LESLIE J. STEGH
A Paradox of Prohibition: Election of
Robert J. Bulkley as Senator
from Ohio, 1930
Hail, Hallowed Ohio!
Rich and beautiful state!
Rivers and roads and railways,
And queenly cities and great;
Fertile fields and factories,
Happy homes and health-
M-O-T-H-E-R of Prohibition,
And a s-o-b-e-r Commonwealth!1
The issue of prohibition of the liquor
traffic was one that had kept Ohio in turmoil
prior to the enactment of state
prohibition and the passage of the Eighteenth
Amendment to the United States
Constitution. However, not long after prohibition
became part of the law of the land, the
question of its repeal increasingly drew pop-
ular attention. Repeal was an issue that
had potent political implications, and the
purpose of this study is to examine it
as a political issue in an attempt to determine
its impact upon election results in
1930. The victorious campaign of Democrat
Robert J. Bulkley, running on a
"wet" platform for a United States Senate seat from
"dry" Ohio will be the main
focus. Several students of Ohio political history have
attributed Bulkley's victory in 1930
primarily to his stand for repeal of national pro-
hibition. However, other and perhaps
more important factors can be found that
contributed to his success, and these
will be evaluated.2
Early in the 1920's prohibition seemed
to be effectively enforced in Ohio. For ex-
ample, H. L. Mencken reported in 1924
that Cleveland "was as dry as the Sahara"
when the Republican National Convention
was held there, disappointing everyone
except Calvin Coolidge. But by the end
of the decade many observers claimed con-
ditions had changed. One reporter
declared that brewing vats and stills were as
1. "Hail, Hallowed Ohio," an
Anti-Saloon League Song, The American Issue (Ohio Edition), June 26,
1931, pp. 2-3.
2. Ohio voters approved a state
prohibition amendment in 1918. The Eighteenth Amendment and the
Volstead Act (the national law providing
for the enforcement of prohibition) were passed in 1919 and
took effect in January 1920.
Mr. Stegh is University Archivist, Kent
State University, Kent, Ohio.
|
common and almost as openly operated as filling stations. The same person stated that Ohio was self-sufficient in terms of alcoholic beverages. The Cleveland Plain Dealer carried tales of prohibition violations, gangsterism, murders, and corruption. Early in 1929, for example, Bert Buckley, the state's treasurer, was convicted of vio- lating the prohibition laws. Despite the great sums of money which were being spent, Ohio reportedly had a poor record of enforcement in comparison with other states. Enforcement was uneven, and ineffective in the cities. In some places, such as Cleveland, the dry ordinances were not enforced. The general conditions were given wide notice in a controversial article in Plain Talk magazine entitled, "Ohio, Lawless and Unashamed." Public debates on prohibition were common, and some attracted famous participants. One in Cleveland in early 1930 featured Fiorello LaGuardia, a wet, and Senator Smith Brookhart, an ardent dry.3 The lack of uniform acceptance of prohibition in Ohio perhaps can be better un- derstood if some background events are examined. Even though the state was re- garded as dry, the facts show the people had been equivocal in their endorsement of prohibition. The voters approved a state prohibition amendment in 1918, and the General Assembly ratified the Eighteenth Amendment in January 1919 by a healthy margin. The Crabbe Act for the enforcement of prohibition was then passed. But in the November 1919 election voters rejected ratification of the Eight- eenth Amendment and the Crabbe Act in a referendum vote, but decided to keep the state prohibition amendment. At the same time they rejected an initiated pro- posal legalizing alcoholic beverages having an alcoholic content of 2.75 percent or less. This confusion was straightened out the next year when voters approved a
3. Akron Beacon Journal, June 10, 1930; Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 8, June 10, 1930; H. L. Mencken, Making a President (New York, 1932), 15; U.S. Senate, Official Records of the National Com- mission on Law Observance and Enforcement Pertaining to Prohibition (Washington, 1931), V, 26, 783-801; Owen P. White, "Setting Them Up in Ohio," Colliers, November 9, 1930. p. 38. |
172 OHIO HISTORY
modified version of the Crabbe Act and
refused to repeal the state prohibition
amendment. Also in 1920 the United
States Supreme Court (Hawke v. Smith)
ruled that the General Assembly's
ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment was
valid.
Given the vascillating attitude of
Ohio's voters towards prohibition in 1919 and
1920, it may appear strange that the
state was nevertheless regarded by many as a
center of dry strength. In 1930, for
example, the Chicago Daily Tribune called Ohio
the "stronghold of the drys,"
and this attitude was quite common. The reasons for
this are many. Prohibition had been a
potent political issue since at least the Civil
War. Ohio was the center of the
nationally famous women's temperance crusade of
1873-1874. The state provided leadership
for the Woman's Christian Temperance
Union and was a center of that group's
strength. It was also important to the Prohi-
bition party, was the home of the
Anti-Saloon League, and was the source of the
league's leadership. In 1920 the state
provided three presidential candidates, and
they were all politically dry. After
United States Senator Atlee Pomerene was de-
feated by "Driest of the Drys"
Simeon Fess in 1922, every aspirant for major na-
tional office from Ohio was a dry until
Bulkley declared his candidacy in June 1930.
When Bulkley became a candidate,
according to the New York Times, he was con-
fronting the "hitherto unquestioned
dry majority of the Buckeye state." During the
summer and fall Ohio became a national
debating ground with attention fixed on
Bulkley's campaign to determine the
extent of popular support for and against
prohibition.4
There were two pervasive currents of
thought prevalent during the 1920's regard-
ing national prohibition. The first was
the claim that it was a major stimulus to
prosperity, but the events following the
stockmarket crash of 1929 made this idea
untenable. The other was that the
Eighteenth Amendment was permanent.5 Men
like Bulkley felt this was not true, and
late in the spring of 1930 he decided to enter
the Democratic primary to test this
theory.
