ROBERT S. FOGARTY AND H. ROGER GRANT
Free Love in Ohio: Jacob Beilhart
and the Spirit Fruit Colony
During the closing years of the
nineteenth century, Americans
frequently read newspaper and magazine
reports of a new wave of
communitarianism. Just as individuals
of good hope united in the
antebellum period to create the
Bethels, Zoars, Fruitlands, and
other utopias, colony building likewise
flourished after the Civil
War, particularly during the
cataclysmic depression of the mid-
1890s. While these latter-day
communitarians might be divided
conveniently into secular and sectarian
categories-as so often
occurs with utopian groups of the 1830s
and 1840s-a more precise
classification would distinguish those
who were cooperative colon-
izers, political pragmatists, and
charismatic perfectionists. Gener-
ally, the cooperative colonizers and
the political pragmatists showed
little or no interest in organized
religion. The former emphasized
economic cooperation and seemed
uninterested in political ideolo-
gies, while the latter sought to test
and popularize pet reform
schemes. Political pragmatists, unlike
cooperative colonizers,
usually de-emphasized the notion of
"community" with its homoge-
nized lifestyles; their overriding
concerns centered instead on dis-
covering immediate or lasting relief
from hard times and the ex-
ploitive qualities of American
capitalism.1
Of the three types, colonies of
charismatic perfectionists were
the most numerous. Such settlements
were either based on the
potential personal sanctity of the
membership or on special gifts
Robert S. Fogarty is Associate Professor
of History at Antioch College
and is Editor of the Antioch Review and
H. Roger Grant is Associate Pro-
fessor of History at the University of
Akron.
1. See Robert S. Fogarty, "American
Communes, 1865-1914," Journal
of American Studies, 9 (August, 1975), 145-62; and H. Roger Grant, "The
New Communitarianism: The Case of Three
Intentional Colonies, 1890-
1905," Indiana Social Studies
Quarterly, 30 (Spring, 1977), 59-71.
Spirit Fruit Society 207 |
|
or powers of a forceful leader. Members commonly worked within millennialist or spiritualist traditions. Utopian organizations of this type proved the most durable; their individual histories can be measured in years, not months. Yet heavy dependence upon one central figure frequently caused difficulties. Indeed, the annals of |
208 OHIO HISTORY
American utopianism contain scores of
examples of colony decline
following the founder-leader's death.
One representative, yet pro-
vocative illustration of turn-of-the
century charismatic perfection-
ism is Jacob Beilhart and his Spirit
Fruit Society.
The chronicle of Spirit Fruit is
largely the story of "Brother"
Jacob. Born on March 4, 1867, on a farm
in Columbiana County,
Ohio, Jacob Beilhart grew up in a mixed
religious environment.
His father belonged to the German
Lutheran church while his
mother adhered to the Mennonite faith.
The ten Beilhart children,
however, were christened and confirmed
as Lutherans.2 "Religion
was always a very sacred thing to
me," Beilhart reflected in 1903.
Lacking much formal schooling during
his youth ("Work was
about all I received as an
education"), he left the farm when he
was seventeen to work in a
brother-in-law's harness shop in
southern Ohio.3 When the
relative moved to Kansas a year later,
Beilhart accompanied him.
Apparently not much interested in the
harness trade, Beilhart
became a shepherd shortly before his
twentieth birthday. The
Kansas family for whom he worked were
Seventh-day Adventists.
"They read the Bible to me and I
could see that I had not read it
right before; and on many doctrinal
points, . . . I could see that
they were right in their beliefs."
Beilhart quickly embraced the
new faith: "I accepted their
doctrine in its entirety."4
A zealous convert, Jacob Beilhart
dedicated himself to the
church. In time he abandoned the farm
to serve the Adventists
full-time. He initially disseminated
their denominational literature
in western Kansas, but subsequently
moved to Colorado. As he
later recalled, "I broke all the
records of all the canvasses which
they ever had selling the books-thirty
orders in a day being the
highest mark, while I took fifty."
After a winter term at an Ad-
ventist college at Heildsburg,
California, Beilhart embarked on a
preaching career, first in Ohio and
then in Kansas. He excelled in
his new vocation, yet he terminated it.
