NOTES
OHIO AND THE
PANAMA CANAL
1. See the author's "The Panama
Canal Lobby of Philippe Bunau-Varilla and Wil-
liam Nelson Cromwell," American Historical
Review, LXVIII (1963), 346-363.
2. Henry F. Pringle, Theodore
Roosevelt: A Biography (New York, 1931), 305.
3. Philippe Bunau-Varilla Papers,
Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., Manu-
scripts Division. The author has made
extensive use of these papers in the preparation
of this article. All references to manuscripts in the
notes are to this collection.
4. Lucien Wulsin to Robert Batcheller,
May 28, 1906. This is a copy of a letter
written to the secretary of the
Commercial Club of Boston, in which Wulsin described
his association with Bunau-Varilla.
Another copy of this letter was recently found
among the papers of the son of Lucien
Wulsin. With annotations and an introduction
by Professor George B. Engberg of the
University of Cincinnati, it was published
in the Bulletin of the Cincinnati
Historical Society, XXII (1964), 186-192.
5. This fact is revealed in a series of
letters exchanged between Baker and Bunau-
Varilla in 1898 and 1899.
6. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, Panama:
The Creation, Destruction, and Resurrection
(New York, 1914), 174.
7. Bunau-Varilla to Wulsin and William
Watts Taylor, December 12, 1900. There
is no record of any correspondence in
the Bunau-Varilla Papers between Bunau-
Varilla and the Cincinnatians before
December 11, 1900.
8. These included Baker, John Bigelow,
former American minister to France,
who met Bunau-Varilla in Panama and
became a close friend, and Frank Pavey, a
New York attorney.
9. Taylor to Bunau-Varilla, December 13,
1900.
10. Professor Engberg reaches the same
conclusion from a study of the minute
books and correspondence files of the
Cincinnati Commercial Club. Bunau-Varilla
was a man of some means, and, although
he was a stockholder in the French Panama
Canal Company and profited from its sale
to the United States, the author is convinced
that money was not the primary concern
in Bunau-Varilla's campaign for the Panama
route.
11. Asher C. Baker to Percy Peixotto,
February 7, 1901. Peixotto was a mutual friend
in Paris to whom Baker described these
events.
12. Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 179.
13. Bunau-Varilla to Sir Edwyn Dawes,
December 24, 1900. Bunau-Varilla lamented
that he would have to express his ideas
in a foreign tongue, but, in fact, his English
was quite good.
14. Taylor to Bunau-Varilla, January 28,
1901.
15. Ibid.
16. Wulsin to Batcheller, May 28, 1906.
17. Ibid.; Bunau-Varilla to John
Bigelow, January 17, 1901.
18. Several mutual friends noted
Bunau-Varilla's success: Wulsin to Bunau-Varilla,
January 25, 1901, and Bigelow to
Bunau-Varilla, April 25, 1901.
19. Wulsin to Batcheller, May 28, 1906;
Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 181.
20. Wulsin to Bunau-Varilla, March 15,
1901.
21. Baker to Peixotto, February 7, 1901.
22. Cyrus McCormick to Bunau-Varilla,
February 14, 1901.
23. Gustav Schwab to Bunau-Varilla,
February 28, 1901.
24. A. O. Elzner to Bunau-Varilla, April
14, 1901.
25. Bunau-Varilla to Taylor, March 20,
1901.
26. Taylor to Bunau-Varilla, March 17,
1901.
27. Bunau-Varilla to Hanna, March 20,
1901.
28. James Deering to Bunau-Varilla,
March 23, 1901.
29. Isaac Seligman to Bunau-Varilla,
March 27, 1901.
30. Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 184.
31. Ibid., 187.
32. Taylor to Bunau-Varilla, July 25,
1901.
33. U. S. House of Representatives, 62
cong., 1 sess., Committee on Foreign Affairs,
The Story of Panama: Hearings on the
Rainey Resolution (Washington, 1913),
150-157;
Thomas Beer, Hanna, Crane, and The
Mauve Decade (New York, 1941), 596-600.
34. Ameringer, "The Panama Canal
Lobby," passim.
35. Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 187.
36. Bunau-Varilla to Charles de Lesseps,
April 9, 1901.
37. Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, September
13, 1901.
38. On October 3, 1908, the New York World
published a story which said that a
"Wall Street syndicate" was
behind the United States acquisition of the Panama