Bulkley was from one of Cleveland's most
economically and socially prominent
families. He attended Harvard University
(where he became a close friend of
Franklin D. Roosevelt), successfully
practiced law, was a loyal associate of Tom
Johnson, and was one of Ohio's leading
Progressives before World War I. He
served in the United States House of
Representatives from 1911 to 1915 where he
gained recognition for his work on the
reserve section of the Federal Reserve Act
and the Federal Farm Loan Act. During
World War I he served on the War In-
dustries Board. Once peace was restored
he returned to Cleveland and remained
active in community affairs. In 1928
Bulkley served as the chairman of the Cuya-
hoga County Committee for Alfred E.
Smith. It is not possible to determine defi-
nitely whether Smith's opposition to
national prohibition motivated Bulkley to ac-
tively work for him, but it is very
likely.6
4. Chicago Daily Tribune, October
17, 1930: New York Times, June 6, October 26, 1930.
5. Bartlett Jones, "The Debate over
National Prohibition, 1920 1933" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
Emory University, 1961), 1; Samuel
Unger, "A History of the National Woman's Christian Temperance
Union" (unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1933), 96.
6. Biographical information on Robert
Johns Bulkley can be found in Dennis Jenkins, "Robert J.
Bulkley: A Progressive Profile"
(unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Case-Western Reserve University,
1969); Edward Peltz, "The
Senatorial Career of R. J. Bulkley, 1930-1938" (unpublished M.A. thesis,
The
Ohio State University, 1968); Dennis
Harrison, "Robert J. Bulkley, A Register of His Papers
(1886-1967)" (Bulkley Papers in The
Western Reserve Historical Society); Hoyt L. Warner, Progressivism
in Ohio, 1897-1917 (Columbus, 1964); Biographical Directory of the
American Congress, 1774-1971
(Washington, 1971), 664.
Robert J. Bulkley Election 173
In early January 1930 only one Democrat
was expressing interest in the upcoming
August primary. Even though most
prominent men in the party were shunning the
contest, George Myers declared himself a
candidate. Myers was an East Cleveland
attorney, a former state representative,
and the unsuccessful candidate for lieuten-
ant governor in 1928. Unemployment
relief was his chief plank. The seat in con-
tention was that held by the Republican
incumbant, Roscoe McCulloch, and it had
a peculiar history. Warren G. Harding
had held it until he resigned in 1921. He
was replaced by Frank B. Willis, an
appointee, who was elected in his own right in
1926; but Willis died in 1928 and Cyrus
Locher took over until the election of 1928.
In that election Locher was defeated by
Theodore Burton, who died in 1929. At
that point McCulloch was appointed to
serve until the election of November 1930.7
In March other Democrats joined Myers in
seeking this "jinxed" seat. John
McSweeney was one. He was a Wooster man,
a former Congressman, popular
among some Democrats, and known
throughout the state. Prosperity was his main
campaign issue. William W. Durbin and
Charles Truax declared their candidacies
five days later. Both had statewide
followings. Durbin, of Kenyon, was the best
known of the candidates, especially
among party workers. He had been a leading
Democrat since 1905, having helped elect
governors Pattison, Cox, and Donahey.
He also had strong backing in big
counties, such as Hamilton, Franklin, and Mont-
gomery. Truax, a Bucyrus farmer, had won
the Democratic senatorial nomination
in 1928 for the United States Senate,
and he based his campaign on tariff reform
and farm relief. The Akron Beacon
Journal felt he would be the one that would face
McCulloch in November.8
Of these four candidates, only McSweeney
took a forthright stand on prohibi-
tion-as a dry. The Cleveland Plain
Dealer editorially bemoaned the silence of the
others, and urged all politicians to
take honest stands on the issue. The paper
thought the Democratic party had the
responsibility of nominating a man of posi-
tive convictions and one knowledgeable
about national affairs. The men who were
best qualified were James M. Cox, Newton
D. Baker, Atlee Pomerene, and Brand
Whitlock, but none of these was willing
to declare himself a candidate. Some Dem-
ocrats felt a strong candidate could
defeat McCulloch, but the problem was finding
one willing to risk his reputation in
the attempt.9
In an endeavor to seek out possible
strong candidates for the Senate race as well
as for other offices, the Cuyahoga
County Democratic organization named Bulkley
to head a scanning and drafting
committee. By late May many of Bulkley's friends
were urging him to run in the primary on
a wet plank, but he was not sure he
wanted to do so until he knew how Cox
felt about the race. The party chiefs met
frequently with Bulkley between May 31
and June 3, and it apparently was then
that he decided to become a candidate as
Cox refused to run. Bulkley was told that
he would have the support of the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Toledo, and Akron Demo-
cratic organizations. This may have been
a determining factor in his decision to en-
ter the contest, but he did not make his
declaration immediately known. The Dem-
ocrats held a pre-primary "victory
dinner" and rally on June 5 in Columbus. It was
7. Akron Beacon Journal, January
27, August 4, 1930; Cincinnati Enquirer, August 9, 1930; Cleveland
Plain Dealer, January 27, February 25, 1930; Peltz, "Senatorial
Career of R. J. Bulkley," 22-23; bio-
graphical sketch, Box 1, folder 1,
Bulkley Papers.
8. Akron Beacon Journal, March
28, June 13, July 25, 1930; Cincinnati Enquirer, August 10, 1930;
Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 15,
23, 28, 30, July 13, 15, August 12, 13, 1930.
9. Cleveland Plain Dealer, May
17, 18, 27, 1930.
