Lucy Webb Hayes and her Family by EMILY APT GEER |
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The public life of Rutherford Birchard Hayes has been studied by many historians but little has been written about the friendly, sparkling woman he married and their large and active family of eight children. Lucy Webb Hayes's concern for people helped her develop a lively interest in politics that served her equally well as the wife of a city solicitor in Cincinnati and as mistress of the White House while her husband was President. Their oldest son, Birchard Austin, became a prominent lawyer in Toledo; their second son, Webb Cook, after a career as a manufacturer and an army colonel, founded the Hayes State Memorial at Spiegel Grove in Fremont, Ohio. Rutherford Platt and Scott Russell were in various business fields; and Fanny Hayes Smith, the only girl among the Hayes children, lived until 1950, still able to recall vividly the days of her childhood in Washington and Spiegel Grove. Two little boys born during the Civil War in addition to the last Hayes baby died during the second summer of their lives. NOTES ON PAGE 186 |
34 OHIO HISTORY
This account of the Hayes family begins
with the courtship of Lucy Ware
Webb by Rutherford B. Hayes; and
continues on to describe their early
married life in Cincinnati, the
difficult years of the Civil War, the period
of Hayes's political ascendancy, and
finally their retirement to Spiegel
Grove. Throughout the narrative, Lucy
Webb Hayes, as wife and mother,
is naturally the focal point about which
the life of the family revolves.
Rutherford Birchard Hayes and Lucy Ware
Webb were married on
December 30, 1852. The story of their
romance, from the time they first
met in Delaware to the day of their
marriage, was carefully chronicled by
Hayes in his Diary. By looking
back through the pages, he found the first
mention of Lucy on July 8, 1847. In a
letter written after their engagement,
he claimed that he had heard a great
deal about her from his mother's
friends, but because Lucy was only
sixteen, she impressed him as "a bright
sunny hearted little girl not
quite old enough to fall in love with--so I
didn't."1
A few years earlier, Lucy's widowed
mother, Maria Webb, had moved
from Chillicothe, where she had lived
all her life, to Delaware so that her
two sons, James and Joseph, could attend
the newly established college de-
partment of Ohio Wesleyan.2 Lucy
studied for a while in both the pre-
paratory and the college departments of
the school, although female
students were not officially enrolled at
that time in the college division. On
a term report that listed merit points
for Lucy Webb in both departments,
her conduct was marked
"unexceptionable" (beyond reproach).3
Sophia Hayes, Rutherford's mother, had met
the Webb family while
visiting in Delaware and had decided
that the "bright-eyed" Lucy, from a
good family and particularly beyond
reproach in her religious convictions,
would make a suitable wife for her son.
Mrs. Webb also encouraged the
friendship by taking Lucy with her when
she visited Mrs. Hayes in Colum-
bus, where she lived with her daughter,
Fanny Platt.4 Letters from Hayes
show that he was aware of the
conspiracy. Shortly after meeting Lucy, he
commented to his sister, "Mother
and Mrs. Lamb [a family friend] selected
a clever little schoolgirl named Webb
for me at Delaware."5 And a few
months later, half-teasingly, he told
his mother, "I wish I had a wife to
take care of my correspondence . . . I
hope you and Mother Lamb will see
to it that Lucy Webb is properly
instructed in this particular."6
In spite of the efforts of the
matchmakers, Rutherford Hayes and Lucy
Webb saw no more of each other until
after Christmas, 1849, when Hayes
moved to Cincinnati to establish a law
practice. He had heard that Lucy
was attending the Wesleyan Female
College in Cincinnati and had decided
that he wanted to see her again as soon
as possible. Hayes did not find Lucy
in until a second visit to the college
on January 5, 1850.7 After that the
young lawyer's frequent appearances at
the college's Friday night receptions,
and comments in his Diary reveal
his growing interest in the young girl.
Perhaps he saw her graduate from college
in June, 1850, and heard her read
her commencement essay, "The
Influence of Christianity on National Pros-
perity."8
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 35
A year later, Hayes was writing in his Diary,
"I guess I am a great deal
in love with-- [Lucy Webb] . . . Her low
sweet voice . . . her soft rich eyes."
Bemused as he was, Rutherford Hayes was
practical enough to look for
other reasons for his attachment.
"Intellect, she has too," he added, "a quick
spritely one, rather than a reflective
profound one. She sees at a glance what
others study upon, but will not,
perhaps, study out what she is unable to
see at a flash. She is a genuine woman,
right from instinct and impulse
rather than judgment and reflection."9
Lucy did not record her emotions, but
her intuitiveness must have pre-
pared her for Hayes's proposal on June
13, 1851, a Friday night. A delight-
ful paragraph from his Diary describes
the scene:
On a sudden the impulse seized me. . . I
grasped her hand hastily
in my own and with a smile--but
earnestly and in quick accents said--
"I love you." She did not
comprehend it--really no sham. . . . I knew
it was as I wished, but I waited,
perhaps repeated . . . until she said,
"I must confess I like you very
well." A queer, soft, lovely tone, it stole
to the very heart, and, I, without loosing
her hand took a seat by her
side and--and the faith was plighted for
life! . . . She said, "I don't
know but I am dreaming. I thought I was
too light and trifling for
you."10
Happy weeks followed until Lucy left for
a visit to the country and
Hayes discovered, much to his concern
and chagrin, that she very much
disliked letter writing.11 As
sometimes happens with voluble people, Lucy
Webb found it difficult, as well as
tedious, to record her thoughts on paper,
nevertheless her infrequent letters to
Rutherford Hayes were engaging
accounts of her activities and her
efforts to be elusive when questioned
about him. Lucy wrote that it was
amusing to keep their friends guessing
but his "likeness" lay hidden
"in a little corner of my formerly large heart,"
and she asked him to think kindly of her
as David did of Dora (an allusion
to characters in David Copperfield).12
Neither Rutherford Hayes nor Lucy Webb
seemed to be in any hurry
to set a date for their marriage.
Doubtless Hayes wanted to be able to sup-
port a household with a minimum of
assistance from his uncle and bene-
factor, Sardis Birchard, but not until
the summer of 1852 did Lucy's let-
ters show either inclination or desire
to set a wedding date. Perhaps Hayes's
infrequent letters from Columbus and
Fremont, where he was spending
the summer, with their gay accounts of
picnics and buggy rides, along with
the realization that she was approaching
twenty-one (August 28, 1852),
provided the impetus toward matrimony
that Lucy needed.13
Rutherford Hayes, who may have
deliberately exaggerated his social
activities, was also thinking about
matrimony, and for the first time men-
tioned living in Fremont. Uncle Sardis
had told his nephew that he would
like to build him a "summer
retreat" in a "pleasant grove," if he would
promise to spend part of the summer in
Fremont. "How say you," he asked
in a letter to Lucy, "shall I
promise? I feel like doing it."14
In August, Fanny Platt and her daughter,
Laura, joined Hayes at the
36 OHIO HISTORY
Valette farm near Fremont where Sardis
Birchard was living. On the last
evening of their visit, Rutherford's
marriage prospects were discussed, and
in answer to questions about Lucy, Fanny
described her as "quite pretty . . .
a charming disposition, is merry as a
cricket and if she were here tonight
her laugh would make Uncle ten years
younger." At this point, Sardis
interrupted, "Well why doesn't the
fool marry her? I don't believe she'll
have him."15
Soon after Hayes returned to Cincinnati
in September, he was able to
assure his uncle that Lucy and he
planned to be married as soon as her
brother Jim's health improved.16 He
hoped that they would not need finan-
cial assistance but would call upon
Birchard if necessary. By December
third, with his law practice measurably
increased and James Webb feeling
better, Hayes could tell his uncle that
they had agreed "as to the marrying
[date]."17
On December 30, 1852, the wedding took
place in the Webb home at
141 Sixth Street, Cincinnati. The two
o'clock ceremony was performed by
their friend, Professor L. D. McCabe of
Ohio Wesleyan University, before
a company of about forty relatives and
friends. Rutherford's niece, Laura
Platt, held Lucy's hand during the
ceremony.18 According to an account
by Lucy's friend, Eliza Davis, the
"radiant" bride looked lovely in her
figured satin dress, simply tailored
with a full skirt pleated to a fitted bodice,
and floor length veil fastened with
orange blossoms. The groom, Mrs. Davis
jokingly commented, was an honest
looking man who "might turn out
better than I expected."19 That
evening Lucy and Rutherford Hayes
boarded the five o'clock train for
Columbus where he hoped to combine
appearances before the Ohio Supreme
Court with a pleasant honeymoon.20
The years from 1853 to the beginning of
the Civil War were happy ones
for the growing Hayes family. The first
three of their children were born
during this period: Birchard Austin on
November 4, 1853; Webb Cook,
March 20, 1856; and Rutherford Platt,
June 24, 1858. For Rutherford
Hayes, who was elected to his first
political office in 1859, it was a time of
professional achievement as well as
marital bliss. His happiness and pride
in his loving wife and bouncing sons
were tempered only by the death in
1856 of his adored sister, Fanny H.