"Two years of preaching
alternately with another man, meeting
every evening, and then one
season alone," he wrote,
"brot [sic] me to the time when the
'Brethren' decided they needed me in
more difficult fields to
teach their doctrines, so they decided
that I should go South."
2. Twelfth Census of the United States,
1900, Reel T623-1248, sheet
39; William Alfred Hinds, American
Communities (Chicago, 1908), 556;
and Jacob Beilhart, Life and
Teachings (Burbank, California, 1925), 20-21.
3. Ibid. 21.
4. Ibid., 22-23.
Spirit Fruit Society 209
But he refused, deciding "that I
would preach no more until I could
do something besides talk."5
A burning desire to help the sick led
Beilhart to enroll in a
nursing program at the Seventh-day
Adventist Sanitarium in Battle
Creek, Michigan. Tired of preaching, he
found his new work
meaningful. After completing the course
of study, which em-
phasized natural and rational health
remedies, Beilhart remained
at the sanitarium, becoming a staff
nurse associated with the in-
stitution's founder, Dr. John Harvey
Kellogg, one of the nation's
leading health propagandists and the
originator of flaked cereals.6
While employed at the Battle Creek
Sanitarium, Beilhart
underwent another religious
transformation, one which led him
to sever his ties with the Seventh-day
Adventists. Continual Bible
study convinced him that the sick could
be made better, even cured,
through prayer rather than diet. In an
autobiographical sketch,
he related the event that established
his reputation as a faith-
healer:
One day I was called to see a sick girl
who had heard me tell of my
faith in healing by prayer. She had typhoid fever and
was very sick.
Doctors had but little hope for her. I went to see her,
and she asked me
to pray for her to be healed. This I did, annointing
her after the in-
structions of James, 5:14. She was healed immediately;
the temperature
going from 1041/2 to about normal
in a few minutes. She got up and
dressed, drank milk, and retired for the night in about
an hour.7
This one incident changed Beilhart's
life. His continued faith-
healing activities and his rejection of
the Adventists' strictly vege-
tarian diet ("My stomach would not
digest the grains and vege-
tables") caused sanitarium
officials to ask for his resignation.
Shortly before he left, Beilhart had
nursed C. W. Post, later the
wealthy food manufacturer but then
operator of Battle Creek's
La Vita Inn, an institution for healing
by the practice of mental
suggestion. Beilhart claimed that is was
Post who introduced him
to the healing potentials of Christian
Science. Yet, subsequent in-
struction in this faith left him
dissatisfied.8 Like other charismatic
perfectionists, he experimented with
more than a single religion.
After Christian Science he studied
Divine Science, Spiritualism,
5. Ibid., 24-25.
6. Ibid., 25-26; See also Raymond J. Cunningham, "From
Holiness to
Healing: The Faith Cure in America,
1872-1892," Church History, 43 (De-
cember, 1974), 4.
7. Beilhart, Life and Teachings, 27-28.
8. Ibid., 31-35.
210 OHIO HISTORY
and Theosophy, but none kept his
interest. "I soon settled down to
this," Beilhart remembered later;
"all these theories are very
nice, but it is hard work to run the
universe when you know as
little about it as any of these folks
seem to know who claim to
be teachers."9
While groping for the true religious
perspective, Jacob Beil-
hart remained in Battle Creek. He and
his wife, Loruma, whom
he married in 1893, had two children:
Harry, born the next year,
and Edith, who came nineteen months
later. Harness-making and
odd jobs sustained the household.10
By the late nineties Beilhart became
even more obsessed with
religion. Calling his faith the
"Universal Life," he developed a
philosophy that blended aspects of the
various doctrines he had
encountered, particularly Christian
Science. He repeatedly argued,
for instance, that "Jealousy,
doubt, and fear of losing love, are the
causes of more disease than all the
healers can ever cure."11 Yet,
unlike disciples of Mary Baker Eddy, he
abjured materialism.
Private property should not be held.