174 OHIO
HISTORY
there that Bulkley announced his
intention to enter the race. On June 6 the Plain
Dealer's headline gave Bulkley's decision: "Bulkley in
Race; Cox is Out." Bulkley
was now faced with two tasks: winning
the nomination and the fall election, and
keeping the repeal question from destroying party unity. By June 10 he had
enough signed petitions so he then
officially filed as candidate.10
During the primary and fall campaigns in
1930 the issue Bulkley discussed most
and the one that attracted the most
attention was prohibition. He was able to dis-
cuss the issue and present arguments for
repeal in a conservative and unemotional
manner. This was important in a state
where popular opinion on prohibition was
mixed. The Toledo News Bee noted
this fact and claimed Bulkley's non-emotional
approach even appealed to conservative
drys. He touched upon the following two
points frequently during his campaigns:
one, disrespect for laws generally was en-
couraged because so many persons
willingly disobeyed the nation's prohibition
laws; and, two, those involved in the
illegal sale of intoxicating beverages were mak-
ing large sums of money. The economic
benefits of the Eighteenth Amendment
were going to criminals while honest
businessmen, farmers, and workers derived no
financial advantages from it. Due to the
amendment corruption was "unprece-
dented" among public officials,
enforcement agents, and the general public. This
moral approach was carried further when
Bulkley expressed his opinion on temper-
ance; he was all for it. In fact, he
said the wets and drys were not far apart in that
both groups sought true temperance, but
by differing means. Real temperance
could only be achieved through
education, not legislation. He suggested that the
drys resume the moral teaching of
temperance. Also, Bulkley urged that there be
"a willingness on all sides to
forget past acrimonious differences in an effort to agree
on forward steps leading to a more
adequate solution of the age-old question of li-
quor control."11
Even though national prohibition had
brought about one permanent worthwhile
result, the end of the open saloon,
Bulkley contended that the Eighteenth Amend-
ment represented a dangerous
encroachment of federal power on state functions
and reduced the power and prestige of
state governments. It also limited human
liberty-the only federal amendment to do
so. Since totalitarian governments were
on the rise in several countries during
the late 1920's, many opponents of prohibi-
tion were alarmed by the increased
centralization of government in the United
States. In this regard, Bulkley insisted
that the Eighteenth Amendment was espe-
cially risky because it necessitated the
use of federal police power to enforce it. To
maintain American constitutional
jurisdiction he felt it was necessary to always
"protect the rights and authority
of the sovereign states." Since Ohioans were wary
of what repeal would do in terms of
liquor control, Bulkley pointed out that repeal
would not effect enforcement because the
state had its own prohibition amendment.
Any change in Ohio's liquor laws would
come about only in an orderly fashion.
Also, with local control returned
nationally, laws could be enacted in various parts
of the country that would fit the needs
and desires of the diverse citizenry. These
10. Akron Beacon Journal, June 6,
1930; Cleveland Plain Dealer, April 19, May 27, June 4, 5, 6, 1930;
New York Times, August 17, 1930;
Oregon Daily Journal, November 6, 1930; Bulkley to F. Seither, May
31, 1930, Bulkley to J. Fogarty, June
11, 1930, Box 19, folder 2, Bulkley Papers; Mrs. R. J. Bulkley inter-
viewed by Jenkins, October 12, 1968, in Jenkins,
"Robert J. Bulkley," 296.
11. Akron Beacon Journal, July
23, 1930: Toledo News Bee, November 25, 1933; Cleveland Plain
Dealer, August
8, 1930; Bulkley to R. Cross, October 31, 1930, Box 20, folder 3, Bulkley
Papers; speech in
Akron, July 17, 1930, speeches in
Columbus, August 7, September 16, 29, 1930, Box 36, folder 5, Bulkley
Papers.
Robert J. Bulkley Election
175
pieces of legislation would have the
"public respect, confidence and moral support"
in the states and communities in which
they were in force.12
Even though prohibition was an important
issue in the summer of 1930, espe-
cially in Ohio cities, there were other
questions that attracted the attention of Bulk-
ley and the other candidates in the
primary campaign. For example, Bulkley criti-
cized McCulloch and the Republican party
in general for supporting the
nomination of Judge John Parker of North
Carolina to the United States Supreme
Court. Since the judge had exhibited
anti-Negro behavior on the bench, the na-
tion's Blacks let it be known he was offensive
to them. Considerable controversy
was aroused before the Senate refused to
accept his appointment in May. Ohio
NAACP leaders had been in the forefront
of the fight, and they were determined to
defeat McCulloch's reelection bid. The
other question, next to repeal, was that per-
taining to the nation's economic woes.
This was a multifaceted issue with unem-
ployment, farm relief, and the recently
passed Hawley-Smoot tariff all coming into
the discussion. The tariff, a piece of
legislation McCulloch had supported, espe-
cially received Bulkley's criticism.13
During the primary campaign Bulkley
criss-crossed the state and spent most of
his time in the larger cities. He also
delivered radio addresses, and sent out cam-
paign literature and letters to all
Democratic county chairmen, members of the state
Democratic committee, bankers, editors,
and attorneys. Carl E. Moore, a Cleve-
land businessman and reporter, was
Bulkley's main assistant in running the cam-
paign (Newton D. Baker served as his
official campaign manager) and was in-
strumental in seeing that it functioned
smoothly. Moore made direct advertising
appeals to the voters through the daily
newspapers, ran Bulkley's Cleveland office
when the candidate was out of town, and
was the campaign's chief fund raiser.
