A Surgeon's Mate at Fort Defiance:
The Journal of Joseph Gardner
Andrews
For the Year 1795
Edited by RICHARD C. KNOPF*
On May 4, 1792, Joseph Gardner Andrews
enlisted in the army
of the United States as a surgeon's
mate. His qualifications for the
position were considered adequate by
the standards of his day: he
had graduated from Harvard College in
1785 and, since that time,
had been employed as a schoolmaster at
Dorchester, Massachusetts.
Perhaps partly from a spirit of
adventure, perhaps in part from a
desire to learn by actual experience
the practice of medicine, he had
taken this step.
At the time Andrews joined the army it
was stationed at Legion
Ville, a few miles down the Ohio River
from Pittsburgh. There it
was being rigorously trained for an
expedition against the hostile
Indians of the Northwest Territory. The
commander-in-chief of the
Legion of the United States, as the
army was then called, was Major
General Anthony Wayne, a hero of the
American Revolution and,
more recently, an Indian fighter in the
South.
Wayne had replaced Arthur St. Clair,
also a Revolutionary officer
of note and, at this time, governor of
the Northwest Territory, as
commander of the army, March 5, 1792.
This change came as a
result of St. Clair's disastrous
defeat, November 4, 1791, when
three-quarters of his army were killed
or wounded in a major action
on the banks of the Wabash River, some
ninety-five miles north of
his base at Fort Washington
(Cincinnati). This, however, was not
*Richard C. Knopf is historical editor
and research historian of the Anthony Wayne
Parkway Board, which has its offices at
the Ohio State Museum, Columbus.
58
THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
the first rout of the United States
army in the West. In 1790,
Brigadier General Josiah Harmar,
leading the first expedition against
the hostile Indians, had been defeated
at the Miami Indian villages,
located at the confluence of the St.
Marys and St. Joseph rivers.
After official hearings had been
conducted to investigate the
reasons for the failure of the first
two expeditions, the federal
government decided to make a third,
and, it hoped, final attempt.
It was at this moment that Wayne was
called to the most demanding
mission of his military career.
Unlike his predecessors, he spent
nearly two years augmenting and
training his army. First at Legion
Ville, then at Hobson's Choice,
near Cincinnati, he literally whipped
his troops into a fighting
machine. Discipline was strict and
punishments were harshly meted
out. Wayne was not of the opinion that
the Indians could be over-
come easily. They were well armed and
daily became stronger and
more formidable under British
supervision. They were not merely
bands of disorganized savages.
In the end, the strict discipline,
rigorous training, and attention
to duty paid off. After an unhindered
march into the Maumee
Valley, Wayne achieved final and decisive
victory over the Indian
confederacy in the battle of Fallen
Timbers, August 20, 1794. In
three-quarters of an hour the training
of two years achieved the
desired result. The Indian hold was
broken. The following summer,
peace officially came to the frontier
with the signing of the treaty
of Greene Ville, August 3.
In the course of Wayne's victorious
march northward, several out-
posts were built, among which was Fort
Defiance, situated at the
junction of the Maumee and Auglaize
rivers. This was undoubtedly
the strongest fort erected during the
campaign and, because of its
strategic location, one of the most
important on the frontier.
It was to this post that Joseph Gardner
Andrews was assigned
following the Fallen Timbers victory.
The frontier about him was
in a state of unrest and uneasiness.
The victory of arms seemed
secure, but official peace-making had
not yet taken place. At his
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 59
seat in Fort Defiance Andrews saw the
Indians, band by band,
making their way to Greene Ville to sue
for an end to hostilities
and a settlement of the difficulties
with the Americans. In the late
summer of 1795 he saw them returning to
their villages, laden with
trinkets given them by the "chief
who never sleeps." Peace with
the Indians had been made.
Meanwhile, news trickled in of the
mission of John Jay to the
Court of St. James. Some of the points
of difference Jay had been
instructed to work out with the British
were not resolved, but, insofar
as the frontier was concerned, the
British agreed to give up their
posts within the acknowledged borders
of the United States of which
Detroit, Fort Miamis, and
Michilimackinac were of importance to
Wayne, for it was he who was to take
possession of them in 1796.
Andrews' account of the "diurnal
occurrences" at Fort Defiance is
among the best written by any officer
or enlisted man on the frontier
during this period. His clear style and
excellent English attest to his
educational background and experience
as a schoolmaster. The vivid
picture he draws of life in the
wilderness and of his duties as a
physician is unparalleled in other
contemporary diaries and journals.
At the time of writing he was but
twenty-seven years old.
Punctuation and spelling have been
retained in the original form.
Footnotes are inserted primarily to
identify, or to clarify identification
of, persons mentioned in the journal, where
such information is
available, or to acquaint the reader
with terms the meaning of which
is not readily apparent in the text.
The Andrews journal is reproduced
through the courtesy of the
division of manuscripts of the Library
of Congress.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 61
DIURNAL EVENTS AT & NEAR FORT DEFIANCE. JANUARY, 31
DAYS - 1795.
1. The Year was ushered in by a salute
of 15 rounds from the
small pieces of Artillery at this place,
immediately succeeded
by the Reveille. The Officers of the
Garrison, agreeably to a
previous invitation, dined with Mr.
Daniel Mayo,2 issuing
Commissary stationed at this Post; where
they were as sump-
tuously entertained as circumstances
would allow. Information
was this Evening received from some
hunters, who were sent
two days since in quest of game, that
they had this day observ'd
the tracks of two horses & of one
man with Mocasins a small
distance below Snake'stown, about 9
miles from this Garrison,
down & on, the North side of the
Miamis River.3
2. The Mess, consisting of Major Hunt,4
Mr. Lee5 & myself, dined
with Mr. Mayo on the remains of
yesterdays entertainment.
Wrote to Doctor Richard Allison,6 Surgeon
General of the
Legion at Greeneville;7 &
to Doct. John Elliot,8 Surgeon 1st.
Sub Legion at Fort Wayne;9 Enclosed
to the former Monthly
returns of the Medicines, Hospital
Stores & Furniture As well
as of the sick & wounded at this
Post. This day the Commissary
having furnished the Commandant with the
Quantitity [sic]
2 A small contractor who furnished
supplies for the army.
3 Snakestown, an Indian village. The
Miamis River is the Maumee of today.
4 Thomas Hunt, of Massachusetts, was
commandant at Fort Defiance. He had served
in the American Revolution, beginning as
an enlisted man and rising to captain in 1779.
Identification notes, unless otherwise
specified, are from Francis B. Heitman,
Historical Register of the United
States Army . . ., September 20, 1789, to March 20,
1903 (Washington, D.C., 1903); Milo M. Quaife, ed., The
John Askin Papers
(Detroit, 1928-31); Ernest A.