Platt.
During the month-long honeymoon with
Fanny Platt's family in Colum-
bus, Lucy's happy disposition and enjoyment
of the children won her the
affection of the household. Hayes
presented his arguments before the
Supreme Court the first week, and while
waiting for the decision "proudly"
escorted his wife to the social events
of the season. Fanny, describing their
activities wrote, "So to dinner
parties, tea drinking and evening fandangoes
they went with unremitted zeal."21
In February, the young couple returned
to Mrs. Webb's home in Cincinnati where
they remained for over a year.
At the end of the second month of wedded
life, Rutherford Hayes wrote
in his Diary, "A better wife
I never hoped to have. . . This is indeed life. . .
Blessings on his head who first invented
marriage."22 Lucy's letters echo
the same sentiment although she missed
her husband when he attended
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 37
club meetings and political gatherings.
"Well have patience a little longer,"
she entered in his diary.
"Woman is the only enemy that has ever overcome
the Club."23
Much of Lucy and Rutherford Hayes's
first summer together was spent
visiting his sister's family in
Columbus, Sardis Birchard in Fremont, and
Lucy's relatives in Chillicothe. Lucy's
grandfather, Isaac Cook, had been
a pioneer settler in Chillicothe recognized
for his qualities of leadership by
appointment as an associate justice of
the common pleas court and by elec-
tion to the state legislature.24 One
of his sons, Matthew Scott Cook, a fa-
vorite of the Webb children, married
Ellen Tiffin, daughter of Ohio's first
governor, and settled on a farm near
Chillicothe called Buena Vista. Fol-
lowing the death of Maria Webb's
husband, Dr. James Webb, from cholera
when Lucy was two years old, Scott Cook
had become his sister's chief
financial adviser.25 Lucy
also enjoyed visiting her aunts, Phebe Cook Mc-
Kell in Chillicothe, Margaret Cook Boggs
and Lucy Cook at Elmwood,
near Kingston, and other relatives in
the area. The highlight of their vaca-
tion though was a three-day trip in
August to Niagara Falls. The honey-
moon of their dreams, a trip up the St.
Lawrence had to be deferred (until
1860) , partly because of Lucy's
pregnancy.26
Their first child, a son, was born at
his grandmother's house on Sixth
Street on November 4, 1853. For a while
the baby's only name seemed to
be "Puds," until Fanny Platt's
and Sophia Hayes's protests caused Ruther-
ford and Lucy to name the baby Sardis
Birchard [later changed to Birchard
Austin].27 Perhaps it was
fortunate for the relatives' sense of propriety that
they did not realize that Lucy and
Rutherford's parenthood would be char-
acterized by a tendency to wait for the
name to take possession of the child.
With space in Maria Webb's house no
longer adequate for the growing
family, Hayes proposed to buy his own
home.28 In April, when Mrs. Webb
began to close her house, Lucy and
"Birchie" left for extended visits with
the Platts in Columbus, and relatives in
Chillicothe. Business affairs, the
search for a house, and then supervision
of its renovation kept Hayes in
Cincinnati most of the summer. Finally
the repairs were completed and
on September 4, 1854, the Hayes family
began to move into their own home
at 383 Sixth Street, Cincinnati. Hayes
wrote in his Diary that there was a
great deal of laughing over the assorted
loads of furniture, "a good deal of
Lucy's mother's when she went to
housekeeping."29
With the Hayes family settled in their
own home, visits from his mother
and sister were more frequent and
extensive. During one of her visits, the
mother-in-law noted in a letter to her
brother that Rutherford seemed too
busy to provide "anything but money
for his family."30 Fanny Platt's im-
pression of her brother's home was
somewhat different. She wrote that Lucy
made easy work of housekeeping, and
"Ruddy" romped with his boy and
turned the "whole of life into a
joke."31
The winter of 1855-56 was the coldest on
record for Cincinnati. Accord-
ing to Hayes's Diary, the
Ohio River was frozen solidly enough through the
month of January for "cattle,
teams, and runaway slaves" to cross on the
38 OHIO HISTORY
ice.32 On March 20, 1856, the
second Hayes son, James Webb (later changed
to Webb Cook), was born. While Lucy's
brother, Dr. Joseph Webb, as-
sisted with the delivery, Rutherford,
who was probably thinking about his
political future as a member of the new
party being formed from the dissi-
dent groups of the time, read
Jefferson's letters to Madison, particularly
noting the one in which Jefferson spoke
of his resolution to remain in pri-
vate life the rest of his days. "A
resolution," Hayes wrote, "about as well
kept as such resolutions usually are by
public men."33
Sophia Hayes came to visit her newest
grandchild, and stayed until solici-
tude over Fanny's approaching
confinement, her seventh, caused her to
hurry back to Columbus.34 In
June, Mrs. Platt gave birth to twin daugh-
ters, both of whom died almost
immediately. Fanny, who barely survived,
lingered in a critical condition for a
month before she too died on the
sixteenth of July.35
The Platt household in Columbus was
desolate, and Rutherford Hayes
poured out his grief in letters to
friends and relatives, and wrote in his
Diary: "The dearest friend of childhood--the affectionate
adviser, the con-
fidante of all my life--the one I loved
best is gone."36
Intense as was Hayes's grief, the loss
of Fanny was a greater one for Lucy.
Fanny's unusual intellectual ability and
range of interests had left an in-
delible impression upon her brother; but
Lucy, who was just twenty-five,
needed the stimulation of prolonged
association with an intelligent and
loving sister, such as Fanny Platt.
Fortunately, Lucy and Rutherford Hayes
could turn from their sorrow
to the absorbing political drama of
1856. The new Republican party, bol-
stered by success in Ohio the previous
year, entered the national arena
with the famous explorer, John C.
Fremont, as its candidate for President.
Lucy Hayes's latent interest in politics
was aroused by the antislavery senti-
ments of some of the members of the new
party, and by the picture of the
glamorous Fremont and his romantic wife,
Jessie Benton, as the ideal
couple to grace the White House. After
early election returns indicated
that Fremont would lose to James
Buchanan, Hayes wrote to his uncle,
"Lucy takes it to heart a good deal
that Jessie is not to be mistress of the
White House after all."37
Encouraged by Lucy's continued interest
in politics and his own inclina-
tions, Rutherford Hayes began to allow
his name to be mentioned for pub-
lic office. His reputation for
professional competency and his acceptability
to divergent political groups caused the
City Council to appoint him to
complete a term as City Solicitor for
Cincinnati in December 1858; at the
election a few months later he won the
office for two years.38
By this time a third son had been born,
June 23, 1858. This boy was
eventually named Rutherford Platt. Two
weeks later, Lucy came down
with a severe case of rheumatism, an
attack similar to one she had suffered
in 1851.39 The periodic recurrences of
this rheumatic condition plus the
severe headaches that she suffered
throughout the year belied the impres-
sion of nineteenth century writers that
Mrs. Hayes possessed robust health.40
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 39
Christmas in 1858 was a particularly
happy day for the Hayes family.