Bulkley also maintained an office in
Columbus. One of the most important sources
of support for his bid for office came
from important Democrats. Graham P. Hunt
(Cincinnati), Martin Davey (Kent),
Alfred Allen (Cincinnati), Dow Harter (Akron),
Newton D. Baker (Cleveland), Hugh
Nichols (Cincinnati), John Key (Marion),
Frank Merrick (Cleveland), Atlee
Pomerene (Cleveland), Bulkley's law partners
and other prominent Ohio attorneys all
worked in his behalf. He also cooperated
with the Crusaders, a Cleveland-based
group opposed to national prohibition and
linked to the Association Against the
Prohibition Amendment. Bulkley and his
campaign committee spent more money than
his four opponents all together.
Leading Ohio newspapers supported
Bulkley's candidacy: Cleveland Plain Dealer,
Cleveland Press, Akron Press, Youngstown
Vindicator, Youngstown Telegram, To-
ledo News Bee, Columbus Citizen
Journal, Cincinnati Post, Cincinnati Enquirer,
Hamilton Journal, and many
smaller dailies. Even though Bulkley entered the
campaign late and was behind his
competitors in preparations at the outset, he and
his associates were able to put together
a well run effort in a short period of time.
Bulkley's stand for repeal made the
Democratic senatorial contest one of the hardest
fought in years, according to the Plain
Dealer, but he felt a definite trend in his fa-
vor existed from about the fourteenth of
July.14 He was correct. Ohio's Democrats
12. Speech in Cincinnati, September 1,
1930, speech in Youngstown, October 1, 1930, Box 36, folder 5,
Bulkley Papers.
13. Cleveland Plain Dealer, May
8, July 29, August 11, 1930.
14. Bulkley and his committee spent
$21,048; Durbin spent $3,593; McSweeney spent $2,594; Myers
spent $756; Truax spent $200. Akron Beacon
Journal, August 22, 1930; Cleveland Plain Dealer, August
23, 1930; Bulkley to Judge T. Conway,
June 30, 1930, Moore to T. Kremer, July 23, 1930, Bulkley to C.
Brawley, July 24, 1930, Box 19, folder
2, Bulkley Papers.
176 OHIO HISTORY
chose him on August 12 to be their candidate in the
November election.
Bulkley finished first with 81,219 votes; Durbin second
with 40,807; Truax third
with 37,203; McSweeney fourth with 35,208; and Myers
fifth with 19,093 votes.
The following data show the rank of the candidates'
votes in Ohio's eighty-eight
counties: 15
First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Bulkley 32 29 26 1 0
Durbin 26 25 19 13 5
Truax 22 26 28 6 6
McSweeney 8 9 6 33 32
Myers 0 0 8 35 45
These figures indicate that the candidate that won the
most first place finishes also
won the largest number of votes. That is, Bulkley, who
was first in total votes, also
won the most counties of anyone in the contest. And so
on. Another point worthy
of note is that Bulkley won 35 percent of the counties,
representing diverse back-
grounds and socio-economic makeup. For example, large
urban counties sup-
ported him (some by overwhelming margins) and so did
rural areas with small pop-
ulations. Even though it is impossible to determine
exactly what motivated the
electorate, this voting pattern shows that Bulkley was
supported for more reasons
than his stand against prohibition. One way to
determine how widely based an ap-
peal Bulkley enjoyed is to make an analysis of the
counties in terms of their voting
records on prohibition issues. A thirty year study
reveals that there were three
counties that can be classed as moderate, seven that
were wet, and seventy-eight
dry. In the primary, all of the moderate counties
supported Bulkley, six of the wet
counties voted for him, and, significantly,
twenty-three dry counties favored him.16
Bulkley's campaign against prohibition and his victory
were front page news in
the New York Times, and his success was
interpreted as a victory for the wet forces
by that and other newspapers. But it has been shown
that Ohio's Democrats did
not choose him merely because he opposed prohibition.
More evidence for this can
be found in a comparison of the Democratic votes cast
for Bulkley and for the can-
didates for the gubernatorial nomination. George White
of Marietta was favored
by the Anti-Saloon League while "Dare-devil"
Stephen M. Young, who was also
seeking the nomination, was an outspoken wet. Young's
stand against prohibition
was more or less the same as Bulkley's, yet he was
soundly defeated by White.
Young received 36 percent of the vote in comparison to
White's 63 percent, and he
won only seven counties comparied to thirty-two for
Bulkley. The New York Times
also reported that White and Bulkley won many of the
same precincts, and a com-
parison of the election returns reveals that there was
little similarity between the
number of votes Bulkley and Young received in the
counties. If, as the Plain
Dealer believed,
Young's supporters represented the die-hard wets, it is plain that
15. Bulkley and Truax were tied in Coshocton County and
both are given credit for second place fin-
ishes. This explains why second place finishes total
eighty-nine and third place finishes total eighty-
seven. Ohio, Secretary of State, Election Statistics,
1930 (Cleveland, 1931), 28-29.
16. There were eleven times between 1913 and 1922 when
the electorate had the opportunity to express
itself on the question of prohibition and its
enforcement. If a county voted wet on no more than four oc-
casions, it was classed as dry. Counties that voted dry
on at least four occasions and wet no more than
four times were considered moderate. Any county that
voted wet at least eight times was classified as
wet. The three moderate counties were Ottawa, Scioto,
and Shelby. The wet ones were Auglaize, But-
ler, Cuyahoga, Erie, Hamilton, Lucas, and Montgomery;
the remaining counties were dry. Bulkley won
six of the wet counties (Auglaize was the exception)
and received from them a total vote of 35,385.