Cruikshank, ed., The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor
John Graves Simcoe . . . (Toronto, 1923-31); John Johnston Papers in the Draper
Collection, State Historical Society of
Wisconsin; and the files of the Anthony Wayne
Parkway Board.
5 Lieutenant Robert Lee, of Pennsylvania, 4th Sub Legion.
6 Dr. Allison, of Pennsylvania, served
as a surgeon's mate in the Revolution and as
the surgeon general of the army during
the Indian Wars. He was the first practicing
physician in Cincinnati.
7 Fort Greene Ville, General Wayne's
headquarters, was built by him in 1793 and
named for General Nathanael Greene. It
served as the advanced center of operations
during the campaign of 1793-94, and was
the site where the treaty of Greene Ville,
which ended the Indian Wars, was signed in the summer
of 1795.
8 Dr. Elliot, of New York, had served as a surgeon's mate in the
Revolution and
was appointed a surgeon in 1791.
9 Fort Wayne was built in 1794 by Wayne
at the confluence of the St. Joseph and
St. Marys rivers (the site of present
Fort Wayne, Indiana) shortly after the battle of
Fallen Timbers.
62
THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
of Provisions, &c. on hand; it
appears there are 17113 Rations
of beef; 15136 of flour; & 10497 of
soap; The daily issues are
computed at 164 Rations.
3. Paid Mr. Mayo, for Messrs. Elliot
& Williams,10 Contractors
for the Legionary Supplies, in full of
all demands at Greeneville,
on the road from Fort Recovery11 to this
place, & at this place
to the first instant. Our Mess dined at
home on 3 roasted
pheasants, a stewed rabbit & a
boiled Pike--Decent fare.
4. Drew an order of Nanning John
Visscher,12 Lt. 2d Sub Legion
& late Pay Master to ye. 3d S.L. in
favor of Mr. Mayo, who is
obliging enough to collect & bring
the money on his return to
this post. Our Mess dined with Capts.
Thomson13 & Britt;14 it
being the Anniversary of Capt T.'s birth
& the 12th day of
Christmas: The Dinner was by no means
inelegant.
5. Mr. Mayo with his own & Major
Cushing's15 waiters, together
with four discharged soldiers,
accompanied with two men
express from this to Fort Wayne;
departed for Greeneville, via
the last mentioned Fort.
6. Attempted to dine at home on a
solitary morsel of poor corned
beef; so unpalatable after our late
fare, it could not escape the
insults of the whole Mess.
7. Dined at home on a boiled Indian
pudding, a dish of excellent
hominy, (the relics of Savage industry)
& a piece of corned
beef.
8. Dined at home on a similar dinner
with that of yesterday. A
10 Robert Elliot and Eli Williams.
Elliot had been killed by Indians in 1794 near
Fort Hamilton.
11 Fort Recovery was erected by Wayne in
December 1793 on the site of St. Clair's
defeat of 1791. In June 1794 the fort
was attacked by the largest force of Indians
ever to collect against the Americans.
The attack was repulsed.
12 Heitman says Lieutenant Visscher, of
New York, was transferred from the 2d
to the 3d Sub Legion in 1793, and was
appointed lieutenant in 1794.
13 Robert Thomson, of Pennsylvania, 4th Sub
Legion. He had enlisted in 1789, served
as a lieutenant, 1791-92, resigned for a
short time, and rejoined as a lieutenant in 1792.
14 Daniel Britt, of Pennsylvania, 1st Sub Legion. He had served under
Harmar
as a paymaster and under St. Clair as an
ensign and lieutenant.
15 Thomas
H. Cushing, of Massachusetts, 1st Sub Legion. He served as both an
enlisted man and an officer in the
Revolution. After the Indian Wars he became in-
spector and adjutant of the army in
1797, lieutenant colonel in 1802, and brigadier
general in 1812. He was discharged in
1815, and died in 1822. During the Wayne
campaign Cushing was a member of a group
which was critical of Wayne and favored
General James Wilkinson, Wayne's second
in command.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 63
private, of the 3d Sub Legion, by the
name of Skinner having
obtained permission to go in quest of
vegetables has not
return'd with his comrade; wch
circumstance, with that of his
having been recently punished for
theft, induces a general
belief that he has deserted to the
British.
9. Dined at home on hominy, Indian
pudding & boiled pike. The
general depth of the snow on the ground
is 6 or 7 inches.
10. Two lambs born last night, wch was
by far the coldest we have
experienced since the commencement of
this winter. Am at a
loss to assign the true physical cause
of the difference observable
in the state of the rivers Miamis &
Glaize;16 the former being
covered with large bodies of solid,
firm ice, superficially
sprinkled with snow; while the latter
river contains but a small
portion of ice, or rather masses of
snow in a partial state of
congelation--this diversity in the
appearance of these rivers
has been notable ever since the
commencement of the cold
weather. One would be apt to imagine
that this dissimilarity
was occasioned by some large springs
flowing with considerable
rapidity from the adjacent banks or
from the greater or perhaps
more numerous flexions of the Glaize,
thereby preserving, for
a greater length of time, the fluidity
of that river: But as we
are not sufficiently acquainted with
the Country to assert that
either of those causes does not exist
in a greater degree in one
of the rivers than in the other, I
shall rest it to some future
period to be ascertained.
11. The two rivers froze quite across:
The Miamis becoming solid
stopped the passage of the Glaize; so
that within four or five
hours they were cotemporarily
congealed.
12. Died this afternoon Corporal Pounds
of the 4th Sub Legion:
7 or 8 days since he complained of
burning pain all over the
abdominal region & his pulse being
quick, I let him bleed freely
& applied flannels wrung out of
warm emmollient decoctions,17
on wch, the next day he found himself
tolerably well; & the day
after returned to his duty; but last
evening While on guard he
was seized with the same complaint with
redoubled violence:
16 The Auglaize River, which joins the Maumee at Defiance.
17 A decoction is a medicine produced
by boiling.
64
THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
The same course was pursued without
effect; on wch, & on
acct. of the excruciating spasms, I was
induced to make a liberal
use of opiates: however,
notwithstanding every effort, we were
deprived this day of a very valuable
noncommissioned officer.
I gave the disorder the appellation of
an Inflammation of the
Bowel:18 but do not
recollect to have been informed of an
instance where that disease terminated
with such rapidity.
