Ohio History Journal

NOTES

JAMES R. GARFIELD

1. Most of the material for this study was taken from the James R. Garfield Papers,

which are on deposit at the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress, Washing-

ton, D. C. All subsequent references to manuscripts are to this collection unless other-

wise noted. Garfield's unpublished journal, which he started in August 1880, was

especially helpful in following his early career.

2. Two years before, disturbed by what he believed was an inordinately large number

of unsavory persons who had attached themselves to the Ohio G. O. P., Garfield told

his mother that he was thinking of starting an independent movement because of the

nature of Ohio Republicanism, but she advised him to stay in the party and reform it.

Garfield to Lucretia R. Garfield, October 28, November 28, 1887; Lucretia R. Garfield

to Garfield, November 13, 1887. Years later he told a reporter from the Cleveland

Weekly Leader (July 1, 1905) that he had been briefly interested in the mugwump

movement in the 1880's but that since he was a Republican by "birth, association, and

principle," he had decided to stick by the party of his father.

3. Journal, April 1, 2, 1889; Gaillard Hunt to Garfield, April 12, 1889.

4. Journal, April 28, June 22, October 23, 1889.

5. J. B. Burrows to Garfield, July 31, 1891; Garfield to Harry A. Garfield, August

4, 1891, Harry A. Garfield Papers. The Harry A. Garfield Papers have recently been

acquired by the Library of Congress. Harry, the oldest of the president's sons, often

advised his younger brother as to his political ambitions.

6. As late as 1893 he recorded in his journal that he would make no personal effort

to obtain the nomination as a state senator. Journal, April 6, 1893.

7. Joseph P. Smith to Garfield, March 2, 1895; Charles Dick to Garfield, May 6, 1895.

8. Painesville Telegraph, June 26, 1895; Journal, May 8, 27, June 13, 1895; J. P.

Barden to Garfield, May 14, 1895.

9. Cleveland Weekly Leader, July 6, 1895; Painesville Telegraph, July 10, 1895;

Journal, July 2, 1895.

10. Journal, January 3, 14, 1896; Garfield to Lucretia R. Garfield, January 14, 1895.

11. Cincinnati Enquirer, January 8, 1896; Cleveland Plain Dealer, January 8, 1896;

Journal, January 6, 1896.

12. Journal, February 14, March 20, April 1, 21, 1896; Cincinnati Enquirer, April

2, 1896; Garfield to Helen N. Garfield, February 15, 1896. Garfield often wrote in detail

concerning political affairs to his wife, the former Helen Newell of Chicago.

13. Garfield to William E. Cushing, January 4, 1896; Painesville Telegraph, January

22, 1896.

14. Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 19, 20, 1896; Cincinnati Enquirer, March 19, 20,

1896; Painesville Telegraph, March 25, 1896.

15. Charles W. Thwing to Garfield, January 18, 23, 1896. Thwing, president of

Western Reserve University, indicated that he was acting as spokesman for the heads

of the larger colleges.

16. Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 10, 1896.

17. W. A. Williams to Garfield, February 14, 1896; J. H. Beal to Garfield, February

17, 1896; Garfield to R. H. Jesse, February 28, 1896.

18. Journal, February 18, 1896.

19. Cincinnati Enquirer, April 15, 1896; Journal, April 14, 1896.

20. Garfield to J. A. Howells, February 10, 1896.

21. Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 19, 1896; Cincinnati Enquirer, February 19,

1896; Journal, February 18, 1896.

22. Garfield to Helen N. Garfield, April 12, 1896; Journal, February 12, March 5,

12, 1896.

23. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, March 7, 1896; Journal, March 6, 1896.

24. S. W. Davies to Garfield, April 19, 1896; Cleveland Plain Dealer, April 20, 1896;

Journal, April 16, 1896.

25. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, February 22, 1896.

26. Cleveland Plain Dealer, April 20, 1896; J. C. Harper to Garfield, April 6, 1896;

L. B. Tuckerman to Garfield, April 6, 1896. A member of the Garfield law firm, Frederic

C. Howe, conferred with Garfield on several occasions and wrote him a number of

letters in which he urged rather drastic modification of the legislation. Frederic C.