"Oh! do you know the joy
of willingly giving up all that self
holds dear?" Rejection of
possessions, according to Beilhart,
became one means of achieving
the "Fruit of the Universal
Spirit."12
At a time of intense national political
activism when such
issues as free silver, trade
protection, tax reform, and municipal
ownership of utilities split the
country, Beilhart remained apolitical.
A true religious perspective rather
than any particular political
scheme was his secret to happiness:
"You may speak of socialism;
you may speak of [Henry George's]
single tax or no tax at all;
you may depend on good law makers and
good executors to carry
out those laws; you may have all
material things, the necessities
of life, in common. All these things
will not give you peace."13
Resembling some contemporary religious
zealots, who likewise
had messages to share, Jacob Beilhart
decided to launch an inten-
tional colony in 1899. By "living
in community," he also hoped
to attract attention to his new-found
positive faith. The colony
"is practically our work shop, our
demonstrating station."14 And
9. Ibid., 35.
10. Ibid., 43; The Buckeye
State (Lisbon, Ohio), December 22, 1904;
and Twelfth Census of the United States,
1900, Reel T623-1248, Sheet 39.
11. Beilhart, Life and Teachings, 47.
12. Ibid., 58.
13. Ibid., 75; See also Jacob
Beilhart, "Anarchy, Its Causes, and a
Suggestion for Its Cure," pamphlet,
Illinois State Historical Society,
Springfield.
14. Beilhart, Life and Teachings, 71.
Spirit Fruit Society 211
like many other utopians, he started a
publications program to
promote his beliefs. Between 1899 and
1907 Beilhart and his
small band wrote, printed, and
distributed two periodicals,
Spirit Fruit and Spirit's Voice.
Beilhart selected a colony site on the
outskirts of Lisbon,
Ohio, seat of Columbiana County. As he
described it in the June
1899 issue of the Spirit Fruit: "The
Home... contains five acres
of good ground with plenty of fruit
trees, a fine spring of water,
and a large fifteen-room brick house,
in need of repairs."15 He
probably picked this particular
location because it was in the im-
mediate vicinity of his boyhood home.
Also, the Columbiana
County area boasted a sizable population
of Spiritualists, indivi-
duals who might find Jacob's teaching
appealing. The site, more-
over, was inexpensive; it was
accessible to both steam and electric
interurban railways, and the climate
was temperate.16
Spirit Fruit drew few to its
communistic fold. The dozen or so
residents came mostly from outside
Ohio, particularly Chicago,
a city where Beilhart regularly
conducted meetings. From Chicago
he attracted an unlikely pair: Robert
G. Wall, a former labor
leader, and Irwin E. Rockwell, the
wealthy president of Idaho
Consolidated Mines, who was later to
emerge as the Society's
"financial angel."17
The Spirit Fruit Society received its
official incorporation
under the laws of Ohio as a religious
organization in 1901 "to teach
mankind how to apply the truths taught
by Jesus Christ." Yet
neither this document nor extant colony
records explain the govern-
ing procedures. Beilhart probably made
all important decisions,
as well as most of the minor ones.
Internal splits that often
haunted cooperative and political
pragmatist communities were
absent from the Beilhart utopia and the
Spirit Fruit colonists at
first enjoyed a peaceful relationship
with neighbors. Residents
seemingly knew or cared little about
this tiny religious settlement
in their midst, and the Lisbon
newspaper paid it scant attention.l8
About two years after Spirit Fruit was
launched, however,
rumors began to spread in Lisbon of
"unusual proceedings" at the
colony. Some believed that it had
become a "free-love" nest. When
a child, Evelyn Gladys, was born out of
wedlock to Beilhart's thirty-
15. Spirit Fruit (Lisbon, Ohio),
June, 1899.
16. See The Buckeye State, December
13, 1900.
17. Ibid., June 2, 1904; November
3, 1904; and The Lakeside Annual
Directory of the City of Chicago (Chicago, 1900), 1610.
18. The Buckeye State, April 11,
1901.