Lucy and Rutherford watched over their
children as they played beneath
the Christmas tree, which their German
"girls" had spirited into the base-
ment and trimmed to the surprise and
delight of the family. Five year old
Birtie was looking at his gift books, Jack
the Giant Killer, Hop o' My
Thumb, and Aladdin's Lamp, while little Webb,
persevering and deter-
mined even at two-and-a-half,
entertained the bright-eyed baby Ruddy.41
Through these years, the boys suffered
from the usual diseases of child-
hood. At the end of one long siege of
illness, Lucy lamented, "Sick chil-
dren -- then cross children -- poor
house girl -- and all the usual house-
hold troubles."42
Showing that he too was aware of family cares, Ruther-
ford jested in a letter to his niece:
I am in the boy business chiefly these
days. Playing with the boys,
scolding . . . Lucy is in a different
line of the boy business--washing
the hands of boys . . . making boys
pants, jackets, and shirts . . . Mother
Webb too has her branch of boy
enterprise . . . nursing . . . imparting
religious instruction . . . Uncle Joe is
overwhelmed by the boys, They
own him, jump on him . . .43
In August 1860, while the boys stayed
with their Grandma Webb, Lucy
and Rutherford took the long deferred
trip up the St. Lawrence River to
Montreal and Quebec, thence by rail to
visit Hayes's relatives in Vermont,
and finally back to New York and
Philadelphia. Hayes noted in his Diary
that Lucy loved sitting in the bow of
the boat as it plowed through the
rapids of the St. Lawrence, and
"like a child wished for more." According
to his carefully kept accounts, the
month-long trip cost $310.77.44
On their return to Ohio, they stopped in
Fremont to see how Sardis
Birchard was progressing with the house
he had started to build in Spiegel
Grove. Because he had assumed from the
beginning that Rutherford and
Lucy would live there some day, Sardis
had consulted his nephew about
every phase of the building.45 Hayes
had told his mother that the house
was "large and very handsome."46
Conservative, but at the same time sensi-
tive to the needs of humanity, Sophia
Hayes had suggested that the house
be finished "in a plain
manner." She did not think that a careful man like
her brother, Sardis Birchard,
"should encourage extravagance in Ohio
when there is so much need of money for
Preachers and Teachers to in-
struct the ignorant . . . The character
of our inhabitants is much more
important than their stile [sic] of
living."47
Apparently a long visit by Sophia Hayes
to her son's home during the
winter of 1860-61 created tensions
because Lucy managed to extend a trip
to a wedding in Chillicothe through the
Christmas holidays. The year
ended with a slight note of discord, one
of the few that appears in the
manuscripts of the Hayes family. On
Christmas Eve, 1860, Rutherford
wrote in his Diary, "Lucy
gone to Chillicothe. All ought to be at home to
make home happy on these festal
days." But he added a cheerful note:
"Eleven years ago tonight I came to
Cincinnati. A prosperous happy term
of life I have had. I cannot anticipate
a happier in the years to come. Only
40 OHIO HISTORY
one sad spot in all the time--the death
of my dear, dear sister. Mother is
with us."48
When the Hayes family discussed the
Civil War years, their most pleas-
ant memories were of the months they had
spent together in army camps
along the Kanawha River in western
Virginia. There were other periods
and events that recalled less happy
memories: the first months of separa-
tion, fear of Confederate raids into
southern Ohio, the Battle of South
Mountain where Hayes suffered his most
painful wound of the war, and
the campaign of 1864 in the Shenandoah
Valley.
When the news of the firing on Fort
Sumter by Confederate batteries
reached Cincinnati, Lucy Hayes,
unassailed by the doubts and questions
that worried more reflective minds, was
all for war. She even felt that if
she had been at Fort Sumter with a
garrison of women there might have
been no surrender.49 As she
reported in a letter, Sumter caused Cincinnati
to rally to the Union cause. "The
Northern heart," she wrote, "is truly
fired--the enthusiasm that prevails in
our city is perfectly irresistable. Those
who favor secession or even sympathy
with the South find it prudent to be
quiet."50
Rutherford Hayes might have left the
fighting to younger men without
family responsibilities, but Lucy's
enthusiasm for the cause and his own
inclination caused him to decide, with
his friend, Judge Stanley Matthews,
"to go into the service for the
war."51 After several weeks of communica-
tions, Matthews and Hayes were accepted
as lieutenant-colonel and major
respectively of the newly formed
Twenty-Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry.
It was the first Ohio regiment enlisted
for three years or the war. The vol-
unteer companies, mostly from the
northeastern part of the state, were
mustered into the regiment on June 10,
11, and 12 at Camp Jackson (later
named Camp Chase), four miles west of
Columbus on the national road.52
With her husband in camp and her initial
burst of enthusiasm fading,
Lucy Hayes began to think about the
loneliness of her situation. In her
first letter to her husband, she said
that she hoped to follow him wherever
he might be stationed, and assured him that
he would find that his "foolish
little trial of a wife was fit to
be a soldier's wife."53 Hayes tried to dispel
her anxieties with frequent letters,
assurances of his affection, and the news
that her brother, Dr. Joseph Webb had
been assigned to the same regi-
ment.54
As soon as possible, arrangements were
made for Lucy, her mother, and
the children to visit in Columbus while
the regiment trained at Camp
Chase. On July 25, 1861, less than a
month after her arrival, Lucy and her
mother watched the Twenty-Third O.V.I.
march up High Street to the
depot and entrain for Clarksburg,
Virginia.55
Lucy tried to be a good soldier's wife,
but, as her husband knew, it
would be contrary to her nature to have
hidden her worries completely.
News that her hero, General Fremont, was
being removed from command
of the Western Department, questions
about the federal policy in regard
to slavery, and discomfort because of
her pregnancy caused Lucy to be
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 41
worried and depressed at times. The
predominant tone, however, of her
letters was optimistic, and doubtless
she was correct in the observation that
she passed for one of the "most
cheerful, happy women."56 Items
about
the children in her letters mentioned
that Birchard was doing very well in
school; Webb, who was being taught at
home, provoked even as he amused
them by his efforts to avoid study; and
little Ruddy was both "the light
and torment of the house."57
Plans were made for Dr. Joseph Webb to
return to Cincinnati early in
December to assist with the birth of the
expected baby. In a letter to Hayes,
he commented that Cincinnati presented
none of the appearances of war
"save the number of Military coats
one meets with; business appears quite
brisk."58 A few weeks later,
December 21, 1861, Dr. Webb attended his
sister when she gave birth to her fourth
son, whom the older boys named
"little Joseph." When the news
reached Hayes, he admitted how worried
he had been. "I love you so
much," he wrote to Lucy, "and I have felt so
anxious about you . . . It is best it
was not a daughter. These are no times
for women."50
After Dr. Webb returned to the
regiment's winter quarters, it was Lieu-
tenant Colonel (promoted in October
1861) Rutherford Hayes's turn to
be away from camp. He arrived in
Cincinnati on February 4, 1862, for a
three week furlough. On a visit to his
mother, who was spending the winter
in Delaware, Hayes recalled the joys of
his childhood there and the mem-
ories of his beloved sister, Fanny
Platt, dead since 1856. Until his marriage,
Fanny had been the most important person
in his life; his confidante, his
favorite correspondent, and the spur to
his ambitions.60 Now Lucy served
these needs, as he tried to explain in a
letter to her. "Old Delaware is gone
. . .Old times come up to me--Sister
Fanny and I trudging down to the
tanyard with our little basket after
kindling--all strange--You are Sister
Fanny to me now, Dearest!"61
There were times during the spring of
1862 when Lucy felt she could
not endure the separation any longer.
"And yet with all my hearts longing,"
she wrote, "I would not call you
home . . ." She wondered if Rutherford
tired of her rambling letters for
"writing is not my forte but loving is . . ."
News of the children occupied much
space; Webb was growing more mis-
chievous every day, Ruddy was a smart
little one, Birch was "doing finely"
in school, "but little Joe--the
dearest liveliest brightest little five months
old chap"62 was
evidently her favorite. She had described him earlier as a
"miniature likeness of Lt. Col.