Howe to Garfield, April 13, 15, 1896.

27. Marcus A. Hanna to Garfield, April 6, 1896.

28. Garfield to Hanna, April 13, 1896.

144 OHIO HISTORY

29. Journal, April 17, 20, 21, 1896. Garfield wrote to his wife that he was worried

about his support of the bill, because there were rumors that some men had been

paid to vote for it. Garfield to Helen N. Garfield, April 23, 1896.

30. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, April 22, 1896; Cleveland Plain Dealer, April

22, 1896.

31. Painesville Telegraph, April 25, 1896; Cleveland Plain Dealer, April 23, 1896;

Geauga Republican (Chardon), April 23, 1896. Foraker, counsel for the Cincinnati

Street Railway Company, initiated the bill so that five lines in Cincinnati could be

merged and sold. Early in the next legislature the law was repealed, Garfield joining

in the unanimous vote to kill it. Senate Journal, 73 Ohio General Assembly, 43. See

also Everett Walters, Joseph Benson Foraker, an Uncompromising Republican (Co-

lumbus, Ohio, 1948), 124.

32. Journal, June 16, August 28, September 5, November 3, 1896.

33. Herbert Croly, Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work (New York, 1912),

250-254. This is a detailed account of what Croly calls the "conspiracy" against Hanna.

34. Journal, December 30, 31, 1897, January 2, 3, 4, 5, 1898. At Hanna's request,

Garfield went to Cincinnati to try to bring certain independent Republicans into the

Hanna camp. Croly, Marcus Alonzo Hanna, 252-253.

35. Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, April 24, 1898; New York Times, April 24,

1898. A typescript copy of the Hanna bribery hearing is in the Garfield Papers. Gar-

field made the speech nominating Hanna before the joint meeting of the senate and

house which elected him. Senate Journal, 34.

36. Garfield expressed these views to Hanna's biographer in 1910 in answer to an

inquiry concerning Hanna's guilt or innocence. He also said that he had heard from

a reliable source that one of Hanna's friends had done something improper, but that

he had no definite information. Garfield to Herbert Croly, September 23, 1910.

37. Toledo Blade, March 30, 1898; Columbus Evening Dispatch, February 9, March

30, 1898; Journal, March 30, 1898; Garfield to Helen N. Garfield, March 29, 1898.

38. Cincinnati Enquirer, February 11, April 13, 1898; Journal, March 15, 1898;

Columbus Evening Dispatch, February 10, 11, 12, 1898.

39. Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, February 24, 1898; Cincinnati Enquirer, Febru-

ary 24, 1898.

40. Garfield to C. O. Hale, March 1, 1898.

41. Cincinnati Enquirer, January 27, 1898; Journal, January 26, 1898.

42. Journal, February 11, March 26, 28, 1898.

43. Ibid., April 19, 24, 1898.

44. Ibid., April 27, 1898.

45. Ibid., January 14, 1897.

46. Ibid., June 25, 1897.

47. A. J. Reynolds to Garfield, July 4, 1898; Thad W. Byrns to Garfield, July 3, 1898;

Journal, June 27, 1898.

48. W. M. Lytle to Garfield, August 5, 1898; Journal, August 4, 5, 1898. Garfield

told his wife that the reason Beidler worked so hard for the opposition was that a

telephone company in which Beidler had an interest had been promised concessions

in Cleveland by McKisson if Garfield was defeated. Helen N. Garfield to Lucretia R.

Garfield, August 5, 1898.

49. Journal, January 2, 1900.

50. Ibid., January 19, 20, 30, 1900.

51. Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 1, 1900; New York Times, February 3, 1900;

Journal, February 3, 1900.

52. Hanna to Garfield, February 3, 1900.

53. Hanna to Garfield, February 20, 1900.

54. Journal, March 6, 1900; Garfield to Charles Dick, March 8, 1900.

55. Joseph Stanley-Brown to Garfield, February 3, 1900.

56. Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 15, 16, 1900.

57. Journal, March 29, 1900.

58. Garfield to Helen N. Garfield, April 20, 1900; Journal, April 19, 20, 1900;

Painesville Telegraph, April 23, 1900.