13. Our express returned from Fort Wayne; by Letters from wch
place we are advised of the arrival at
that post of 30 or 40
Savages of the Ottawa, Pottowattoma
& Sacquey Nations with
overtures of peace: That they set out
for Head Quarters on the
9th inst. We likewise learn that Lord
Dorchester, Governor of
Upper Canada,19 has written
to Genl. Wayne mentioning that
his Ldshp had been directed by the D.
of Portland,20 one of his
Majesty's principal Secys of State, to
apprize the Genl. that it
had been mutually agreed between Mr.
Jay21 & the British
Ministry, that during the progress of
the present treaty, all
things should remain in statu quo between
the two nations; &
that all prisoners taken on either side
should be returned: His
Ldshp concludes his letter by observing
that nothing will afford
him so much satisfaction as to see an
amicable & permanent
treaty settled between the two powers,
& nothing on his part
shall be wanting to coopperate in the
promotion of such a
desireable object. This method of
communicating the trans-
actions of the Cabinet is truly very
novel.
14. Our Mess dined with Major Cushing
on "Hog & hominy." Two
or three of the Garrison hunters came
in, & brought with
them a man who calls himself Bell, who
was taken on the north
side of the Miamis, six miles below
this place: when he ar-
18 Probably appendicitis. Corporal
Pounds undoubtedly died from generalized
peritonitis, resulting from a ruptured
appendix.
19 Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy Carleton)
was actually governor general of all Canada.
20 The Duke of Portland (William Henry
Cavendish Bentinck) was home secretary
and thus chief administrator for Canada
in London, 1794-1801.
21 In 1794 John Jay had served as
minister plenipotentiary to the Court of St.
James to negotiate a treaty of amity and
commerce between Great Britain and the
United States. His efforts resulted in
the treaty of London of November 19, 1794
(Jay's Treaty), signed by President
Washington on June 25, 1795, which, among other
things, provided for the evacuation of
those frontier posts being held by the British
within the acknowledged limits of the
United States.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 65
rived, he was examined by the Major
[Hunt]: but the acct.
he gave to the Major proving
contradictory to that wch he had
palmed on the soldiers who captured
him; & from his having
offered the soldiers money to let him
proceed; he was put in
confinement as a suspicious character;
in wch situation it is
intended he shall remain 'till some
intelligence respecting him
can be obtained.
15. Capt. Thomson with 40 non
Commissioned officers & privates
set off this morng [morning] with ten
hand-sleds for the
purpose of procuring corn & other
vegetables from an Indian
field about eleven miles down the
Miamis.
16. The only thorough pleasant day we have had since the
entrance
of this month.
17. Capt. Thomson with his party
returned about 2 o'Clock having
collected about fifteen bushels of
corn; the remaing [remaining]
contents of the field were buried with
snow, wch the Capt.
informs is 2 or 3 inches deeper than at
this place. Our hunters
came in & report that they had
discovered the bodies of two
men (who by their garb appeared to be
Legionary Soldiers)
about four miles up the Miamis on the
west of Bean Creek:
Major Hunt immediately ordered a
Corporal & 8 privates
accompanied with the hunters to bring
the bodies to the Gar-
rison on hand-sleds: The party returned
about sunset with the
defunct; who, it is conjectured,
deserted from Fort Wayne, but
being unable to cross Bean-Creek were
frozen to Death.
18. A party of men were sent up the
Glaize to the Stone-Quarry
for the purpose of demolishing a
Kentucky boat to save the
plank; as it is probable at the
breaking up of that river, the ice
will sweep every thing before it.
19. Last night, between 12 & 2
oClock, the floor of the room oc-
cupied by Lieut. Lee & myself, took
fire by means of a brand
falling from the chimney-place; the
smoke awakened Mr. Lee,
by wch, considerable damage was
prevented. Convened this
day a Court-martial, whereof Capt
Thomson was president;
Lieut. Pope22 & Ens. Strother23
members; at wch were tried
22 Piercy
Smith Pope, of Virginia, Artillery.
23 Benjamin
Strother, of Virginia, 4th Sub Legion.
66 THE OHIO HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
Hikes, a private of the 4th &
Doneghue, a private of the 3d
Sub Leg. The former was charged with
having stolen a shirt
& some bread from one of the
soldiers; but the proof not ap-
pearing satisfactorily evident, he was
acquitted. Doneghue was
charged with having struck Serjt. Foley
without cause; he was
found guilty & sentenced to receive
100 lashes, of wch Major
Hunt remitted a moiety; the remainder
was inflicted at Evening
parade. Lieutenants Pope & Lee with
myself strolled down the
Miamis as far as the Island in view of
the Garrison; examined
two or 3 springs wch we supposed, by
their smell & appearance,
might be capable of affording us a
sufficient supply of salt.
20. Walked on the ice in company with
Capt Britt & Lt. Lee to
the Salt Springs nearly opposite the
island in sight of the Fort:
Mr. Lee had one of the Springs cleared
from filth, &c.
21. Captains Thomson & Britt dined
with our Mess; their room
being under the Carpenter's command.
22. Dined at home on ordinary fare.
23. Dined at home on corned beef.
24. Serjts. King & Lee of the 4th
Sub Legion arrived from Greene-
ville on a visit to their relation
Lieut Lee; we allot a chamber,
adjoining our own, for their use during
their stay at this place.
25. Attempted to reduce to salt some of
the water from the newly
discovered spring.
26. It requiring so large a quantity of
the saline water to produce
any essential degree of saltness,
together with the want of
proper conveniences for the business,
we are induced to give
up any further trial for the present.
27. Dined at home on broiled pheasants
& a yankey pudding.
28. Serjts King, Lee & Foley with
Corpl. White, departed for
Greeneville, via Fort Adams;24 By
Serjt. King I sent my gold
watch to Major Mills25 for
the purpose of having her repaired;
24 Fort
Adams was built in 1794 by Wayne on the St. Marys River, near the site
of present Celina, Ohio.
25 Major
John Mills was inspector and adjutant of the army, having received that
post in 1794. A native of Massachusetts,
he had served as an officer in the Revolution
was appointed a captain in 1791 and a
major in 1793, and died after the Wayne
campaign in 1796.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 67
I likewise sent 2 Letters to Majr.
Mills & one to Doct Strong,26
Capt Andrews27 & Doct.
Hayward.28 Strolled with Capt Britt
on the ice as far as Genl. Wayne's last
encampment near this
place. The Southerly winds render the
ice rotten & consume
the snow fast.