R.B.H."63
In the middle of August 1862, the
Twenty-Third Regiment was ordered
east to reinforce the Union army near
Washington. The troops in western
Virginia traveled by steamer down the
Kanawha to the Ohio River, then
up to Parkersburg where they changed to
the railroad for the balance of
the journey. The troops enjoyed the
cheers of the civilian population and
the profusion of food offered them as
they disembarked in Meigs County
to march around the shoals of the Ohio
River.64 When Lucy heard how
near her husband had been to
Chillicothe, where she and the children were
visiting, she was bitterly disappointed
not to have seen him.65
42 OHIO HISTORY
Soon after their arrival in Washington,
the Twenty-Third along with a
number of Ohio regiments marched with
General McClellan's army in
pursuit of Confederate forces that were
menacing Baltimore and Washing-
ton. At the Battle of South Mountain on
September 14, 1862, part of the
Antietam campaign, Hayes was painfully
wounded in the left arm. As soon
as conditions permitted, he was taken to
the residence of a Captain Rudy
in Middletown, Maryland, where he was
cared for by Dr. Joseph Webb.66
Tile morning after the battle, Hayes
dictated dispatches concerning his
injury to his wife; his brother-in-law,
William Platt; and his friend John
Herron in Cincinnati. Herron and Platt
received their telegrams but Lucy
Hayes did not. Later it was learned that
the orderly only had enough money
for two messages, and for some reason
the telegrapher selected the ones
addressed to Herron and Platt for
transmission.67
Lucy Hayes's animated account of the
incident of the missing telegram
plus that of a second and misleading
message, and the story of her long and
frustrating search for her wounded
husband became such a favorite with
the family that she was persuaded to
dictate it to a White House sten-
ographer. The original draft, typed
about 1880 in capital characters on
one of the early typewriters, is
preserved among the Hayes papers.68
Believing that his wife knew about his
wound, Hayes sent her a second
telegram, marked Washington, that read,
"I am here, come to me. I shall
not lose my arm." Leaving the three
older boys and the baby, who would
need a wet nurse, with relatives, Lucy
hurriedly took the stage to Colum-
bus where William Platt insisted upon
accompanying her to Washington.
Because of delays, it was a week after
Hayes had been wounded before they
reached the capital.
They were unable to find him at any of
the places in Washington where
he had said he might be, nor could they
secure any information from the
Surgeon General's office. Platt finally
located the original draft of one of
the telegrams on which the word
Middletown had been erased and Wash-
ington substituted. So as soon as possible,
Lucy and her brother-in-law
boarded the cars for Frederick,
Maryland--as far as the train could go.
Lucy remembered that she stood during
most of the hot and dusty three-
hour trip, and that the road-bed was
very rough--"we pitched and tossed
around very much." Dr. Joe Webb,
who had been meeting the train every
evening, was waiting for them at
Frederick, and drove them in the buggy
to Middletown where Hayes greeted Lucy
with the jest, "Well, you thought
you would visit Washington and
Baltimore."
Lucy spent her time looking after her
husband and visiting wounded
soldiers in the local homes and
make-shift hospitals. Two weeks later, her
husband and six or seven wounded men
from the Twenty-Third were
ready to begin the tiresome journey back
to Ohio. On one occasion, when
they had to change trains, Lucy Hayes
finding no seats in the coaches led
the way into the Pullman car where the
fashionable crowd returning from
Saratoga were making themselves
comfortable. Oblivious to the resentful
glances, she helped her "boys"
into the empty seats. When a telegraph
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 43
messenger came through paging Colonel
Hayes, the "society folk" became
interested in the group and offered them
grapes and other delicacies. Lucy
disdainfully declined them. As her
cousin remembered, "Even reminiscent-
ly, years afterward, as she told the
story, she declined them."69
By the end of November 1862, Colonel
Hayes was able to rejoin his
regiment then camped in western
Virginia. The Twenty-Third built a log-
cabin village at Camp Reynolds, on the
Kanawha near Gauley Bridge, and
Hayes's headquarters, a two-room cabin,
was comfortable enough for Lucy
and the older boys to join him.70 The
last of January, Lucy, Webb, and
Birch, arrived at Camp Reynolds after a
somewhat uneventful trip, except
for the ride of the last twenty-eight
miles in an ambulance that Lucy said
was "as muddy and rough as heart
could wish."71 Hayes recorded in his
Diary that mother and sons "rowed skiffs, fished, built
dams, sailed little
ships, played cards and enjoyed camp
life generally."72 Sometimes he wor-
ried because Lucy and her brother, Dr.
Joe, rode farther out from camp
than Hayes considered safe.73
In March, when the regiment was ordered
to Camp White, opposite Charleston, Lucy
and the boys returned to Cin-
cinnati.
A little later Lucy wrote that she was
so relieved to hear that Jenkins'
raiders, who had temporarily occupied
the lower Kanawha area, had been
forced to withdraw that she wanted to
begin her letter to Hayes with the
chorus of "John Brown's Body"
("Glory, glory hallelujah. . . His soul is
marching on") but her husband might
think her "daft." Another cause
for her rejoicing was the victory of the
Union ticket in the recent city
elections in Cincinnati. Referring to
the election of a former army officer,
Lucy said that she did not believe a
soldier should leave his post for office;
thus expressing a sentiment that Hayes
was to make famous later when he
refused to leave the army to canvass for
a seat in Congress.74
In June 1863, Lucy, her four sons, and
her mother journeyed to Camp
White. There were a few happy days
together for the Hayes family before
little Joseph became ill and died on the
twenty-fourth of June. The father
felt that he had known so little of the
baby that he did not "realize a loss;
but his mother and still more his
grandmother, lose their dear companion,
and are very much afflicted."75
In later years, Lucy said that the bitterest
hour of her life was when she stood by
the door of the cottage at Camp
White and watched the steamer with the
"lonely little body" depart for
Cincinnati.76 Her
brother, Dr. James Webb, assisted by friends, buried
the little boy in Spring Grove Cemetery.
Soon after the death of little Joe, Lucy
and the children left for Chilli-
cothe, arriving in time to share the
excitement and apprehension caused
by General John Morgan's raid into Ohio.
She described the panic in
Chillicothe that resulted in the burning
of the Paint Creek bridge when a
false rumor spread that Morgan's men
were approaching the town. Leaving
the condition of the city to her
husband's imagination, she guessed that
since at least 6000 men had rushed to
Chillicothe's defense "a goodly num-
ber of horses" were kept within the
town limits.77
44 OHIO HISTORY
During the winter of 1863-64, Lucy and
Rutherford rented their home
in Cincinnati and settled in a pretty
old house at Camp White. Lucy had
her sewing machine forwarded from
Cincinnati and along with sewing
and mending for the regiment made blue
soldier suits for the boys.78 Mrs.
Hayes was popular with the soldiers, not
only because she sewed for them,
but because she cared for them when they
were ill, mothered them, and
listened to their grievances. The wife
of a surgeon remembered that the
young lieutenant, William McKinley,
later President of the United States,
spent so much time tending the camp fire
that burned brightly before
headquarters every clear evening that
Mrs. Hayes nicknamed him Casa-
bianca (son of a French naval hero at
the battle of the Nile.) 79
Late in April 1864, the Twenty-Third
broke camp for what would be-
come the final campaign of the war. As
the troops marched along the Kana-
wha, Lucy and several of the wives
chartered a small boat on which they
steamed slowly up the river, until the
head of navigation was reached, cheer-
ing and waving to the troops as long as
they could keep pace with them.80
After leaving West Virginia, Lucy and
her family rented rooms in Chilli-
cothe in a "nice" boarding
house with a large play yard and space for a
garden.81 Hayes tried to keep
his wife informed concerning his safety by
telegraphing her after each engagement.
Following such a message, after
a foray into Virginia to destroy tracks
and stations of the East Tennessee
and Virginia Railroad, Lucy wrote that
they were very relieved to hear
from him; Webb talked only of the
"glory of victory" but Birch thought
more of the "desolate homes and
hearts."82
While the regiment was resting between
raids into the Shenandoah Val-
ley, Hayes wrote that the new flag Lucy
had sent was flying before head-
quarters. Somewhat chagrined, she
answered that the flag was not intended
for the officers but was meant to remind
the common soldiers that she was
thinking of them. "I want our
soldiers to know," she said, "that I sent it
to them . . . to let them know how near
they are to me . . ."83 Anxious as
usual to please his wife, Colonel Hayes
arranged to have the flag presented
to the regiment at dress parade.84
In August 1864, Hayes was nominated by
his friends in Cincinnati for
Congress from the second district.
Appreciative of the compliments and
congratulations, Lucy Hayes told Sardis
Birchard, "Of course dear Uncle
it is very gratifying to know how he
[Rutherford] stands with our citizens
and friends--I wonder if all women or
wives have such an unbounded
admiration for their better half."85 Doubtless
Hayes measured up to the
expectations of his wife in the
following answer to a plea that he take time
off from fighting to canvass: "An
officer fit for duty who at this crisis would
abandon his post to electioneer for a
seat in Congress ought to be scalped."86
The voters were sufficiently impressed
by Hayes's integrity of purpose and
war record to elect him to Congress in
October 1864.