Robert J. Bulkley Election
177
Bulkley received votes from people other
than those simply opposed to the Eigh-
teenth Amendment and that the question
of repeal alone did not determine the pri-
mary, despite all the rhetoric.17
Bulkley and his fellow Democrats
formally opened their fall campaigns at Mar-
ietta (George White's hometown) on
September 29, 1930. Thereafter Bulkley,
White and many other Democratic
candidates toured every congressional district in
an automobile caravan. According to the
New York Times, the Ohio Senate race
overshadowed all others. Bulkley again
flooded the state with campaign materials
from his Cleveland and Columbus offices,
and contacted influential individuals in
every county in an effort to solicit
their support. Also, he corresponded and met
with members of the national Democratic
Senatorial Campaign Committee. From
them he received advice and assistance.
Various wet organizations worked in his
behalf. The Congressional Districts
Modification League and the Women's Organ-
ization for National Prohibition Reform
worked for his election. Bulkley made
contributions to, and cooperated with,
the Crusaders. He also corresponded and
joined forces with the Association
Against the Prohibition Amendment, and Carl
Moore would be the secretary of the Ohio
branch by 1931.18
During his campaign McCulloch was
supported by leading drys. The Anti-Sa-
loon League, the Dry Maintenance League,
the United Presbyterian Synod of Ohio,
the Woman's Christian Temperance Union,
the Eighteenth Amendment League,
the Methodist Episcopal Church, and
Simeon Fess as well as other prominent Re-
publicans endorsed McCulloch's dry stand
and worked for his election. McCulloch
also received the support of W. E.
("Pussyfoot") Johnson and Billy Sunday, nation-
ally known revivalist-prohibition
preachers, who campaigned for him and the dry
cause in Ohio. The Anti-Saloon League
sponsored their speaking tours and report-
edly made every effort to defeat
Bulkley. Ohio was also vital to the GOP. Fess
personally directed the campaigns in his
home state to keep it in his party's ranks.
He spent more time in Ohio working for
McCulloch than in Washington after the
campaign began. Of all Republican
candidates for the Senate around the nation in
1930, McCulloch received the most aid
from the national GOP.19
Perhaps the most novel aspect of the
campaign was the revival of Christian Citi-
zenship Sunday by the drys. This tactic
was used before the enactment of prohibi-
tion but infrequently after that. It
meant that ministers devoted the Sunday before
the election urging their parishioners
to support only dry candidates at the polls.
According to the Plain Dealer, some
Ohio Democrats felt Senator Fess had unseated
Atlee Pomerene in 1922 because of the
hostile preaching on a Christian Citizenship
Sunday. Because his candidacy inspired
dry leaders to call ministers to action,
Bulkley naturally took precautionary
steps. He sent letters to clergymen around the
state asking for fair and impartial
treatment and explaining his positions on the var-
ious issues. These letters pointed out
that he believed the pastors were right in ex-
17. Cincinnati Enquirer, August
10, 1930; Cleveland Plain Dealer, August 5, 14, 1930; New York
Times, August 13. 14, 1930; letter, Stephen M. Young to the
author, January 18. 1973.
18. Annual Report to the Directors,
Members and Friends of the Association Against the Prohibition
Amendment, 1931 (Washington, 1932), 2; Leslie Gordon, ed..
The New Crusade (Cleveland, 1932), xii; E.
Halsey to Bulkley,
August 13, 1930, Moore to H. Curran, October 14, 1930, A. Kummer to Moore,
Octo-
ber 14, 1930, P. Collins to Bulkley,
October 27, 1930, A. Kummer to Bulkley, October 29, 1930,
Box 19,
folder 3, Bulkley Papers.
19. Akron Beacon Journal, September
27, 1930; Cincinnati Enquirer, October 9. 11, 1930; Cleveland
Plain Dealer, August 18, September 7, 15, October 2, 11, 15, 19, 29,
1930; New York Times, October 17,
November 9, 1930; "The Trend of
Events," Outlook and Independent, November 12, 1930, p. 404.
178 OHIO HISTORY
pressing their views on questions and
candidates. But he urged them not to hurt
their religious image by allowing
themselves to become voting blocs for the Anti-Sa-
loon League and the Republican party.
The Crusaders and the Association Against
the Prohibition Amendment also sent
letters to their members suggesting that they
confer with their ministers and urge
that politics and prohibition not be brought up
on Christian Citizenship Sunday.20
McCulloch dealt with four main topics
during his campaign: the depression, im-
migration, prohibition, and the tariff.
Except for the second, he did not approach
these issues on his own. He was forced
to deal with them in response to Bulkley's
positions. In regard to the depression,
McCulloch's opinion was that it was an un-
avoidable phenomenon that could be coped
with best by the Republicans, himself
included. Restricted immigration, he
maintained, was needed to protect American
labor during hard times. His first major
speech in the Senate (June 10, 1930) had
been in support of the
super-protectionist Hawley-Smoot tariff, a piece of legislation
that was extremely unpopular among many
groups across the nation. Once passed,
the act was even more vitriolicly
attacked, and McCulloch was forced to defend his
vote in favor of it. In terms of
prohibition, McCulloch replied to an Anti-Saloon
League questionnaire by saying, "I
voted for the resolution referring the Eighteenth
Amendment to the states for ratification
and for the Volstead Act while a member
of the House of Representatives. I favor
the enforcement of the present prohibition
law." He opposed any "backward step" on the "great moral
question" of prohibi-
tion, claimed repeal of the Eighteenth
Amendment was impossible at that time, and
thought Bulkley's attack on prohibition
was a mere political gesture.21
It was difficult for McCulloch to deal
with Bulkley's campaign for repeal because
his party, nationally and in Ohio, had
declared that prohibition was not an issue in
1930. This position was not very popular
among some Ohio Republican leaders,
though. For example, the state GOP
convention's resolution committee was racked
by demands for planks calling for repeal
and endorsement of a referendum in Ohio
on the prohibition question. But the
committee defeated these proposals, and in
the end the delegates unanimously passed
a plank calling for the enforcement of all
laws. Even though vague, the statement
satisfied the majority (drys) at the conven-
tion. The wets, on the other hand,
accepted it quietly for the sake of party unity.