29. This morng about 11 oClock, a
Shawanoese & a Delaware
arrived with a flag; & after having
dried their clothes & per-
ceived the cordiality with wch they
were recd. returned to a
party they had left about a mile down
the Miamis: In about
two hours the whole party came up, wch
consisted of 3
Delaware Chiefs; 11 Do. [ditto]
Warriors & 2 Do. Squaws; 3
Shawanoese Chiefs; 4 Do. Warriors &
3 Do. Squaws together
with the following named
prisoners--Matthias Dawson, taken
two years & an half since on the
Monongehala river; James
Patten, taken about four years since at
Muskingum; Joseph
Guy, taken last December near Fort
Hamilton; Susanna Baker,
taken near two years since at Kentucky.
Among the Indians who
arrived this day are Blue Jacket,29
The King of the Glaize
& Stephen Young30--these Savages
are the first that have been
at this place, since the erection of
the Fort, with pacific views.
30. Four of the Chiefs who arrived
yesterday dined with our Mess.
31. Lieut. Lee, Adjt. & QM of the
Garrison, with a command of 20
Non Commissioned Officers &
privates to escort the Shaw-
anoese, Delawares, & prisoners to
Head Quarters. Martin
Schaub, my waiter, whose time of service
will expire on the
28th proxo. accompanied Mr. Lee; &
Barney McCarney sup-
plied the place of my waiter.
26 Joseph Strong, of Connecticut,
surgeon's mate, 2d Sub Legion.
27 Samuel Andrews, of Massachusetts, 2d Sub Legion.
28 Nathan Hayward, of Massachusetts, surgeon, 3d Sub Legion. He had
enlisted
as a surgeon's mate under the Confederation.
29 Blue Jacket, war chief of the
Shawnees, had replaced the Miami chieftain, Little
Turtle, as the war captain of the Indian forces after
the battle of Fort Recovery,
June 30-July 1, 1794. He led the Indians at the battle
of Fallen Timbers, August 20,
1794.
30 Stephen Young, a Delaware, had come to Wayne at Greene Ville in January
1794, asking terms of peace.
68 THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS NOTED AT FORT DEFIANCE,
FOR THE MONTH
OF JANUARY, 1795.
Winds
Days
Variations of the Weather in each day. Prevalent
1. Snow -
Cloudy East
2. Cloudy all
day West
3. Fine snow -
cloudy SE.
4. Cloudy -
fair - overcast SW.
5. Snow -
cloudy West
6. Do. - Do. SE.
7. Fair &
pleasant for the season North
8. Cloudy -
fine snow NE.
9. Do. - Do. SE.
10. Fair &
pleasant - Cloudy - Snow West
NW.
11. Snow -
cold & cloudy NW.
12. Cloudy
& cold Do.
13. Do. Do. - fine Snow Do.
14. Cloudy NE.
15. Do. Do.
16. Fair &
pleasant East.
17. Snow -
fair West.
18. Fair &
pleasant East.
19. Do. NE.
20. Do. Do.
21. Cloudy -
fair East.
22. Do. - Do. - Cloudy - fine snow Do.
23. Cloudy -
Snow NE.
24. Snow Do.
25. Cloudy -
drizzling rain
West.
26. Do. - Do. Do.
27. Do. - Do. South.
28. Fair &
pleasant - Cloudy - Rain Do.
29. Rain -
Cloudy SE.
30. Snow &
very Cold - fair NW.
31. Fine snow
- fair Do.
The want of a
Thermometer is much to be lamented; as a knowledge of
the
temperature of the Atmosphere is essentially necessary in assigning causes
of every
disorder arising from Climate, &c.
Snow - 15. -
Rain 4.
70
THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
DIURNAL OCCURRENCES AT, & NEAR FORT
DEFIANCE.
FEBRUARY - 1795. - 28 DAYS.
1. Stationary being scarce, the Officers
receive but half the usual
allowance.
2. Lieut. Pope & Ens. Strother
dined with us on roasted pheasant,
&c.
3. Supped with Capts Thomson &
Britt.
4. Dined at home on ordinary fare.
5. Accompanied by Capt. Britt, crossed
the Glaize & sauntered
up to Capt. Uriah Springer's31 late
redoubt; returned on the ice,
& supped with Major Cushing.
6. Dined & supped with Capts.
Thomson & Britt. About a quarter
of an hour past tatoo, The Centinel
posted on the western side
of the parapet discharged his gun; on
wch, a Corpl. & 5
privates were detached from the guard
to know the cause of
this alarm; who, on their return,
inform that the Centinel
(Doneghue) averred that he fired at a
man who was crossing
the Miamis on the ice, & that he
had dropped him: On examing
[examining] the spot wch he pointed out
as the place where
the man fell, no appearance of blood
could be discovered; but,
lo! next morng the tracks of a large
dog were very conspicuous.
7. This day I am twenty & seven
years old.
8. Dined at home on miserable corned
beef.
9. Dined with Capts Thomson &
Britt--the frequency of my
eating with those gentlemen arises from
their having received
some excellent beef from Cincinnati;
whereas for want of
having made seasonable arrangements for
procuring our pro-
visions from the same source; our sole
dependence is on the
Contractors, whose beef is truly
miserable.
10. At 10 oClock AM a Court Martial
convened at Mr. Pope's
Quarters.--Capt. Britt President;
Lieut. Pope & Ens. Strother
members. Thos. Doneghue being arraigned
for having sold a
shirt to an Indian pleaded guilty &
was sentenced to receive 50
lashes on his Posteriors & to be
put under stoppages of pay 'till
the amt. of the shirt shall be
refunded; the Sentence was appro-
31 Of Virginia, 3d Sub Legion. Springer had been an officer in the
Revolution.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 71
bated by the Commandant; & the
former part of the punishment
inflicted in front of the men at
Evening parade.
11. Dined with Capts Thomson &
Britt.
12. Notwithstanding the stormy weather,
Capts Thomson and Britt
with myself strolled down the Miamis on
the ice to the farthest
extremity of the island within view of
this Garrison: On my
return I was sent for by one Moran, who
had fractured his
right clavicle in pursuit of a squirrel
he had wounded.
13. Dined with Capts Thomson &
Britt on pot-pye of pheasants.
A private named Hough of the 2d. S. L.
being absent without
permission, wch, with the circumstances
of his having taken his
two new shirts, induces a general
belief that he has deserted to
the British.
14. Dined with Capts Thomson &
Britt on the remains of yesterday.
Wrote to Major Thomas H. Cushing
relative to a misunder-
standing that has taken place in
consequence of some little
liberties I used to Del Toboso [?].
Received Major Cushing's
reply.
15. Wrote to Major Cushing, conceiving
him to have misconstrued
the intention of some passage of mine
wch was sent yesterday.
Recd. Major Cushing's answer. Dined
with Capts Thomson &
Britt.