With Hayes exposed to constant danger in
the fierce fighting in the
Shenandoah Valley and uncomfortable
because of her impending confine-
ment, the last days of August were a
nightmarish period for Lucy Hayes.
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 45
"I hope it is true," she wrote
"'the darkest hour is just before the day,' may
it be so--all is dark and gloomy."87
But by the next month Lucy was writ-
ing that she felt better. Birch and even
Webb were enjoying school, but
little Rud, visiting with the aunts at
Elmwood, was "positive" that he was
too young to go to school every day.
Recently, Rud had expressed the wish
that his "papa would get a little wounded--then
he would come home
again--and we would keep im."88
In one of his letters that discussed the
coming election, Hayes told Lucy
that although he preferred to see
Lincoln reelected he felt no apprehension
that a victory by George McClellan would
cause the war to be abandoned.
Evidently Lucy had mentioned that Webb
was shouting the same invec-
tives against McClellan as he had
against Vallandigham the previous year--
"Hurrah for Vallandigham . . . and
a rope to hang him"--because Hayes
asked Lucy to teach his boys to think
and talk well of General McClellan.89
While Rutherford Hayes was camped near
Harrisonburg, Virginia, a
fifth son, George Crook, was born to
Lucy, September 29, 1864. When she
was able to write, Lucy described the
baby as a "fine large child . . . We
have given Uncle Scott [Cook] the title
of Grandfather."90 About the same
time that this letter was posted,
Cincinnati papers carried the news that
Rutherford Hayes had been killed in the
battle of Cedar Creek, an en-
gagement immortalized by the poet's
description of Sheridan's ride. Soon
after the delivery of the paper, which
Uncle Scott purposely put aside, a
telegraph boy arrived with this message
for Lucy: "The report that your
husband was killed this morning is
untrue."91
Following the battle of Cedar Creek,
which ended the main campaign
in the Valley, General Sheridan approved
a recommendation that Hayes
be promoted to Brigadier-General.92
General Crook, Hayes's commander,
was so pleased that he presented him
with a pair of his shoulder straps;
the stars as Hayes described them were
"somewhat dimmed with hard
service."93 Lucy
answered that she would be glad to see him "with the old
star on your shoulder even though it is
dimmed."94
In common with much of the nation, Lucy
Hayes's joy in the fall of Rich-
mond and the surrender of Lee's army at
Appomattox Court House quickly
turned to sorrow with the assassination
of President Lincoln on April 14.
She began her letter, "From such
great joy how soon we were filled with
sorrow and grief past utterance."
Then continuing in her own words, she
declared, "I am sick of this
endless talk of Forgiveness . . . Justice and
Mercy should go together--Now don't say
to me Ruddy that I ought not
to write so."95
In May 1865, Hayes sent in his
resignation from the army and with Lucy
journeyed to Washington to see the Grand
Review of the Army. On May
23 and 24 they watched from the
congressional stand as the Union legions
marched in review along Pennsylvania
Avenue.
Directly opposite was the reviewing
stand with President Johnson, mem-
bers of the cabinet, and General Grant.
Lucy wrote in a letter to her mother
that she borrowed Hayes's field glasses
to watch the President, "earnestly
and often," and that she could not
help but feel confidence in such a "fine
46 OHIO HISTORY
noble looking man who impresses you with
the feeling of honesty and sin-
cerity." She observed that General
Grant appeared "noble" and "unas-
suming" and that his two little
boys were leaning on him with "all fond-
ness and love." She was thrilled as
she watched the cavalry that had fought
"so splendidly" in the Valley
and around Richmond but sorry that their
brave leader, General Sheridan, was not
with them. She hoped that foreign
ministers watching the parade would be
impressed by the power and
might of the United States.96 These
lines concluding her description of
the Grand Review briefly and eloquently
expressed her appraisal of the
victory:
While my heart was filled with joy at
the thought of our mighty
country--its victorious noble army--the
sad thought of thousands who
would never gladden home with their
presence made the joyful scene
mingled with so much sadness that I
could not shake it off.97
From a vantage point similar to the
congressional stand in Washington,
Lucy Hayes had viewed the vast panorama
of the Civil War for four long
years. When not living in army camps in
West Virginia, she had followed
the movements of the troops through
accounts in the newspapers and an
exchange of letters with her husband,
brothers, and cousins. While her
husband had carried out his role as a
soldier with efficiency and bravery,
Lucy and her family had faced the
problems of civilian life with courage
and ingenuity.
Following the difficult years of the
Civil War, the Hayes family might
have moved into a comfortable home in
Cincinnati or Fremont and settled
down to a well regulated and satisfying
existence. Instead, for the next
sixteen years, beginning with his
unexpired congressional term, the politi-
cal offices Hayes held would determine
whether the Hayes caravan would
establish headquarters in Cincinnati,
Columbus, Fremont, or Washington.
In January, Hayes persuaded Lucy to
leave the children with her mother
in Cincinnati and visit him in the
capital. Lucy wrote from Washington
that she was having a delightful time,
"in a quiet way." Her greatest pleas-
ures were connected with "the
Capitol, the Library and Garden." On one
occasion the Superintendent of the
Gardens had sent her a beautiful basket
of japonicas in appreciation of her
interest. Every afternoon that Congress
was in session she listened from the
gallery to the discussions of the prob-
lems of the day, and occasionally in the
evening they attended social func-
tions.98 At General Grant's reception
they purposely had been the first to
go through the receiving line so that
they could watch the arrival of the
other guests.99
On her return to Cincinnati, Lucy wrote
her husband that he could
not imagine how lonely she was without
him, and how much she missed
being able to talk politics with him. It
seemed to her that if "A[ndrew]
J[ohnson]" had the nerve to veto
another congressional act, it would "pitch
him clear from the Bosom of his family
[Republican party]."100 Other items
in her letters concerned the children:
Birch and Webb's efforts to learn
German, Rud's feeling at being left out
of the close comradeship between
the two older boys, and her love for
little George.101
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 47
The year following the Civil War was a
sad one for the Hayes family.
In the spring of 1866, scarlet fever
spread through the family with George
the most seriously affected. Maria Webb
and Lucy nursed him tenderly,
but after several brief rallies he died
on May 24, at the age of twenty
months.102 The excessive heat
of the summer, added to Maria Webb's grief
at the loss of her little favorite, was
more than her asthmatic heart could
stand. While staying with her sister at
Elmwood, she became seriously ill.
Lucy was able to go to her mother and to
sing "by the hour" the hymns
that seemed to comfort her. At length on
September 14, 1866, following a
request to have Lucy sing, "Rock of
Ages," Maria Webb was dead.103 A
few weeks after Hayes's reelection to
Congress and while he was on an ex-
cursion to the West, Sophia Hayes also
became ill and died on October 30,
1866.104
Thus passed from the scene two
remarkable pioneer women. Maria Webb
in her gentle, cheerful way had achieved
her goals: education, position,
and happiness for her children. Sophia
Hayes, a sturdy, self-sufficient, and
practical woman, but with the same
goals, could be proud of her son, satis-
fied with her daughter-in-law, and
hopeful for her grandchildren. Lucy
Hayes was so overcome with grief that it
was weeks before she could even
write to Birch and Webb visiting Uncle
Sardis in Fremont. She hinted
that Uncle Joseph Webb, who had returned
from medical study in Europe
shortly after his mother's death, had a
secret for them.105 When Birch
learned that his adored uncle was about
to marry Annie Matthews of Cin-
cinnati, a sister of Judge Stanley
Matthews, he wrote to him, "As to Mat-
rimony I do not know what to say but
Webb is quite jealous."106
In 1867, the Union Republican party
nominated Rutherford B. Hayes
for governor. Soon after the nomination,
Hayes decided that it would be
educational for Birch and Webb to
accompany him to Washington for
what might be his last appearance in
national halls.107 He told Lucy that
the boys made friends easily on the
train and in the House crowded close
to hear Thaddeus Stevens whenever he
rose to orate.108
While Hayes campaigned for the
governorship, Lucy waited for the birth
of their sixth baby; on September 2,
1867, the longed for baby girl was
born. This time there was none of the
hesitation that had characterized
the naming of the boys for almost
immediately the baby was christened
Fanny after Rutherford's sister. Hayes's
schedule of campaign speeches
barely permitted him to be with his wife
when the baby arrived, but for-
tunately Dr. Joseph Webb had returned
from his honeymoon in Europe
in time to assist with the delivery.109
Hayes won the election by a small
majority, and as soon as possible the
family moved into a rented house at 51
East State Street, Columbus.110
Lucy found happiness and satisfaction in
her role as governor's wife, par-
ticularly in efforts to establish a
soldiers' orphans' home. The Grand Army
of the Republic, having failed to get
the Ohio legislature to support their
plan, decided to start a home by
voluntary contributions in the hope that
the state would take it over. With the
help of Lucy Hayes and others,
money was raised to buy a tract of land
near Xenia.111 Lucy felt it neces-
48 OHIO HISTORY
sary, however, to refuse when one of the
principal promoters asked her to
be a member of the board because, as she
expressed it, "Just now on the
eve of a bitter contest [election of
1869] my name being mentioned might
occasion some remarks from the enemies
of the movement."112
Following Hayes's reelection in 1869,
the family moved from the East
State Street house to the nearby
residence of Judge Noah Swayne on Sev-
enth Street. Hayes described it as a
fine, large house with ample grounds
that rented for the modest sum of
$800.00 a year.113 An example of the
hospitality of the Hayes family is an
invitation to a Fremont friend to
visit them. Since the Reverend Mr.