Also, they acquiesced because the
enforcement plank was not as dry as it could have
been. To them an out-and-out dry plank
would have tended to make prohibition a
partisan political issue, something they
did not want. The Republicans, never-
theless, were being identified as dry
and Democrats as wet, and a victory by either
party was interpreted as an endorsement
of their stand on the prohibition question.
The Plain Dealer maintained that
the GOP felt the defeat of McCulloch would rep-
resent a repudiation of President
Hoover's stand in favor of prohibition, and the
20. Cleveland Plain Dealer, October
20, 29, 30, 1930; Bulkley to R. Cross, October 31, 1930, Box 20,
folder 3, Bulkley Papers; speech at
Akron, October 29, 1930, Box 36, folder 5, ibid.
21. Akron Beacon Journal, September
11, 1930; Cleveland Plain Dealer, June 11, July 25, October 31,
November 1, 2, 1930.
22. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September
12, 13, 14, 26, October 30, 1930; New York Times, August 12,
September 13, 1930; Joseph Gusfield,
"Prohibition: The Impact of Political Utopianism," in John Brae-
man, Robert Bremner, and David Brody,
eds.. Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America; The
1920's (Columbus, 1968), 302; David Kyvig, "In Revolt
Against Prohibition: The Association Against the
Prohibition Amendment and the Movement
for Repeal, 1919-1933" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
Northwestern University, 1971), 260.
Robert J. Bulkley Election 179
Anti-Saloon League was making a
nationwide effort to keep the Republican party
dry.22
The Republicans were not alone in their
unwillingness to accept prohibition as a
political issue in 1930. Ohio's
Democrats were equally unsure of the voters' atti-
tudes and were not of one mind on the
question of repeal. The Plain Dealer re-
ported that their September convention
was the most harmonious and enthusiastic
in years, and this was true largely
because the candidates had decided beforehand
to leave the prohibition question out of
the platform. The convention was dis-
turbed only once by the repeal issue.
This was when Charles Hubble (a candidate
for the Ohio Supreme Court) criticized
the party for straddling the prohibition ques-
tion. He was shouted down by the
delegates for his efforts. Harmony was the rule
of order and everyone was working to
stifle any discord in order to enhance the
chances of victory for the whole ticket
in November. As for the Democrats from
Cuyahoga County, their county leader, W.
B. Gongwer, said his followers were
pledged to prohibition reform even
though they acquiesced in the party's official si-
lence.23
The fact that the Democratic party
openly avoided the prohibition issue and that
one of its leading candidates (George
White) was known to be dry naturally caused
problems for the party and Bulkley, who
wanted his party to come out for repeal or
at least take a definiteposition on the
prohibition question. But he decided not to
press the issue in order to avoid
splitting the party. Bulkley met with party leaders
several times between the primary and
the state convention, and reached agreement
regarding the role prohibition was to
play in the upcoming campaigns. It was de-
cided that both White and Bulkley could
run on the same ticket and campaign to-
gether by simply saying prohibition was
a national issue and not a state problem.
Thus, Bulkley was able to demand repeal
of the Eighteenth Amendment while
White was not forced to yield ground in
his support of prohibition.24
Bulkley wrapped up his formal campaign
on November 1, 1930 with a speech at
Toledo. The rhetoric between the
senatorial candidates had become more vitriolic
as election time approached, but Bulkley
remained confident he would win. Major
newspaper polls in Ohio confirmed his
popularity. On the eve of election the Co-
lumbus Dispatch and the
Cincinnati Enquirer expressed the opinion that he was
ahead by 75,000 to 280,000 votes. The Plain
Dealer followed suit in a headline of
November second: "Bulkley and
Victory is Forecast." On election day Bulkley, in
fact, received a majority of 182,571 out
of a total of 1,910,649 votes cast, and other
Ohio Democrats emerged victorious.
According to the New York Times, the elec-
tions of 1930 caused the most
spectacular Democratic upset of the GOP nationwide
since 1912. This time Bulkley finished first
in forty counties with 54.8 percent of the
total vote cast in the state. Again he
won large counties as well as small, and his to-
tal was increased by big majorities in
urban Cuyahoga, Franklin, and Hamilton
counties.25
In general, the nation's drys attributed
Bulkley's success to the tendency of voters
23. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September
17, 1930; New York Times, September 17, 1930.
24. Cleveland Plain Dealer, August
28, 1930; New York Times, August 27, September 1, 1930; Bulkley
to J. Guffy, August 16, 1930, Box 19,
folder 3, Bulkley Papers.
25. Bulkley's total was 1,046,610, and
McCulloch's was 864,039. Cincinnati Enquirer, November 2,
1930; Cleveland Plain Dealer, October
13, November 2, 1930; New York Times, October 17, November
9, 1930; Ohio, Election Statistics,
1930, pp. 58-59.
180 OHIO HISTORY
to associate the depressing economic
situation with the Republican party. The wets
claimed he won because of rising
sentiment in favor of repeal. Various historians of
the period also adhere to the latter
view.26 Bulkley, more than twenty years after
the fact, felt his repeal stand was the
main reason for his election. However, as was
shown for Bulkley's Democratic primary
victory, the wet issue could not have been
the most important question in the minds
of the voters then or in the general elec-
tion since his support was so
widespread. Perhaps the drys were correct in claiming
the most important consideration was the
depressed economy. Taxes in the state
had increased 37 percent since 1922.