16. The man who was taken by a party of
our men on the 14th ulto.
escaped from the guard room; A Serjt.
Corpl. & 2 privates were
next morning detached in pursuit of
him; but were unable to
effect his recovery. Wrote to Major
Cushing on the old Affair.
17. Dined with Capts Thomson &
Britt.
18. Dined at home on Venison.
19. Supped with Capts Thomson &
Britt.
20. Five Shawanoese having met with two
of our hunters below
Snakestown, raised a flag denotive of
peace & requested the
men to return with them to this Fort;
wch being acceded to,
they arrived about 1/2 past 12 o'Clock
AM. Dined with Capts.
Thomson & Britt on pot-pye.
21. Lewis Troutman, a private of the
1st S. L. after a long & tedious
illness, fell a victim to ardent
Spirits: He had by a long series
72
THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
of debauchy, so injured his
constitution that the united powers
of nature & art were inadequate to
its reparation. Troutman,
while a soldier at Post Vincennes32
was, from his fortitude &
perservance in the wars of Bacchus,
admitted as a member of
the "Damnation Club;" where
an essential requisite was to be
ever ready to receive 100 lashes if it
might be the means of
procuring a pint of whiskey for the
good of said society: He
informed me that he had absolutely
received seven hundred
lashes in that noble pursuit.
22. The entrance of the day was honored
with a federal discharge
from our small pieces of arty. followed
by an handsome
Reveille. The Officers of the Garrison
dined with our Mess on
the following [illegible]
dishes--Venison, pheasants & rac-
oons; a baked rice pudding &
Squirrel pye; bacon & eggs; &
a boiled flour pudding: The Day was
enjoyed with those
pleasing & agreeable sensations wch
must naturally result from
the recollection of the great services
of the man, to whom
this day gave birth. Two of the Indians
who went in with Lieut
Lee on the 31st ulto. returned with a
letter from that officer,
dated Fort Adams, informing that he
expected to get to this
post on the 24th current.
23. The two Indians, who arrived from
Mr. Lee's party, departed
for their towns to give information of
the reception they had
experienced of Genl. Wayne.
24. The Officers of the Garrison dined
with our mess on roasted
turkey, harshed [hashed?] Venison, Cold
pot-pye, smoked neat's
tongue & a baked rice pudding. Five
men & a squaw of the
Shawanoese, together with a white man,
(who was taken so
young that he had lost the knowledge of
his mother tongue)
arrived from their hunting camp, about
a mile distant: They
presented Majr. Hunt with a Shoulder
& two hams venison
& a turkey. They returned to their
Camp at sunset.
25. Mr. Lee returned with the Indians
he accompanied to Glle.
32 Fort Knox, on the Wabash River in Indiana. Originally it was the French
post
Vincennes, and later a British post
which was captured by George Rogers Clark
during the Revolution.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 73
[Greene Ville] but four of his command
arrived, the remaining
part being taken sick & left at the
different posts between this
& Head Quarters. Recd letters from
Majr. Mills & Lieut.
Visscher.
26. The officers of the Garrison &
the Indian Chiefs, who returned
with Mr. Lee, dined with our mess. It
appears that preliminary
articles have been interchangeably
signed & a treaty is to be
held at Greenville on or about the 15th
June next.
27. The Indians departed for their
Towns, proposing to return &
plant on their old grounds agreeably to
Genl. Wayne's request
& mention their intention to give
up all prisoners at the treaty,
conformably to one of the preliminary
Articles.
28. Dined with Capts. Thomson &
Britt. Wrote to Lt. Visscher &
Major Mills & to Doct Allison,
Surg. Genl. enclosing monthly
returns of Sick & Medicines. paid
13 lbs flour for 2 pewter
dishes, one Do. plate & a
candlestick, Indian property.
74 THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS NOTED AT FORT DEFIANCE,
FEBRUARY,
1795.
Days
Variations of the Weather Winds.
1. Fair -
Cloudy - fair East.
2. Do - Quite
a warm Spring like day South.
3. Snow -
windy NW.
4. Cloudy -
Snow - fair NNW.
5. Snow - fair
& pleasant NW.
6. Cloudy -
fair & pleasant Do.
7. Cloudy East.
8. Snow - Sun
set clear SE.
9. Cloudy -
fine snow - Overcast NW.
10. Cloudy West.
11. Snow SW.
12. fine snow
- fair - overcast - cloudy - snow West.
13. Snow -
Cloudy & cold NNW.
14. Cloudy -
Clear & cold Do.
15. Clear
& cold NW.
16. Cloudy -
Snow SE-SW-South
17. Cloudy -
snow - cloudy - Fair & windy NW.
18. Cloudy -
fair & pleasant WNW.
19. Cloudy -
fair, mild & pleasant SW.
20. Overcast -
Cloudy NE.
21. Fair &
pleasant - Cloudy - rain SW.
22. Cloudy -
rain South.
23. Do - Snow East.
24. Cloudy WSW-NW.
25. Fair &
cold NW.
26. Cloudy -
fair - cold & windy - cloudy Do.
27. Cloudy -
snow SW.
28. Snow -
Cloudy West
Although we
had more or less snow for thirteen days, yet the snow in the
vicinity of
this place never at one time exceeded six or seven inches in depth.
Snow - 13
Rain - 2.
76
THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
DIURNAL INCIDENTS AT & NEAR FORT
DEFIANCE; MARCH - 1795 - 31 DAYS
1. Wrote to Lieut. Saml. Drake34 &
Ens. Thos. Swain.35 Capts
Thomson & Britt dined with our
mess.
2. Capt. Thomson with a Corpl. 1 music
& 6 privates departed
for Gville via Fort Adams--Capt. T's.
sole business is to pro-
cure private stores for the officers of
this post, & as soon as
effected, he is to return with all
convenient speed. Capt. Britt
dined with our Mess & recd a
general invitation to dine untill
the return of Capt Thomson: After
dinner, Capt. B & myself
strolled on the ice up the Miamis as
far as bean-creek 2 miles
distant from the Fort--We found the
river quite open for 500
or 600 paces above & below the
mouth of the creek. Com-
menced digging an ice house.
3. Two privates started for Fort Wayne.
The Officers of this
Garrison having agreed to join in
copartnership to manufacture
maple sugar & to place the
immediate direction in the hands
of Major Cushing, who commenced tapping
the trees this day;
we walked within sight of Bean Creek in
order to ascertain in
some degree the probable number of
trees, wch could be readily
attended by a small number of hands. We
calculate on at-
tempting 600. The further progression
of the ice house is halted
on account of the advancement of the
season.