Bushnell would be arriving after the
household had retired, Hayes told him to
look for the key under the mat,
and instructed him where to find his
room.114 Although it was the custom
to leave the house key under the mat,
their chickens were not safe from
marauders. Lucy wrote that after nine of
their nice chickens were carried
off, she had "the Carriage house
transformed into a big Coop and a good
lock."115
Little Fanny was the "darling"
of the family, particularly of her father.
It pleased him to see her watching from
the window as he walked across
the street to the State House.
"Fanny has a strong clear voice," he wrote,
"I can hear her call to me 'by-by'
from the parlor window as I enter the
door of the State House."116 In
February 1871, Fanny was happy when a
"little boy sister" was added
to the household. Scott Russell, named after
two branches of the family, was a
healthy good-natured baby.117
In bestowing attention on their
"second family" Rutherford and Lucy
Hayes did not neglect the three older
boys. On one occasion, Hayes wrote
that Rud "learns well, is forward,
and fond of wit and company."118 Dur-
ing the winter, Webb and Birchard Hayes
remained in Fremont where
they attended school, but they spent the
summers and vacation periods
with their parents in Columbus or
relatives in the Chillicothe area. Webb
particularly liked the farm homes of his
uncles and aunts. Hayes described
him in his Diary as a
"handsome, cheery, bright boy." At the same time,
he commented that Birch was a "fine
looking boy of noble character. A
deafness, slight, but noticeable is the
greatest drawback which I can see
for his future career."119
To alleviate the deafness, Birch had a
"polypus" removed from his ear
during the summer of 1869 in Cincinnati.
While in the city for post-opera-
tive treatments, he had an opportunity
to watch his favorite sport, a base-
ball game between the Eckfords
(Greenpoint, New York) and the Cincin-
nati Red Stockings.120 Later,
as Birch was nearing graduation from college,
he wrote, "I am inclined to think
that one reason for my dread of life after
leaving College is because I will be
unable to play ball."121
Rutherford Hayes often expressed his
happiness and content with Lucy.
As he approached his forty-eighth
birthday in 1870, he wrote, "My life
with you has been so happy--so
successful, so beyond reasonable anticipa-
tion that I think of you with a loving
gratitude that I do not know how
to express."122
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 49
Hayes did not run for a third term as
governor in 1871. The family lived
in rented rooms in Cincinnati until the
spring of 1873, when they moved
to Fremont and the house in Spiegel
Grove which Sardis Birchard had
built with them in mind. There on August
1, 1873, the eighth and last of
the Hayes children, another boy, was
born.123 The parents were soon de-
scribing the baby, who had been named
Manning Force after his father's
friend, General Force, as the
"sweetest" and "brightest" baby ever.124 Like
his two brothers of the war years,
little Manning did not survive his second
summer and before he was thirteen months
old died from what his father
described as "summer
complaint."125
Six months later the death of Sardis
Birchard further saddened the Hayes
family, as well as placing heavy
responsibilities on Hayes as executor of
the estate. In spite of financial
problems, Rutherford and Lucy Hayes were
soon absorbed in improving the house and
grounds in Spiegel Grove. Lucy
in a letter to her sons, Birch and Webb,
who were attending Cornell Uni-
versity, expressed her pleasure in the
thought of a permanent home. "You
do not know and indeed cannot imagine,"
she wrote, "what comfort and
happiness is found in Spiegel Grove and
the great pleasure in helping to
prepare our home."126
Although pleased with their life in
Fremont, Hayes succumbed to the
pleas of Ohio Republican leaders to run
for an unprecedented third term
as governor in 1875. His decision may
have been influenced again by Lucy's
interest in politics and the pride she
had always felt in his political achieve-
ments. Lucy had explained this interest
earlier in a letter to Birchard,
"Your ignorance of politics is not
a grave offense--you could not expect
to know and enjoy politics as she does
[I do]."127
Rutherford Hayes's victory on election
day almost automatically meant
that he would be considered for the
presidency in 1876. Rather fallaciously
Lucy Hayes assured her husband that she
had not been bitten by the
"Mania" [move to nominate
Hayes for the presidency], but she was "so
happy so proud to be your
wife."128 Their cook, Winnie Monroe, did not
try to conceal her hope that her
employer would become President. In
describing their Thanksgiving dinner in
1875, Lucy wrote, "Winnie as
you know would be in her element--and as
she is looking to the Top of
the Ladder--a little extra effort is the
consequence."129
Two months after his inauguration as governor,
the Hayes family again
moved to Columbus; this time they rented
a house at 60 East Broad Street.
Lucy wrote that the house was not large
enough to entertain "Legislative
bodies"; there was no yard for the
children but the grounds of the State
House, directly opposite, provided some
play space, and anyway, Scott's
chief sport was riding his velocipede on
the pavement. Fanny recited her
lessons with her cousins, and enjoyed
attending dancing school. Webb
Hayes was looking after the affairs in
Fremont, and young Rud was en-
rolled in the agricultural college at
Lansing, Michigan.130
Rutherford Hayes was nominated for
President by the Republican con-
vention that met in Cincinnati in June
1876. The campaign was very dif-
ferent from the others in which Hayes
had participated because custom
50 OHIO HISTORY
decreed that the presidential nominee
should allow others to do the talk-
ing for him. Also for the first time
since Hayes had entered politics, Lucy
became a prime subject for newspaper
stories. The Columbus correspon-
dent for the New York Herald wrote,
"Mrs. Hayes is a most attractive and
lovable woman . . . For the mother of so
many children she is singularly
youthful in appearance."131
The presidential election of 1876 was
not a clear-cut victory for either
Rutherford B. Hayes or Samuel J. Tilden
and had to be decided by a
special electoral commission authorized
by Congress. This was a difficult
period for the Hayes family and Lucy's
friends wondered how she could
endure "sitting on the ragged
edge."132 Lucy's sense of humor did not
desert her as shown by this excerpt from
a letter to Birchard:
Your father and I are becoming more and
more attached to each
other--as time passes and the great
Lawsuit is in progress "I will never
desert Mr. Micawber"--and I will
remain loyal to my principles and
the "Republican Party"--so
dear boy you should be satisfied with re-
gard to your Mother's declaration of
principles.133
On March 1, 1877, before the last
electoral votes had been counted, the
Hayes caravan that included Mr. and Mrs.
Hayes; their children, Webb,
Scott, and Fanny; his niece, Laura
Mitchell; and a group of friends and
political associates left for
Washington. About dawn the next day, the
party was awakened near Harrisburg to
receive the news that Congress had
declared Hayes duly elected President of
the United States. Rutherford B.
Hayes as President-elect and Lucy Hayes,
soon to become First Lady of
the land, smiled happily as they
listened to the cheers of the crowd that
had gathered to welcome them.134
Long years as a public official's wife,
well educated for her time -- the
first wife of a President to have earned
a college degree -- and a sincere
interest in the welfare of people helped
to prepare Lucy Hayes for her
position as First Lady. In addition to
her duties as mistress of the White
House, she supervised the education of
her two young children, was the
adviser and confidante of her three older
boys, and, as she had been for
twenty-five years, the loved and
respected wife of Rutherford B. Hayes.