59. Cleveland Press, April 21, 1900.

60. Journal, April 23, 1900.

61. Painesville Telegraph, May 11, 1900; Journal, May 10, 1900.

62. Journal, May 11, 1900.

63. Ibid., May 22, 1900.

64. Cleveland Plain Dealer, July 17, 1900.

65. Journal, July 31, 1900.

66. Ibid., September 20, 21, 1900.

67. Hanna to Garfield, September 23, 1900.

68. Garfield to Hanna, September 27, 1900.

NOTES 145

69. Journal, September 30, 1900.

70. Ibid., October 25, 1900.

71. Dick to Garfield, October 25, 1900.

72. Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 7, 1900; Garfield to Lucretia R. Garfield,

November 13, 1900.

73. Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 5, 1900.

74. Journal, March 22, 1902.

PETER CARTWRIGHT IN OHIO

1. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York, 1920),

345.

2. Charles L. Wallis, ed., Autobiography of Peter Cartwright (Nashville, 1956), 8.

3. Peter Cartwright, Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, the Backwoods Preacher,

edited by W. P. Strickland (Cincinnati, 1856), 17, 23, 34, 35, 36, 37-38.

4. Cartwright, Autobiography, 18-22.

5. Ibid., 25-26.

6. Ibid., 24, 27, 34-38.

7. Ibid., 58-62. For a discussion of the Methodist system and its function on the

frontier, see William Warren Sweet, Religion on the American Frontier, 1783-1840,

the Methodists: A Collection of Source Materials (Chicago, 1946), 31-50.

8. Ibid., 73-74; William Warren Sweet, The Rise of Methodism in the West, Being

the Journal of the Western Conference, 1800-1811 (New York, 1920), 99. See also

Minutes of the Annual Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church for the Years

1773-1828 (New York, 1840), 122, 131.

9. Sweet, Journal of the Western Conference, 1800-1811, 105.

10. Ibid., 105, 109. See also Minutes of the Annual Conferences, 1773-1828, 139.

11. James B. Finley, Sketches of Western Methodism, Biographical, Historical, and

Miscellaneous, Illustrative of Pioneer Life, edited by W. P. Strickland (Cincinnati,

1854), 194-195; Minutes of the Annual Conferences, 1773-1828, 88, 93, 94.

12. Cartwright, Autobiography, 84. "Circuits in newly settled regions were always

large," says Sweet, "sometimes covering territory so vast that it required from five to

six weeks to make the rounds. Circuits were known as two-weeks, three-weeks, four-

weeks or five-weeks circuits, according to the time required for the circuit-rider to

go the rounds once." William Warren Sweet, Methodism in American History (New

York, 1933), 144.

13. William Warren Sweet, Virginia Methodism: A History (Richmond, 1955), 175;

Francis Asbury, The Journal of the Rev. Francis Asbury, Bishop of the Methodist

Episcopal Church (New York, 1821), III, 248.

14. Cartwright, Autobiography, 93-95.

15. Ibid., 87. See also Sweet, Journal of the Western Conference, 1800-1811, 130.

16. Finley, Sketches of Western Methodism, 86.

17. Asbury, Journal of Francis Asbury, III, 247.

18. Quoted in Russel B. Nye, The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776-1830 (New

York, 1960), 231.

19. Louis B. Wright, Culture on the Moving Frontier (Bloomington, Ind., 1955), 174.

20. Finley, Sketches of Western Methodism, 200.

21. M. H. Chamberlin, "Rev. Peter Cartwright, D.D.," Transactions of the Illinois

State Historical Society for the Year of 1902 (Springfield, 1902), 53.

22. Sweet, Methodism in American History, 169-170.

23. Cartwright, Autobiography, 90-93.

24. Sweet, Journal of the Western Conference, 1800-1811, 110, 122.

25. Cartwright, Autobiography, 96-98; Francis Asbury, The Journal and Letters of

Francis Asbury, edited by Elmer T. Clark (London, 1958), III, 352.

26. Cartwright, Autobiography, 98.

27. Ibid., 98-99.

28. Ibid., 99.

29. Ibid., 99-101.

30. Ibid., 101-102.

31. Ibid., 102-107.

32. Sweet, Journal of the Western Conference, 1800-1811, 136.