212 OHIO HISTORY |
|
one year old sister Mary, local moralists sought to bring legal action against the group. But the Lisbon Buckeye State reported that "the society has been able so far to prevent outsiders from obtaining any proof that would enable them to take action against them."19 Coinciding with the "Love Child" incident was the "abduction" of the wife of a prominent Chicago physician. A Dr. Bailey, who thought his spouse was visiting in the East, hired investigators to find her when she did not return home, and finally learned that his missing wife had joined the Lisbon utopia. He tried to have family members persuade his wife to come home, and failing that, he sought unsuccessfully a writ of habeas corpus. Still undaunted, Dr. Bailey hired legal counsel to prepare papers to have his wife declared to be of "unsound mind." Mrs. Bailey was soon brought before a county common pleas court in Lisbon and when confronted with the prospect of being declared mentally unsound, she reluct- antly agreed to return to her husband. The Chicago press dramati- cally described the final episode in the alleged abduction:
19. Ibid., June 2, 1904; See also ibid., November 26, 1908. |
Spirit Fruit Society 213
As they were at the [Erie] station and
about to leave the city, Beilhart
made his appearance to bid the woman
good-bye. When the husband as-
saulted him and slapped him in the face
several times, Beilhart offered
no resistance but rather extended the
other cheek. The incident ended
without further violence and the Doctor
and his wife left on the train.20
Although Jacob Beilhart and the Spirit Fruit
Society
weathered these early storms, they
proved harbingers of future
difficulties. The turning point for the
utopia came in 1904, when
extensive journalistic
"exposes" and mounting local opposition
made life uncomfortable for the
colonists.
In May 1904, Chicago journalists once
more focused attention
on the Society. Reporters visited its
city branch (rented rooms on
Clark Street); although their accounts
correctly noted that Jacob
was a "tireless worker," their
main thrust was the colorful and
sensational. The group was labeled a
"fantastic'" religious sect.
To underscore such a claim, journalists
attempted to show that
Beilhart, whom they said claimed to be
the "Messiah," held un-
conventional ideas. They asked him, for
example, if he believed
in divorce, and he answered:
We pay absolutely no heed to
institutions that man has established....
But I will say that if I were married to
a woman whom I hated I
should not hesitate to seek out my
proper affinity. If I did otherwise,
according to our belief, I should be
practicing hypocrisy.21
The Lisbon Buckeye State seized
upon the Chicago revela-
tions. The June 2 issue carried the
headline: "'SPIRIT FRUIT'
SOCIETY HAS TAKEN CHICAGO BY
STORM," and the next
edition contained the damaging story of
Katherine "Blessed"