Lucy accepted her role as hostess of the
White House from the begin-
ning -- surprisingly, of the eighteen
Presidents who had preceded Hayes,
only eight had wives who were able to
assume for the full term the social
responsibilities of their position.135
Lucy also went out of her way to be
cordial toward the "ladies of the
press" as evidenced by their favorable
treatment of her. Mary Clemmer, in
particular, a well known reporter and
author of "A Woman's Letter from
Washington" that appeared periodical-
ly in The Independent, was
pleased with Mrs. Hayes, although she occa-
sionally criticized the President's
policies.
Observing Lucy during the inaugural
ceremony, Mary Clemmer wrote:
Meanwhile, on this man of whom everyone
in the nation is this mo-
ment thinking, a fair woman between two
little children looks down.
She has a singularly gentle and winning
face. It looks out from bands
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 51 of smooth dark hair with that tender light in the eyes which we have come to associate always with the Madonna. I have never seen such a face reign in the White House. I wonder what the world of Vanity Fair will do with it. Will it frizz that hair? powder that face? draw those sweet, fine lines awry with pride? bare those shoulders? . . . .136 Much to the relief of the White House staff, Lucy and Rutherford Hayes made few changes in personnel. The doorkeepers and ushers employed by Grant, most of whom were former soldiers, were retained. William T. Crump, who had been Hayes's orderly in the army, was installed as steward, and their family cook, Winnie Monroe, reached the "top of the ladder" when the White House kitchen became her domain. The correspondent for the Cleveland Plain Dealer noticed that the employees "are now all smiles and politeness whereas under the old regime they were rather surly and disobliging."137 In the spring of 1877, the President's family at the White House con- sisted of twenty-one year old Webb Hayes who served as an assistant-secre- tary to his father, six year old Scott, and Fanny who was nearly ten. Ruth- erford Platt Hayes, almost nineteen, was a student at Cornell, and Birchard, twenty-four, was attending Harvard Law School. Emily Platt, Rutherford's niece from Columbus, spent much of her time at the White House until her marriage in 1878. Since it was not the custom for a President's wife to have a staff of social assistants, Lucy Hayes made up for her lack of grown daughters by inviting nieces, cousins, and friends to visit the White House and to serve as hostesses and secretaries.138 |
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52 OHIO HISTORY
Lucy seemed to manage her family and
domestic cares smoothly but
with kindness and affection. It is
doubtful if Lucy and Rutherford Hayes
set out, as Eckenrode suggested, to
follow the example of Victoria and Al-
bert in England to become "revered
religious parents of the nation."139
It was not in character for Lucy to plan
such an austere, deliberate, and
extended course of action. As Hayes had
noted in the days of their
courtship, "Intellect, she has too,
a quick spritely one, rather than a re-
flective profound one . . . She is a
genuine woman, right from instinct and
impulse rather than judgment and
reflection."140
Life in the White House soon settled
into a pleasant routine. After
breakfast at 8:30 and a walk through the
conservatories, the family and
guests gathered in the library where a
chapter from the Bible was read,
and then all repeated the Lord's Prayer.
By this time, the flowers had been
brought in from the conservatories, and
with the help and direction of
Mrs. Hayes they were arranged for the
White House. Other bouquets were
sent to friends and the Washington hospitals,
particularly to the children's
hospital. The rest of the morning Lucy
Hayes was busy receiving calls and
taking visiting friends and relatives on
tours of the city.141
The State Department and White House
staff knowing that liquor had
not been served in the Hayes household
in Ohio waited to see what the
policy would be in regard to formal
entertaining.142 Doubtless Winnie
Monroe had told them that Sardis
Birchard had been reputed to have had
a "fine cellar,"143 and that
Mrs. Hayes had helped her mother secure the
wine she had seemed to need for her
health.144 Politicians remembered that
Hayes sometimes had a
"schoppen" of beer when he visited in Cincinnati,145
and army friends could recall promotions
celebrated with spirits.146
At the first official dinner, April 19,
1877, given in honor of the Russian
Grand Duke Alexis and his companion,
Grand Duke Constantine, a "full
quota" of wine was served, but soon
after this Hayes made it known that
no alcoholic beverages would be served at
future affairs.147 The decision
must have been a joint resolution on the
part of Lucy and Rutherford
Hayes since that was the way they solved
all such problems. Many factors
probably entered into the decision: a
wish to set a good example, Lucy's
lifetime abstinence from liquor, a
desire to keep the temperance advocates
in the Republican ranks rather than have
them join the Prohibition Party,
and Hayes's firm conviction that
government officials should conduct them-
selves at all times with dignity and propriety.148
Hayes recorded in his
Diary that at several embassy receptions "disgraceful
things were done by
young men made reckless by too much
wine."149
During the summer, the Hayes family
sometimes left the heat and for-
mality of the White House for a cottage
on the shaded, rolling grounds of
the National Soldiers' Home on the
outskirts of the city.150 Also Hayes, ac-
companied by his wife and other members
of the family, traveled about tile
country seeking support from the people
for his policies.151
Every Thanksgiving Day, the White House
secretaries and clerks along
with their families were invited to
share the Hayes family dinner; and on
Christmas Day, the staff again gathered
at the White House where Mrs.
Hayes had a present for every one, which if possible she had purchased herself. Colonel XV. H. Crook, an executive clerk, wrote that Fanny and Scott distributed the presents, and "it was a real Christmas that came to the White House in those days."152 The first year ended with festivities that marked a highlight in the life of Lucy and Rutherford Hayes. Friends and relatives, many of whom had attended their wedding in 1852, gathered at the White House on Decem- ber 30, 1877, for their silver wedding anniversary. Lucy, wearing her orig- inal bridal gown -- extended at the seams -- and attended again by Laura Platt Mitchell, renewed her vows with her husband before Dr. L. D. Mc- Cabe who had performed the original ceremony. A fitting climax was a grand public reception the next evening with the Marine Band filling the house with music, and the conservatory "ablaze" with gas jets. Friends believed that no other social event of their "official lives" was quite so satisfying to the First Family as the observance of their silver wedding anniversary.153 The public was also intrigued by the Sunday evening musical soirees that the Hayes family instituted at the White House. Vivid word pictures remain of Lucy sitting at a Chickering square piano while the guests sang hymns that began "A few more years shall roll" or "There is a land of pure delight/ Where saints immortal stand."154 Sometimes it was Carl Schurz, called an "infidel and atheist" by Grant, who played such favorites as "Jesus Lover of My Soul," and "Blest Be the Tie that Binds."155 Schurz, whose wife had died prior to his appointment as Secretary of the Interior, lunched so frequently at the White House that he wondered if people would think he boarded there.156 Mrs. Hayes's hospitality strained the capacity of the White House. The family apartment on the second floor consisted of six or seven bedrooms and one sitting room. The office of the President and the Cabinet Room were also on the second floor and used the same corridors as did the fam- |
54 OHIO HISTORY
ily. During the Hayes administration the
old copper tubs were eliminated
and bathrooms with running water were
added.157 Another improvement
was the installation of a crude wall
telephone that was of little practical
use because of the few telephones in
Washington.158 Rud Hayes said that
when he and Birch came home from
college, they seldom had a bedroom
or even a bed to themselves. They might be
assigned a cot in the hall, a
couch in a reception room, or even a
bathtub as a "resting place."159
In spite of cramped living quarters,
Lucy was charmed with the White
House, not only because of the lovely
reception rooms, but also because
of the Mansion's association with the
history of the nation. It had been
customary when a new administration came
into office to appropriate
money to repair and redecorate the White
House. After eight years of the
Grant administration much renovating was
necessary, but because of
strained relations between Hayes and
Congress the appropriation was de-
layed.160 Holes in the carpet
and curtains were covered as much as possible
by reversing the ends of curtains and
covering worn spots with furni-
ture.161 The First Lady ransacked the
cellar and attic to find furniture
that could be restored. Crook said,
"Many really good things owed their
preservation to this energetic
lady."162
When Congress finally appropriated money
for repairs and remodeling,
Lucy preferred to enlarge the
conservatories rather than to undertake ex-
tensive redecorating that might not
please the next occupants. The billiard
room, which connected the house with the
conservatories, was converted
into a greenhouse and the table was
moved to the basement. Long closed
windows were opened so that the guests
in the State Dining Room could
look into the plant room.163 Being
very much interested in the movement
to complete the Washington Monument that
particularly involved strength-
ening the foundation, Lucy had gas posts
installed on the White House
grounds looking toward the monument.164
Nearly every night was reception night
for Lucy Hayes, and when her
husband was not too occupied with State
business he came down to join the
group around his wife. One such occasion
favorably impressed a young
graduate student, John F. Jameson, later
to gain fame as a historian and
archivist. Jameson and a friend called
on President Hayes with a letter of
introduction. After talking to the young
men, Hayes introduced them to
Mrs. Hayes who was chatting with a
friend in the Red Room. Describing
the evening to his mother, Jameson
wrote, "I had the chair next to Mrs.