Unemployment in Ohio reached 250,000 in
August 1930. Also, farm production was
far below normal due to a long drought,
and the farmers were unhappy with the
GOP for inadequate relief measures. Tied
in with the depression was dissatisfaction
with the Hawley-Smoot tariff. This was
an issue in rural areas and many farmers
blamed it for their financial difficulties.27
Other factors, however, were important
to Bulkley's success, such as his effective
campaign tactics and his influential
supporters. He waged a vigorous and far
reaching campaign. He spoke in every
congressional district and in most counties,
and traveled with the confident and
harmonious caravan of Democratic candidates.
He was also able to spend a relatively
large amount of money on his campaign.
His own fund had spent $9,617 by October
26; added to this were expenditures of
over $9,000 by the Association Against
the Prohibition Amendment and $5,000 by
the Crusaders. The national Democratic
Senatorial Campaign Committee, headed
by Millard Tydings (a Maryland wet),
provided advice and campaign materials.
Probably also of importance was the
influence leading Democrats had on the voters
when they campaigned for Bulkley. Newton
D. Baker, James M. Cox, Martin
Davey, "Veto Vic" Donahey, and
Stephen M. Young all took to the stump.28
There were other sources from which
Bulkley derived support and endorsements.
The Chicago Daily Tribune reported
that most of Ohio's leading newspapers again
endorsed Bulkley, including some that
were Republican, such as the Akron Beacon
Journal, the Cleveland News, the Massilon Independent,
the Toledo Blade, and the
Toledo Times.29 Another
important source of support apparently came from Ohio's
Negro voters. On October 5 the NAACP
voted to actively campaign against
McCulloch's election bid. The group did
not formally endorse Bulkley, but senti-
ment for him among Negroes was strong.
Like the Blacks, labor groups were op-
posed to McCulloch because he had voted for
Parker's nomination. Labor also
generally approved of Bulkley's repeal
stand. Yet another important source of sup-
26. For examples, see Harlow
Lindley, ed., Ohio in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1938 (Columbus,
1942), 55; Peltz, "The Senatorial
Career of R. J. Bulkley," 17; Eugene Roseboom and Francis Weisen-
burger, A History of Ohio (Columbus,
1964), 345.
27. Cleveland Plain Dealer, July
19, 31, August 9, September 15, 1930; New York Times, August 24,
September 3, October 19, 1930; the
President's Research Committee on Recent Social Trends, Recent So-
cial Trends in the United States (New York, 1933), 1336.
28. As of October 25, 1930, Bulkley had
received a total of $16,040 for his campaign. This contrasted
sharply to McCulloch's receipts of $10,000 and
expenditures of $1.594. Cleveland Plain Dealer, October
26, 1930; Halsey to Bulkley, August 13,
1930, Box 13, folder 3, Bulkley Papers; Bulkley to G. Nye. Chair-
man of the Senate Select Committee on
Campaign Expenditures, November 20. 1930, Box 19, folder 4,
ibid.
29. Akron Beacon Journal, October
8, 1930; Cincinnati Enquirer, October 12, 1930; Cleveland News,
October 8, 1930; Cleveland Plain
Dealer, November 3, 1930; New York Times, October 9, 1930: Paul
Block to Bulkley, November 26, 1930, Box
19, folder 2. Bulkley Papers.
Robert J. Bulkley Election
181
port for Bulkley came from the wet
organizations which continued their support af-
ter the primary victory.30
Even though McCulloch was a hard
campaigner, he apparently was not as much
of a threat to Bulkley's election as
Republican leaders had hoped he would be. The
Akron Beacon Journal considered
McCulloch "perhaps the weakest candidate his
party could have nominated," and
when considering the various factors contrib-
uting to his opponent's victory, it is
necessary to note McCulloch's weakness. Ac-
cording to the New York Times, McCulloch
was not very popular around the state.
He had never demonstrated any great
vote-getting abilities, and he was a strict par-
tisan. The Plain Dealer and Akron
Beacon Journal voiced displeasure with his serv-
ice in the Senate. The Cincinnati Enquirer
considered him to be a tool of the Anti-
Saloon League. Members of his own party
were not overjoyed with the prospect of
seeing him serve six years in the
Senate. For example, Maurice Maschke and other
Republicans around the state reportedly
were still angry that Governor Cooper had
appointed McCulloch in in the first
place. Maschke had wanted a wet to oppose
Bulkley. The Cuyahoga County
organization had been in a difficult position be-
cause it had endorsed changes in the
prohibition laws and McCulloch had
steadfastly stood by the Eighteenth
Amendment and the Volstead Act. Maschke
had rightfully feared that McCulloch's
stand would hurt his candidates' chances for
election by causing a possible political
realignment in favor of Bulkley and the
Democrats. Also, the Republican party
nationally was having trouble making a
united stand. It had suffered through an
internal struggle during the summer that
had resulted in the ouster of Claudius
Huston as chairman of the national com-
mittee. The appointment of Simeon Fess,
a "bone dry," to that position angered
many wets. Fess quickly showed the
nation where the party officially stood on the
prohibition question when he chose Mrs.
Ellis Yost to head the women's division of
the party. She was the president of the
District of Columbia Woman's Christian
Temperance Union.31
In his stand for prohibition McCulloch
found that strong support was lacking
from the two groups that traditionally
had been among prohibition's most ardent
supporters-the Anti-Saloon League and
the Ku Klux Klan. Ohio had been one of
the Klan's great centers of numerical
strength during the 1920's. One of the group's
cardinal tenets had been the support of
prohibition. But, by 1930, the Klan in Ohio
was operationally defunct. Also by 1930,
the Anti-Saloon League was no longer
the great power it had been. Once the
league had been the nation's and state's
foremost pressure group, but success had
caused complacence among its adherents.