Herbeson, which was to receive national
attention. Once again
Beilhart had attracted a Chicago woman
to the colony, in this
case a "beautiful, well-educated,
musical and independent" eigh-
teen-year-old. When family members
learned of her new associa-
tion, her lawyer-father and a
brother-in-law travelled to Lisbon
to retrieve her. Again, Beilhart did not
resist. Nevertheless, the
press gave the impression that the
Spirit Fruit Society either
"abducted" innocent females or
was at least guilty of brainwash-
ing them. Even though the Buckeye
State stated that "Mr. Beil-
hart seems to think that this additional
episode ["Blessed" Herbe-
20. Ibid., June 2, 1904.
21. Quoted in ibid.
214 OHIO HISTORY
son] is only one more link in the chain
that is going to give pub-
licity to his religion and cause it to
spread to all parts of the
earth," talk of a special grand
jury investigation must have given
him pause.22 Moreover, two
weeks after the initial local coverage,
the paper reprinted "A
Warning" that angry Lisbonites had cir-
culated on printed cards:
Wanted-Fifty good women, over twenty and
under fifty years of age;
also fifty good honest-hearted men with
families, to meet upon the
Square when called upon, and go to the
Spirit Fruit farm and tell them
to take their departure at once or take
the consequences, as tar is cheap
and feathers plentiful.23
Beilhart reacted this time. This passive
advocate of peace and
love decided to leave temporarily for
the safety of Chicago. During
his stay there he probably reassessed
the future of the Lisbon
colony. By November 1904, the Buckeye
State reported that "he
has about decided to sell the community
home here and buy another
location."24 More
unfavorable publicity came in December when
his wife Loruma sued for divorce. The Youngstown
Telegram, for
example, argued that this "proves
that the peculiar brand of
religion in the 'Spirit Fruit' cult is
wrong, for the religion that
causes domestic woe and strife has a
yellow streak in it some-
where."25
Unhappiness with the local milieu led to
the start of the
liquidation of the Ohio utopia in late
1904. The process continued
throughout most of the next year. In
August 1905, Jacob, for the
Society, mortgaged the Lisbon property
for $3,000. Yet, Spirit
Fruit did not dissolve; it merely
relocated.26
The Buckeye communitarians selected
Ingleside, Lake County,
Illinois, as the new home for their
utopia. Forty-five miles north-
west of Chicago and twenty miles west of
Lake Michigan, the
location in Grant Township on Wooster
Lake enjoyed close access
to the mainline of the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad,
important as a means of communication
since Beilhart planned to
continue operations of his Chicago
branch. Much larger than the
Lisbon holdings, the Society's Ingleside
acreage totalled ninety
22. Ibid., June 9, 1904.
23. Ibid., June 16, 1904.
24. Ibid., November 3, 1904.
25. Quoted in ibid., November 22,
1904.
26. The Daily Sun (Waukegan,
Illinois), August 17, 1905; The
Buckeye State, October 5, 1905; and Beilhart, Life and Teachings, 100-03.
Spirit Fruit Society 215
acres of the "finest land."
Soon the colonists rented an adjoining
farm, and by 1908 they either owned or
leased 300 acres of "well-
tilled" real estate.27
By summer 1906, the thirteen
utopians-eight men and five
women-had created an impressive physical
setting. The colony
boasted fine crops and a pure-bred dairy
herd, but its showpiece
was the main building. In June a
reporter from the nearby
Waukegan Daily Sun described the dwelling, then under con-
struction:
The home of the society is planned on
massive lines. Large concrete
blocks have been formed in moulds and
these are raised by means of an
elevator run by horse power to the top
of the wall.... To go around
the building which when completed will
contain forty rooms, full seven
hundred feet of wall has to be laid. As
many tiers of walls and cross
walls compose the entire structure, some
idea of the work these quiet
artisans must do to raise "Spirit
Temple" from its foundation and
make it a house of abode can be gained.
Practically all the work so far is of
concrete. The basement floors, the
fireplaces, even the ceilings crossed
with massive iron beams are of
arched cement. And by no means will the
building be an ill one to look
upon. The design is as original and
unique as the society itself.28
Beilhart and his Spirit Fruit
compatriots worked hard. For-
tunately, there were no dronish members
in their midst. Only
sketchy evidence tells of the daily
rounds of the Ingleside settle-
ment, but one newspaper account suggests
that members voluntarily
labored at the gigantic house-building
task and sustained their
farm. Although Beilhart apparently
continued to make the de-
cisions, he did not act autocratically.
For instance, he told a re-
porter, "I give a yell and then if
any of the boys feel like getting
up to help it is all right, but if they
don't, nothing is said."29
Except for the rigors of farming and
construction, life ap-
parently was pleasant for the colonists.
Visitors sensed a strong
esprit de corps. "It is clearly the intention of the people to im-
prove the property," concluded the Cleveland
Reporter; "flowers
and shrubbery are being planted, and the
site of the building is
one of rare natural beauty, overlooking
one of the most charming
Litte [sic] lakes in the country."30
27. The Cleveland (Ohio) Leader,
June 20, 1905; and Hinds, American
Communities, 558-59.
28. The Daily Sun, June 6, 1906.
29. Ibid., June 1, 1905.
30. The Cleveland Leader, June
20, 1905.