Hayes . . . I thought Mrs. Hayes very
pleasant . . ." Later one of the Hayes
sons (probably Rud) took the students on
a tour of the state rooms. "The
son seemed a pleasant, off-hand sort of
fellow," Jameson continued, "and
the whole concern didn't sling nearly as
much style as I expected . . . We
had a very pleasant time."165
One of the infrequent weddings in the
White House was held during the
Hayes administration. On June 19, 1878,
Emily Platt, Hayes's niece and a
secretary and companion to Lucy, married
General Russell Hastings, a close
friend of the family who had served on
Hayes's staff during the Civil War.
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 55 The press described the wedding in detail including a description of the wedding bell that was estimated to contain 15,000 roses.166 Many requests for assistance and positions were included in the multitude of letters that Lucy Hayes received.167 Occasionally she could not resist some of the more worthy applicants whose pleas had been sorted out by her volunteer secretaries.168 It also would have been contrary to her nature not to have tried to help the poor and needy of the District. The doorkeeper, Thomas Pendel, remembered being called upstairs often to be told by Mrs. Hayes to take money and a note to some destitute family.169 Lucy Hayes may have appreciated the desire of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union to have a portrait of her painted for the White House, but a nationwide request for contributions of ten cents or more to pay for the picture annoyed her as indicated by her note to Birchard that contained this phrase: "Only worth ten cents."170 Eventually a life-size portrait of Lucy Hayes was painted by Daniel Huntington, a noted artist of the time. Lucy wearing a lovely dark red dress with an ample train and lace ruching at the neck and sleeves was posed against a formal landscape. The presenta- tion to the White House was delayed until March 8, 1881, after the in- auguration of President Garfield.171 A composition more representative of Lucy's personality was a group photograph of Mrs. Hayes, Fanny, Scott, and a friend taken in the White House Conservatory. The appeal of her character is revealed in the midst of the flowers she loved and surrounded by the affection of the children.172 |
56 OHIO HISTORY
An attractive addition to the White
House china was an exquisite state
dinner service executed by Haviland
& Company from designs by the Amer-
ican artist, Theodore Davis. Among the
many interesting "flora and fauna"
patterns included in the set was one
called "Floating for Deer." In the
summer when the deer sought relief from
insects in shallow lake waters
hunters stalked them at night in small boats.
A lighted candle placed in the
front attracted the animal while a birch
bark reflector enabled the hunter
to remain invisible. This particular
scene shows a deer hypnotized into im-
mobility by the approaching light.173
The nineteenth century remembered Lucy
Hayes as a successful hostess.
Julia Bundy Foraker wrote, "Yet the
Cave Dwellers, those old Washington-
Georgetown families whose verdicts . . .
have fearful and lasting weight
. . . to this day [1932] say that we
never had a First Lady like 'Lucy
Webb.'"174
Extravagance in dress and coiffures had
reached a pinnacle of absurdity
when Lucy entered the White House. She
dressed well but not extravagant-
ly with costs of her costumes ranging
from $104.80 for a white silk dress
from Mme. A. Poix, N.Y., to $400.00 for
an "Imperial Velvet Carre Re-
ception Dress" from Moschcowitz
& Russell, New York.175 Simple jewelry
and a white flower in her hair, in place
of an elaborate coiffure, accented
her costumes. The world of "Vanity
Fair" did not "frizz that hair" nor
"bare those shoulders."
Lucy Haves won the sincere praise of
many of the leading statesmen of
the time. When Carl Schurz said goodbye
to Hayes he "specifially men-
tioned his pleasure in having won the
'esteem and friendship' of Mrs.
Hayes." Schurz's tribute that Hayes
had "infused a new spirit of purity and
conscience into our public life"
also was applicable to Lucy's contribution
as First Lady.176
When Hayes had accepted the presidency,
he had agreed to serve only
one term, and although Lucy enjoyed
Washington she also was ready to
leave at the end of the four years. In
1880, she wrote to Rutherford that
she was looking forward to retirement.
"We will grow old together," she
said, "and lead a happy life at
Fremont."177
After leaving Washington, Hayes served
as a trustee for various organiza-
tions and institutions, and gave freely
of his time to the causes of general
education and manual training, prison
reform, and veterans' pensions. Lucy
was
active in the Woman's Relief Corps, served as national president of the
newly formed Woman's Home Missionary
Society of the Methodist
Church,178 and was involved
in a number of community projects. She en-
joyed the activities, and the visits
from their friends to Spiegel Grove, but
her greatest happiness was in her home
and family. She also found pleasure
in what Laura Mitchell described as her
Noah's collection of animals.179 A
long letter written to Fanny in November
1885, at Miss Porter's School in
Farmington, Connecticut, contained so
much farm news that Hayes ap-
pended a teasing note: "Your Mother
as usual recalls the brute creation,
but omits to give your father . . . even
'the cold respect of a passing glance.'
He nevertheless 'still lives' and loves
his daughter."180 Later on a cold win-
LUCY WEBB HAYES and Her Family 57 ter day, Lucy wrote, "The furnaces have buckled on their armor and the grates unite so we defy it all."181 The colorful and spritely phrases in her letters substantiate her niece's comment that Mrs. Hayes told stories "always in snatches of sentences with touches of irresistable mimicry. Like her songs, we loved to hear her stories again and again."182 An important event that took place on Rutherford and Lucy Hayes's thirty-fourth wedding anniversary, December 30, 1886, was the marriage of their oldest son Birchard to Mary Sherman of Norwalk, Ohio. Their first grandchild, named after his grandfather, was born the next year. Early in June 1889, Mrs. Hayes apparently suffered a light stroke while attending church.183 A few weeks later, on a warm and pleasant afternoon, June 22, 1889, as she sat by the bay window in her bedroom sewing and watching Scott, Fanny, and their friends playing tennis on the south lawn of the house in Spiegel Grove, she suffered a severe apoplectic stroke. Early in the morning of June 25, 1889, with the family gathered around her bed- side, Lucy Hayes died in her sleep. She would have been fifty-eight on August 28, 1889.184 Rutherford Hayes was stricken with grief. Newspaper eulogies and let- ters of condolence came from all parts of the country. Perhaps the most poignant tribute of all was written by Webb Hayes: "My Mother was all that a Mother could be and in addition was a most joyous and lovable com- panion."185 Rutherford Hayes lived on for over three years, and the last of their chil- dren died in 1950; their descendants are still carrying on the family tradi- tion of service and leadership. THE AUTHOR: Emily Apt Geer is Professor of History at Findlay College. |
Lucy Webb Hayes and her Family by EMILY APT GEER |
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The public life of Rutherford Birchard Hayes has been studied by many historians but little has been written about the friendly, sparkling woman he married and their large and active family of eight children. Lucy Webb Hayes's concern for people helped her develop a lively interest in politics that served her equally well as the wife of a city solicitor in Cincinnati and as mistress of the White House while her husband was President. Their oldest son, Birchard Austin, became a prominent lawyer in Toledo; their second son, Webb Cook, after a career as a manufacturer and an army colonel, founded the Hayes State Memorial at Spiegel Grove in Fremont, Ohio. Rutherford Platt and Scott Russell were in various business fields; and Fanny Hayes Smith, the only girl among the Hayes children, lived until 1950, still able to recall vividly the days of her childhood in Washington and Spiegel Grove. Two little boys born during the Civil War in addition to the last Hayes baby died during the second summer of their lives. NOTES ON PAGE 186 |