Ohio History Journal

222 OHIO HISTORY

24. Freedmen's Record, 1 (May 1866), 5.

25. Minutes, 1866, 14.

26. Freedmen's Record, 1 (August 1866), 5.

27. Minutes, 1867, 15.

28. Freedmen's Record, I (February 1866), 8.

29. Letter, Thomas Smith to John Watson, March 29, 1866, quoted in Freedmen's

Record, I (May 1866), 6-11.

30. Ibid. (February 1866), 8.

31. Deed Book, Book 29, p. 327, 776. Hinds County Courthouse, Hinds County, Ray-

mond, Mississippi.

32. Freedmen's Record, I (August 1866), 5.

33. Minutes, 1866, 14.

34. Daily Clarion (Jackson, Miss.), April 18, December 16, 1866; June 16, May 9,

December 1, 1867. See also Vernon Lane Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi, 1865-1890

(New York, 1965), 244.

35. Henry R. Pease to Oliver O. Howard, May, 1868, Freedmen Bureau Records,

School Report--Mississippi, May, 1868. Box 9, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

36. Henry R. Pease to Oliver O. Howard, September, 1868, Freedmen Bureau Rec-

ords, School Report--Mississippi, September, 1868. Box 9, National Archives, Washing-

ton, D.C.

37. Minutes, 1869, 13.

38. Minutes, 1871, 12.

39. Minutes, 1872, 12.

40. Minutes, 1873, 8.

41. Ibid., 9.

42. Minutes, 1873, 10-11.

43. Minutes, 1867, 16.

44. Minutes, 1875, 14-15.

45. Minutes, 1879, 20; 1880, 24.

46. Memorial to John Butler, 9.

47. Minutes, 1867, 9.

48. Minutes, 1869, 16.

49. Minutes, 1871, 19-20.

50. Minutes, 1874, 20.

51. Freedmen's Record, I (April 1866), 8.

SCIENCE AND DEMOCRACY:

A HISTORY OF THE CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY, 1842-1872

This paper is substantially the same as one read to the History of Science Session,

Ohio Academy of Science on March 1, 1969.

1. Quoted in Hazel Spencer Phillips, The Golden Lamb (Oxford, Ohio, 1958), 60-61.

2. John P. Foote, Schools of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, 1855), 173.

3. F. A. Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel, Astronomer and General (Boston, 1887),

53.

4. Mitchel authored three popular works on astronomy: The Planetary and Stellar

Worlds: An Exposition of the Discoveries and Theories of Modern Astronomy (first

published in 1848 followed by three additional American editions and three English

editions), Popular Astronomy: A Concise Elementary Treatise on the Sun, Planets,

Satellites and Comets (1860), and his posthumous The Astronomy of the Bible (1863

and 1868). In addition, Mitchel published a popular monthly magazine on astronomy,

The Sidereal Messenger, which failed after only a two-year run; for an interesting article

on this publication see Russell McCormmach, "Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel's Sidereal

Messenger, 1846-1848," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966),

35-47.

5. Dictionary of American Biography, XIII, 38-39.

6. Mitchel, 49. The information on the founding of the society is taken from a manu-

script by O. M. Mitchel, probably written some years after the events described. Most

NOTES 223

of the manuscript is reproduced as chapters 7-17 in Mitchel, and the original is avail-

able on microfilm in the Archive of Contemporary Science and Technology, Case

Western Reserve University.

7. Mitchel, 51.

8. Ibid., 52-53.

9. Ibid., 53-54.

10. Ibid., 55-56.

11. Ibid., 123-132.

12. Ibid., 104-122 and 133-140.

13. "Minute Book of the Cincinnati Astronomical Society," November 10, 1842; here-

inafter cited, "Minutes." The original of this document is kept at the Cincinnati Ob-

servatory; a microfilm copy is available in the Archive of Contemporary Science and

Technology, Case Western Reserve University.

14. "Minutes," June 16, 1843.

15. Mitchel, 151-152 and "Minutes," August 8, November 11, November 28, 1843.

Adam's visit to Cincinnati did not receive the universal acclaim that a reading of the

"Minutes" might indicate. The fiercely Democratic Cincinnati Enquirer took exception

to the political tone of Jacob Burnet's introduction of Adams. See Daily Cincinnati En-

quirer, November 11 and 14, 1843.

16. Mitchel, 153-158.

17. The Annual Address delivered before the Cincinnati Astronomical Society, June,

1845, by E. D. Mansfield. Together with the Reports of the Board of Control and of the

Director of the Observatory (Cincinnati, 1845).

18. "Minutes," September 27, 1845 - April 28, 1846.

19. "Minutes," April 1 and 7, 1847.

20. "Minutes," November 13, 1847.

21. "Minutes," March 26, May 14, 1850.

22. "Minutes," June 20, 1850.

23. These broad objectives are outlined in the preamble of the constitution of the

society; a copy can be found in the first pages of the "Minutes."

24. Annual Address . . . 1845, 56.

25. "Minutes," October 12, 1846.

26. "Minutes," March 23, 1852.

27. "Minutes," February 18, 1854.

28. "Minutes," April 28, 1859.

29. Mitchel's military career is told in great detail in Mitchel, 205-388.

30. Everett I. Yowell, "One Hundred Years at the Cincinnati Observatory," Sky and

Telescope, III (December 1943), 4.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

NEGRO SELF-IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS IN

ANTEBELLUM CINCINNATI, 1836-1850

1. Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860

(Chicago, 1961); Carter G. Woodson, "Negroes of Cincinnati Prior to the Civil War,"

Journal of Negro History, I (January 1916), 1-22.

2. Compendium of the Sixth Census (Washington, 1841), 77; Seventh Census of

the United States, 1850 (Washington, 1853), 830.

3. Henry David Shaffer, Cincinnati, Covington, Newport and Fulton Directory for

1840 (Cincinnati, 1840), 483; Charles Cist, Sketches and Statistics of Cincinnati in

1851 (Cincinnati, 1851), 46; Cincinnati Commercial, May 24, 1848; Slave Document,

Methodist Church Papers, Samuel Williams Collection, Cincinnati Historical Society;

Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Proceedings . . . 1835 (1835), 17, 30; Levi Coffin, Rem-

iniscences of Levi Coffin (Cincinnati, 1876), 203; Laura Haviland, A Woman's Life-

Work: Labors and Experiences (Cincinnati, 1882), 111, 117, 140-141; Cincinnati Daily

Microscope, August 13, 1842; Cincinnati Daily Dispatch, June 26, August 19, October

13, 1848.

4. Ibid., February 20, 1849; Commercial, July 14, 1845, March 11, September 23,