well. For
Miami Valley College this was serious.
In the issue of the Star for
January 6, 1876, "Mercury"
wrote: "Springboro laments the lack
of a railroad, waterworks,
and a gas line, yet it is a plodding,
aristocratic village. The Quaker
College is in a plodding condition,
having a few more students
than when it was founded."
A little later "Theta" wrote:
"We want the Miami Valley Col-
lege to succeed. The location is good,
the buildings and equipment
are excellent; only more students and
teachers are wanting."
During the first half of its fourteen
years, the college was
administered and occasional deficits made
up by the same group
of Friends who established it in 1869.
This was the period of
its most active development. In 1876,
although there was no
change in the officers of administration
or in policy, responsibility
was turned over to Miami Monthly Meeting
at Waynesville. This
was in part due to the death of Jason
Evans, one of the two prin-
cipal backers of the college, and in
part to the desire of the Trus-
tees to share the responsibility with
other members of the Society.
Many Friends still lived in the
Springboro community but their
influence was declining.
The Commencement speaker for June 16,
1879 was Edward
Everett Hale of Boston. After the exercise, the installation
of Eugene H. Foster as president took
place; Dr. Wright retired
to Brooklyn where he passed the
remaining five years of his life
with his children.
Foster had taken his graduate work at
Antioch where he had
come under the influence of Mann. The
principal change under
his administration was in response to
the increasing interest in
teacher training. The Preparatory
Department of the College
was expanded in 1881 and its name
changed to Training School.
It offered teacher training and college
preparatory work. No
entrance examinations were required and
no degree was awarded
in this department. Thorough training in
all of the common
branches was the emphasis of this
curriculum.
EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION 43
Hard times and low enrollment gave rise
to increasing deficits.
There was now no one in the Meeting able
and willing to assume
a deficit. There was no attempt to
prolong the life of the college
by asking for money or by a drive to
secure students. After the
school year of 1883 Miami Valley closed
its doors. Not long
afterward the owners sold the brick
buildings and equipment, and
the land. It was the end of an
experiment in education which
had been motivated by the highest
principles, maintained high
standards, and which had achieved a
measure of success, Its
passing marked the turn in the fortunes
of the Springboro com-
munity.
Neither the village nor the surrounding farms have
since risen to the level of its first
half century of prosperity.
AN EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION BY ALFRED J. WRIGHT "Miami Valley College For both sexes, near Springboro, Warren County, Ohio. Under the care of Friends; term opens Ninth Month, 4th., 1877. Term fees for the year $230 from which will be deducted amounts earned at suitable industries, two hours daily, for boys on the farm and in Mechanics Hall, and girls in household duties; also cost of railroad fares once each way from the fees of the first and the last terms, respectively. For particulars send for catalog. Aron Wright, M. D. President." |
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The above advertisement appeared in the Lebanon Western Star for November 8, 1877. The story behind it constitutes an item in the cultural and economic development of Ohio. The establishment of Miami Valley College in 1869 by members of the Society of Friends residing in the Springboro community 30 |