4. Examined with some attention the
manner of boring the trees
& am apt to think that gashing with
an axe would be more
productive of sap tho' possibly less
salutary to the tree.
5. Capt Britt & our Mess dine on
solitary fare.
6. The ice appears very sensibly
affected by the late southerly
winds; insomuch that it is really
hazardous to attempt crossing
either river.
7. Dined with Lieut. Pope & Ens.
Strother on a roasted racoon
& a pair of ducks. After dinner
arrived two Frenchmen who
call themselves Pierre Menard36 &
Francois Kee;37 On interro-
34 Of Connecticut, 2d Sub Legion.
35 Swaine, 4th Sub Legion.
36 Possibly the Pierre Menard who at this time was a trader and merchant
at
Kaskaskia. Born in Quebec in 1766, he
moved about 1787 to Vincennes, where he
was employed by Colonel Francois Vigo, the Indian
trader. He served in various local
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 77
gating the former, he avers that having
killed an Indian & a
squaw in rescuing the life of a french
prisoner, was apprehensive
he should be taken & delivered to
the civil authority of Detroit,
altho' agreeably to the savage custom
he had purchased his life
of the relations of the deceased, by
the surrender of his
property; but he had received
information that Govr. Simcoe38
had offered a considerable reward to
have him apprehended:
wch was his reason for coming to this
place. The other man is
travelling in the laudable pursuit of
bettering himself.
8. The Gentlemen of the Garrison,
except Major Cushing, dined
with our Mess on Turkey, racoon &
squirrel & a dessert of
bread & honey. The ice in the Miamis
breaks near its edges.
9. The ice in the Miamis has entirely
gone off for upwards of two
miles above this place; it appears,
however, to meet with an
obstruction at the first Island below.
10. The impediment to the progression
of the ice at the Island is
totally obviated.
11. The two Frenchmen departed for
Greeneville, via Fort Wayne.
12. Strolled with Capt. Britt on the
South side of the Miamis
as far as Genl. Scott's39 late
encampment, near Bean Creek, tho'
on the opposite side of the river: We
could discover no ice in
the whole course of our jaunt & are
therefore induced to think
that the Miamis is nearly clear.
13. Major Cushing, Capt. Britt &
Mr. Lewis40 dined with our Mess
on a roasted Brant & a Brant-pye.
14. Dined at home on a broken dinner.
15. This day several Delawares,
Shawanoese & one Wyandot ar-
rived; the Delawares sent a letter by
George White Eyes Junr.,
signed by several Sachems & Chiefs,
purporting that on being
informed what has been effected towards
a conclusion of the
and territorial offices, and in 1818 was
elected the first lieutenant governor of Illinois.
He was one of the organizers of the St. Louis Missouri
Fur Company. He died in 1844.
37 Not identified.
38 John Graves Simcoe, lieutenant
governor of Upper Canada.
39 Major General Charles Scott had
commanded the Kentucky Mounted Volunteers
in the Wayne campaign of 1793-94.
40 Not identified.
78
THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
war, their hearts were filled with
gladness, & the more ef-
fectually to evince their sincerity
they were ready to deliver up
all the white prisoners in their
several possessions, either im-
mediately or at the treaty, wch should
be deemed most exped-
ient by Majr. Hunt: That they were of
opinion the sooner this
object was accomplished the better,
that their [sic] might not be
any distrust or jealousy. They further
mention their purpose of
coming up in season to put seed into
the ground, wch they hope
can be done without molestation.41
Majr. Hunt immediately
dispatched a Serjeant & Private
with the letter to Genl. Wayne
to Know his wish respecting its
contents.
16. A number of Shawanoese arrived this
afternoon.
17. Capt. DB [Daniel Britt] was
arrested by Major Hunt for being
drunk on the eve of the 16th when
Officer of the day; for un-
gentlemanly, unofficer-like conduct
& for such behavior as is
subversive of military order, &c.
Major Cushing, Mr. Pope,
Mr. Strother, Mr. Lewis, One Delaware
& eight Shawanoese
dined with our mess. There are about
this place 70 Indians
for the purpose of making sugar if the
season should prove
favorable.
18. Capt. DB is liberated from his
arrest thro' the intercession of
the officers of the Garrison. A Young
man (who called himself
Anty Sheane half Indian & the other
moiety french) arrived;
he being intelligent in the French,
English & 5 Indian Lan-
guages, the Major has taken him into
our mess to act as
interpreter.42
19. Commenced a Vocabulary of the
Shawanoese Language, being
assisted by Mr. Sheane.
20. A Frenchman arrived from Fort Wayne
on his way to Detroit;
& soon after came our express, who
bro't me letters from
Doct. Hayward dated 1st. Decr. 94; from
Maj. Burbeck43
41 During
the campaign of 1794, Indians had been driven from several villages in
the Maumee and Auglaize valleys. They were now asking
permission to return to plant
the fields around those villages.
42 Anthony Sheane (Shane) later had a
trading post on the south bank of the St.
Marys River, on a reservation granted him by the
federal government. The place was
called "Shane's Crossing," but later became
Rockford, Ohio.
43 Henry Burbeck, of Massachusetts,
Artillery. He had served as an officer in the
Revolution, and rose to brevet brigadier general during
the War of 1812.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 79
25th Jany; from the Paymaster Genl. 22d
Jany; & from Capt.
M. Porter,44 17th March; wch
last was accompanied with a
piece of bacon of the Capt's own
curing. I recd by the express
also three silk hkchfs, [handkerchiefs]
wch I had directed to be
purchased at Fort Wayne; price two
Dollars each.
21. Last night the ice in the river
Glaize was swept away.
22. The frenchman who arrived on the
20th; departed for Detroit
with several Indians.
23. Two Delawares arrive from their
Village.
24. Dined at home free from company.
25. Lent Lieut. Lee thirty Dollars,
also delivered him thirty Dollars
to be expended for my use at Fort
Wayne. we had for supper
the first fish caught here this season.
26. Mr. Lee with Nekskorwetor (a
Shawanoese Chief) a Corporal
& seven men departed for Fort Wayne
for the purpose of pro-
curing a supply of provisions for this
post: My waiter &
another accompanied them on this day's
march, to return to-
morrow with what game might be killed
by Mr Lee's party.
Sent by Mr Lee 2 Letters to Capt Porter
& one to Major
Burbeck; all bearing date yesterday.
Plenty of fish caught at
this place.
27. My waiter & the other private
returned with two ducks & two
Squirrels killed by Nekskorwetor.
28. Dined at home on boiled beef, fry'd
fish & roasted ducks. The
Serjt. & private who departed for
Greeneville on the 15th inst.
returned with a letter from Genl. Wayne
to Major Hunt,
authorizing him to invite the Delawares
to plant in the vicinity
of this place & to receive the
prisoners when they should be
brought in. recd. a letter from Lt.