216 OHIO HISTORY
Historically, intentional experiments
headed by a single indi-
vidual usually proved fragile; Spirit
Fruit was no exception. The
fatal blow occurred in 1908. Stricken
with appendicitis on Novem-
ber 19, Beilhart was rushed by train the
next day to Waukegan
for an emergency operation. Although the
surgery was termed
"successful," unfortunately
the ruptured appendix prevented
treatment. Jacob Beilhart died early on
the morning of November
24, 1908, at the age of forty-one and
was buried in an unmarked
grave at the Wooster Lake colony.31
While a Waukegan paper carried a
front-page story with the
headline "Beilhart Colony Not To Be
Dissipated; Members To
Remain in Same Mode of Life," the
community lost its vitality.32
"After [Jacob's] death his work
ceased," wrote a follower in the
mid-1920s. "There was no one to
take his place and may not
again for many centuries."33 Yet
Jacob's nephew remembered that
despite the loss of its leader, the
colony did not die immediately.
"Miraculously, they remained
together, in diminishing numbers,
for 21 more years.... The group had
diminished ... to eleven, and
the impact of the great depression was
upon us-there was no-
where left for them to go but their
separate ways.... "34 Thus
the Beilhart commune at last melted
away.
The story of the Spirit Fruit Society
differed little from other
contemporary charismatic perfectionist
experiments. The colony
was based on the teachings of a single
individual, it never attracted
a sizable following, and it was
ephemeral. Like some other colonies,
Spirit Fruit encountered external
resentment; indeed, in this case
to such an extent that it was forced to
relocate. Furthermore,
Jacob Beilhart's sincerity and
persistent labors at creating a utopia
resemble the efforts of many other
founders of religious societies.
Several prominent themes run through the
eclectic philosophy
of Jacob Beilhart, and they represent
more than the isolated facts
of his career as prophet and colony
organizer. He both saw and
presented himself as a redeemer who
could save men and women
from selfishness, what he called
"ego-mania," that "strips man of
all but the mere pretense of caring for
the welfare of his nation
31. The Daily Sun, November 24,
1908.
32. Ibid., November 25, 1908.
33. Quoted in introduction to Jacob
Beilhart, Spirit Fruit and Voice
(Roscoe, California, 1926, vol. 2), 9.
34. Letter from Robert J. Knowdell,
Santa Cruz, California, to Mr.
and Mrs. Bowgren, Antioch, Illinois,
November 11, 1973. Irwin E. Rockwell,
Beilhart's financial supporter and
follower, sold a portion of the Illinois
land in 1912; by that time he had moved
to Idaho.
Spirit Fruit Society 217 |
|
or race."35 Beilhart wanted "to make men become men and to free women." Both sexes were shackled by convention, by an inability to let their higher natures (their true selves) find an out- let. There was a "spirit voice" within each person and it was "Jacob" who could draw it out. In short, his simple message was: "Be a Man, Be a Woman."36 The appeal was libertarian and erotic. Men and women could be as free as he was. Beilhart had known loneliness and pain, but by yielding to his true nature had found pleasure and happiness. One of his followers later described the process Beilhart had ex- perienced: "To him, severe physical pain was the caress of God, cleansing him for the clearer sight of the universal harmony and a keener appreciation of joy. Sickness was God's own surgical operation removing outgrown conditions and cleansing the inner eye to see what IS."37
35. Beilhart, Life and Teachings, n.p. 36. Ibid., 92-93. 37. Ibid., 9. |
218 OHIO HISTORY
In the words of Beilhart himself, he
had a dual nature-part
male, part female. When he was six his
father died and thus he
became "well acquainted" with
his mother: "She gave me my
nature and a great deal of trouble it
made me." She imparted to
him a feminine and sensitive conscience
that would not let him
be as selfish as those in his company.
Beilhart wrote in his
spiritual autobiography that he
"seemed to have developed the
feminine side of my nature first, and
only in later years did the
real manhood become uncovered."38 What that real manhood
consisted of is ambiguous, but it seems
obvious that it contained a
strong homoerotic element. In fact,
Beilhart's world views resem-
ble those of Edward Carpenter, the
English socialist and writer.