The league could no longer recruit
active young men, and its most aggressive lead-
ers were dead. The depression caused
severe financial problems for the league, es-
pecially because most funds came from
numerous small contributors and nearly all
of its big benefactors discontinued
their payments. The annual income of the Anti-
30. Joseph Breitenstein of Cleveland
felt McCulloch's vote for Parker cost him a great part of the Ne-
gro vote in 1930. Walter White, the
acting secretary of the NAACP, said that for the first time Negroes
abandoned their traditional party
affiliation on the national level when they voted against McCulloch.
Akron Beacon Journal, August 19,
October 31, November 24. 1930; Cincinnati Enquirer, October 4. 1930;
Cleveland Gazette, October 11,
1930; Cleveland Plain Dealer. February 20, June 4, August 20, October 6,
1930; New York Times, October 23,
November 1, 1930; T. Donnelly (Ohio State Federation of Labor) to
Moore, October 14, 1930, Box 19, folder
3, Bulkley Papers; Breitenstein to James Farley, April 6. 1932,
Box 582, Democratic National Committee
Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
31. Akron Beacon Journal, March
21, 27, August 14, October 7, 1930; Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 8,
September 11, October 12, November 2, 1930;
New York Times, September 11, 1930.
182 OHIO HISTORY
Saloon League of America dropped from
about $930,000 in 1919 to $265,000 in
1929. The Ohio branch's annual income
declined from $173,754 in 1922 to $80,811
in 1930, and most of this was spent in
behalf of McCulloch and Myers Cooper, the
candidate for governor.32
Included in an analysis of Bulkley's
victory should also be an examination of
what happened around the state to other
candidates. The election statistics indicate
that 1930 was a good year for Democrats.
When 1930 figures are compared with
the Republican landslide of 1928, it can
be seen that the proportion of Republicans
to Democrats elected was altered
significantly and the number of counties voting
Republican slipped to fifty-three from
eighty. In 1930 Democrats won the follow-
ing offices: United States Senator,
governor, lieutenant governor, nine of twenty-two
seats in the United States House of
Representatives (compared with three in 1928),
fourteen of thirty-two state senator
seats (compared with none in 1928), and fifty-
eight of one hundred twenty-eight state
representative seats (compared with eleven
in 1928). Bulkley carried thirty-three
Democratic and seven Republican counties,
including Cuyahoga and Hamilton
counties, that voted wet, and four that had voted
dry in the past.
As a political issue, repeal elicited
the most interest in the state, and Bulkley's
campaign attracted nationwide attention.
Yet, it is difficult to pick out repeal as the
most important deciding factor in the
election. To those who watched the voting in
1930 the results in Ohio were revealing,
if not shocking. The "Mother of Prohibi-
tion" had chosen a wet to take a
seat in the United States Senate. The fact that the
repeal movement was riding the crest of
the wave of reaction against the Republi-
cans escaped many observers. What this
suggests, then, is that perhaps prohibition
was repealed not because voters
purposefully voted for wets, but because many saw
the election only in terms of opposition
to the depressing economic conditions. The
elected officials, nevertheless, were
sincere in their campaign promises and repeal
was effected within three years, with
knowing support of the electorate.
32. Ohio Anti-Saloon League Reports of
Audit, 1922, 1930, Box 3, Ohio Council on Alcohol Problems,
Papers, Michigan Historical Collections,
Ann Arbor, Michigan; The American Issue (Ohio edition), Feb-
ruary 20, 1931, pp. 2-3: New York Times,
November 9, 1930.
LESLIE J. STEGH
A Paradox of Prohibition: Election of
Robert J. Bulkley as Senator
from Ohio, 1930
Hail, Hallowed Ohio!
Rich and beautiful state!
Rivers and roads and railways,
And queenly cities and great;
Fertile fields and factories,
Happy homes and health-
M-O-T-H-E-R of Prohibition,
And a s-o-b-e-r Commonwealth!1
The issue of prohibition of the liquor
traffic was one that had kept Ohio in turmoil
prior to the enactment of state
prohibition and the passage of the Eighteenth
Amendment to the United States
Constitution. However, not long after prohibition
became part of the law of the land, the
question of its repeal increasingly drew pop-
ular attention. Repeal was an issue that
had potent political implications, and the
purpose of this study is to examine it
as a political issue in an attempt to determine
its impact upon election results in
1930. The victorious campaign of Democrat
Robert J. Bulkley, running on a
"wet" platform for a United States Senate seat from
"dry" Ohio will be the main
focus. Several students of Ohio political history have
attributed Bulkley's victory in 1930
primarily to his stand for repeal of national pro-
hibition. However, other and perhaps
more important factors can be found that
contributed to his success, and these
will be evaluated.2
Early in the 1920's prohibition seemed
to be effectively enforced in Ohio. For ex-
ample, H. L. Mencken reported in 1924
that Cleveland "was as dry as the Sahara"
when the Republican National Convention
was held there, disappointing everyone
except Calvin Coolidge. But by the end
of the decade many observers claimed con-
ditions had changed. One reporter
declared that brewing vats and stills were as
1. "Hail, Hallowed Ohio," an
Anti-Saloon League Song, The American Issue (Ohio Edition), June 26,
1931, pp. 2-3.
2. Ohio voters approved a state
prohibition amendment in 1918. The Eighteenth Amendment and the
Volstead Act (the national law providing
for the enforcement of prohibition) were passed in 1919 and
took effect in January 1920.
Mr. Stegh is University Archivist, Kent
State University, Kent, Ohio.