Drake.
29. An extract of the act for
increasing the bounty, pay and rations
of the soldiers was at this place
published.
30. The Delawares returned with Major
Hunt's answer to their talk
of the 15th. inst.
31. Two Delawares arrive in a bark
Canoe, from the Sandusky.
44 Moses Porter, of Massachusetts,
Artillery. He was an officer in the Revolution,
and rose to colonel and brevet brigadier general in the
War of 1812.
80 THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS, NOTED AT FORT DEFIANCE,
MARCH - 1795.
Date Variations of
the weather Winds
1. Cloudy - Snow -
Cloudy SW.
2. Fair &
pleasant SW.
3. Do SW.
4. Do SSW.
5. Do. SW.
6. Do. South.
7. Windy - Rain SW.
8. Blustering -
Cloudy - fine snow NW.
9. Clear & cold Do.
10. Overcast - cold -
fair & pleasant WSW.
11. Cloudy - fair
& pleasant Do.
12. Fair &
pleasant - Cloudy - Snow South.
13. Do Do - fine snow West.
-- SW.
14. Fair & cold -
Cloudy NW.
15. Variably Cloudy
& fair SW.
16. Snow - fair &
pleasant NE.
-- W.
17. Cloudy - rain -
wind & rain at night SW.
18. Cloudy - fine
snow & rain WSW.
19. fair - overcast -
cold - snow NW.
20. Fair &
pleasant - cloudy West.--SW.
21. Cloudy - Rain SW.
22. Overcast - fair
& pleasant WSW.
23. Cloudy - foggy -
fine rain East.
24. Foggy - Cloudy -
small rain - thunder Do.
25. Cloudy - rain SSW.
26. Cloudy - Cold NW.
27. Cloudy with wind
- snow - cold ENE.
28. Cloudy - fine
snow WNW.
29. Fair - Overcast -
fair & warm South.
30. Rain - Cloudy -
fair West.
31. Fair &
pleasant Do.
82 THE OHIO HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
DIURNAL OCCURRENCES AT & NEAR FORT
DEFIANCE:
APRIL, 30 DAYS - 1795 -
1. Accompanied Major Hunt & Capt.
Britt on a fishing party, a
small distance up the Glaize; we took
about four dozen; & it
is computed that at least 500 were
taken with hooks by the
soldiery.
2. In Company with the same Gentlemen
attempted the fishing
business; but in catching 15 fishes, we
lost three hooks -- A
Bad exchange at this place.
3. Lieut. Lee & his party returned
from Fort Wayne with two
bbls. of Pork & 9 kegs flour: He
also returned the thirty Dolls.
I delivered him to be expended for my
use, as the things wch
I wanted to procure were not to be had
at FW. Recd. by Mr
Lee a letter from Capt. Cornelius
Lyman,45 dated ye. 20th Jany
& one from Doct. Strong 21st. Jany
1795.
4. Lieut. Pope with a party of men
departed with two boats for
Fort Wayne to obtain a further supply
of provisions, Mr Lee
not having bro't more than a
sufficiency for one week. Wrote to
Capt. Porter. Major Cushing
communicated a message from
Genl. Wilkinson46 to me,
expressed in a letter to the Major,
bearing date 21st Jany. 1795. We are at
present free from the
troublesome presence of the Indians.
Two Frenchmen arrived
this day from the river Raison, via
Fort Wayne: They mention
that the common topic of conversation
among the British is
respecting the speedy cession of the
Posts.47
5. A Mr. Wilson, who is to act as
Commissary at this place & a
Mr. Bridges, a trader came from Fort
Wayne on a raft of logs.
The Gentlemen of the Garrison, the two
Frenchmen, & Messrs.
Bridges & Wilson dined with our
Mess. recd a letter from
Ens Swaine, dated the 28th ulto.
6. At a Court Martial, whereof Capt.
Britt was president; Lieut.
45 Of Massachusetts, 2d Sub Legion. He
had served as an ensign in the Revolution,
and was discharged in 1783. He returned
to the army as a lieutenant in 1791.
46 Brigadier
General James Wilkinson was second in rank to Wayne in 1795.
During the campaign of 1793-94 he had
command of the right wing of the army.
After the war and during the year 1795,
because of his antagonism to Wayne, he was
given little to do, and devoted his time
to his personal affairs and to intrigues with
Spanish and British officials.
47 As
a result of Jay's Treaty.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 83
Lee & Ens. Strother Members, were
tried Jackson & Ulrick,
privates of the 3d. S. L., charged with
having set their guns
aside & seating themselves on their
posts on the night of the
4th Inst. To the latter charge they
plead guilty, but deny their
having dislodged their guns from their
possession: The Court
found them both guilty & sentenced
each to receive 100 lashes;
The Commdt. having approbated the
sentence, the punishment
was inflicted at Evening parade.
7. Dined at home perfectly free from
any Company excepting the
Mess.
8. The two Frenchmen departed for La
Raison. Two indians came
in from their hunting Camp to get
provisions.
9. The rivers much higher than they
have been since my residence
at this Post. The Soldiery reduced to
half allowance of meat.
10. The water is now on the decline.
The two Indians who came in
on the 8th; presented our Mess with
three turkeys.
11. The Canoe wch Mr. Pope's party took
up with them to Fort
Wayne, returned laden with provisions,
the Non Commissd.
Officer who had charge of this boat
informs that Mr. Pope
on his upward passage had met with a
couple of Deserters in a
Canoe from Fort Wayne, that he took
them back to that place,
where it is expected they will meet the
last human punishment.
Recd. A letter from Lieut. Drake.
12. Mr. Pope with the residue of his
party returned from Fort
Wayne in the other boat laden with pork
& flour; so that the
embargo on the soldiers' appetite is
suspended.
13. Capt. Britt with a party of men,
departed with the two boats
for Fort Wayne for a further
supply--Mr. Bridges accompanied
the Capt. wrote to Lt. Drake and Ens.
Swaine. Two privates
were sentenced by a Court martial to
receive 100 lashes each;
but from the intercession of the
indians who lost the corn &
from the restoration of the property;
the punishment was
remitted.
14. The Officers, excepting those of
our Mess, commenced clearing
the ground on the other side of the
rivers for Gardening.
15. James Kisnnat Gilman, late a
private in the 1st S. L. who was
taken near Fort Jefferson about two
years since, came in (as he
84
THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
says) from Captivity: He informs that
the Indian Agent Capt
Elliot48 is endeavouring to
infuse into the minds of the savages
that the Americans have the intention
of poisoning their food.
16. On the Division of the sugar made
at this place during the past
season among the 8 Officers, it
averaged 20 lbs each--miserable
doings--but the season has been
extremely unfavorable all
round.
17. Several Shawanoese indians arrived
from Swan Creek; they
are encamped opposite the 1st island
below this place.
18. The Shawanoese who arrived
yesterday, among whom is a chief
called Pawotgue, dined with us to day.
19. Lt. Lee, Ens. Strother &
myself, accompanied by the Indian
Interpreter, strolled down the Miamis
to the Shawanoese en-
campment: An old woman presented us
with a plate of pan-
cakes, of wch from motives of
Complaisance we were obliged
to partake, not without some
disturbance lest there might have
been savory additions from the head or
blanket. But down it
must go.
20. We discovered by means of a
Shawanoese that Gilman, who
came in on the 15th inst was not a
prisoner but a deserter from
us; in consequence of wch he was
handcuffed & deprived of a
blanket previously extorted from the
Compassion of Maj. Hunt.
Some Shawanoese attempting to take a
Canoe belonging to the
Garrison without permission &
refusing to desist at the demand
of the Centinel were fired on without
injuring any of them: An
eclaircissement took place between a
Chief & Maj. Hunt & all
things were adjusted.
21. Capt. Britt & party arrived
from Fort Wayne; recd 2 Letters
from Lieut Visscher & one from
Capt. Porter; also 12 vols. of
Medical books purchased of Doct.
Hayward & my Chest from
Fort Recovery. Learn that Maj. Buell49
& Capt. Brock50 are
in arrest.
48 A British Indian agent in the Old Northwest. He had been active, with
Simon
Girty and Alexander McKee, since the
early days of the Revolution in stirring up the
Indians against the Americans.
49 John H. Buell, of New York, 2d Sub
Legion.
50 Joseph Brock, of Virginia, 4th Sub
Legion.
THE ANDREWS JOURNAL 85
22. Several Shawanoese dine with our
Mess.
23. Lieut Lee with a small party
departed for Fort Wayne with
one boat for a further supply of
provisions: Mr. Lee took charge
of Gilman to have him forwarded from
Fort Wayne to Head
Quarters for trial. Wrote to Capt
Porter.
24. A considerable number of Delawares
arrived & have en-
camped a little east of the Mouth of
Bean Creek.
25. Went up to the Delaware encampment
to visit a woman, to
whom I had given an emetic the
preceding Evening--It had the
proposed effect & the woman was
much pleased with my
attention.
26. Administered to an old Delaware
woman with an aedematous
[edematous] affection of the Leg.
27. Lieut Lee arrived, just after
dinner, from Fort Wayne: The
shortest passage we have yet known
effected. Recd a letter
from Capt. Preston.51
28. In Company with Messieurs Pope
& Lee strolled up to the old
stone Quarry, or the place where we
procured stones for our
Chimneys; about one mile and an half up
the Glaize.
29. Dine at home without interruption.
30. Blue Jacket, (A Shawanoese Chief)
his son & son in Law
(Mr Laselle) with two other Indians
arrived. Blue Jacket is
supposed to possess the greatest influence
in his nation.
Laselle brought a number of horse loads
of spirit, Shrub, &c
for sale; But the shrub being priced at
2 1/2 & the spirit @ 2
Dollars the sales are not rapid. Mr. L.
considering all things,
is certainly a very decent well behaved
young fellow: they all
dined with our Mess.
51 William Preston, of Virginia, 4th Sub Legion.
86 THE OHIO HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS NOTED AT FORT DEFIANCE,
APRIL, 1795.
Date Variations of the weather Winds
1. Fair &
pleasant SW
2. Overcast - fair -
Cloudy - rain ENE
3. Fair - Cloudy -
distant thunder in the night South
4. Overcast - fair
& warm - cloudy - rain - thunder SSE
5. Cloudy - fair
& warm - cloudy - thunder - rain SE
6. Rain Do
7. Do Do
8. Cloudy - fair
& pleasant West
9. Fair - overcast -
fair NW
10. Fair & cold Do
11. Fair - pleasant
& warm SW
12. Fair - cloudy -
rain - thunder in the night SE
13. Cloudy - Fair
& pleasant Do
14. Fair, warm &
pleasant - rain in the night WSW
15. Cloudy - rain -
fair - thunder at night SE
16. Cloudy - Squalls
of rain, hail & thunder, wind - fair ESE
17. Cloudy - Squalls
of rain, hail & wind SW
18. Cloudy - Squalls
of wind, rain & hail Do
19. Fair & cool Do
20. Fair &
pleasant NW
21. Cloudy - fair East
22. Fair &
pleasant. NE
23. Do SW
24. Do. SW
25. Do ESE
26. Cloudy - fine
rain - cold Do
27. Do Do fair - cold NE
28. Fair - Cold for
the season Do
29. Rain - Chilly -
Cloudy NNE
30. Rain - fair -
thunder in the night. NW.
[The Andrews
journal will be continued in the next issue.]
A Surgeon's Mate at Fort Defiance:
The Journal of Joseph Gardner
Andrews
For the Year 1795
Edited by RICHARD C. KNOPF*
On May 4, 1792, Joseph Gardner Andrews
enlisted in the army
of the United States as a surgeon's
mate. His qualifications for the
position were considered adequate by
the standards of his day: he
had graduated from Harvard College in
1785 and, since that time,
had been employed as a schoolmaster at
Dorchester, Massachusetts.
Perhaps partly from a spirit of
adventure, perhaps in part from a
desire to learn by actual experience
the practice of medicine, he had
taken this step.
At the time Andrews joined the army it
was stationed at Legion
Ville, a few miles down the Ohio River
from Pittsburgh. There it
was being rigorously trained for an
expedition against the hostile
Indians of the Northwest Territory. The
commander-in-chief of the
Legion of the United States, as the
army was then called, was Major
General Anthony Wayne, a hero of the
American Revolution and,
more recently, an Indian fighter in the
South.
Wayne had replaced Arthur St. Clair,
also a Revolutionary officer
of note and, at this time, governor of
the Northwest Territory, as
commander of the army, March 5, 1792.
This change came as a
result of St. Clair's disastrous
defeat, November 4, 1791, when
three-quarters of his army were killed
or wounded in a major action
on the banks of the Wabash River, some
ninety-five miles north of
his base at Fort Washington
(Cincinnati). This, however, was not
*Richard C. Knopf is historical editor
and research historian of the Anthony Wayne
Parkway Board, which has its offices at
the Ohio State Museum, Columbus.