It was Carpenter who in the 1890s first
wrote about and dared to
have published essays on homosexual
love in Homogenic Love
(1894) and Sex, Love and Its Place
in a Free Society (1894).39
There is in Beilhart the notion of the
"Androgynous Superman," a
phrase coined by Emile Delavenay to
describe both Carpenter and
D. H. Lawrence.40 According
to Delavenay, this heroic figure was
both a seer and a redeemer who had
resolved within himself the
contradictory passions implicit in
every individual. Such a "Super-
man" not only "accepted the
world and all its contradictions," but
was able to encourage, like Walt
Whitman, "individuals dwelling
in personal darkness."41 Whitman
in Song of Myself had defined
the unique that this new man played:
Through me forbidden voices
Voices of sexes and lusts, voices veil'd
and
I remove the veil
Voices indecent by me clarified and
transfigured.
Jacob Beilhart's message was reassuring
to followers and one
that promised security and freedom:
"You need not fear when all
38. Ibid., 41, 44.
39. Edward Carpenter, Homogenic Love (London,
1894); Civilisation:
Its Cause and Cure (London, 1897); Love's Coming-of-Age (Chicago,
1902).
See also W. H. G. Armytage, Heavens
Below: Utopian Experiments in
England, 1560-1960 (Toronto, 1961) for a discussion of Carpenter's con-
nections with English utopian
experiments at St. George's Farm in Totley,
the Norton Colony at Sheffield, and the
Fellowship of the New Life in
London.
40. Emile Delavenay, D. H. Lawrence
and Edward Carpenter: A
Study in Edwardian Transition (New York, 1971).
41. Ibid., 191ff.
Spirit Fruit Society 219
is dark, and you cannot see, and do not
know what to do. For then
you may know that I in you will know
just what to do and how
to do it."42 His appeal was to
private self locked inside a body
that yearned to be free, but was fearful
of the consequences of
such freedom. As a lover Beilhart
promised to be gentle, to accept
fully and without reservation his bride:
"Do not shrink when I
touch you with my Love. While you are in
pain or darkness, look
for me. I am there. I will surely meet
you if you will let me in."43
This is, of course, a paraphrase of the
closing section of "Song of
Myself."
The Whitmanesque and heroic sexual pose
is repeated when
Beilhart refers to himself as the
"masculine nature that lives in
the feminine nature that she may become
free."44 Through the
seer and lover a woman was set loose and
became free to explore
her "spirit voice" and to bear
spirit fruit. That masculine appeal
of Beilhart's earned for the colony the
title "free love," though he
protested that it meant nothing more
than the epigram that
adorned one issue of Elbert Hubbard's The
Philistine: "I believe
that love should be free, which is not
saying that I believe in
free love."45 However,
the scandals in Ohio and the sensational
accounts in the Chicago newspaper lent
credence to the view that
free love was practiced at Spirit Fruit.
Much of Jacob Beilhart's appeal was
directed toward women
-as was Carpenter's-and their special
needs. It was the
"feminine" that Carpenter
idealized. This yielding, passive, and
non-competitive ideal Beilhart placed in
opposition to the harsh,
corrupt, and destructive natural order
man had created. Women
were kept in bondage by "jealousy,
fear and doubt"; yet they
could be saved by the "unselfish
love of Man" with a love that
encouraged "absolute abandonment,
absolute non-resistance." Beil-
hart wrote: "Let him [man] not bind
her for one moment and she
will become free."46 Once
free, this "spirit fruit" will blossom and
find true freedom.
Edward Carpenter believed that his
mission in the world was
to free man from custom, to establish
him in freedom with
"whomever he may choose."
Jacob Beilhart's aim was much the
42. Beilhart, Life and Teachings, 163.
43.
Ibid., 170.
44. Ibid., 53.
45. Elbert Hubbard, The Philistine, June,
1905.
46. Beilhart, Life and Teachings, 76-77.
220 OHIO HISTORY
same in that he wanted his followers
(even though he denied any
desire to have disciples) to "relax
and become non-resistant," to
allow the natural forces within them and
the world to move them,
to feel comfortable with their impulses.
His role was to encourage
openness and his career after 1897 was
directed toward that goal.
A millionaire and laborer joined hands
with him in the colony, his
sister had an illegitimate child, women
left their families to join
"Jacob" at Spirit Fruit, and
for his labors he was nearly mobbed
and driven from one midwestern state
into another. This fate was
similar to that of the Berlin Heights,
Ohio community, founded in
1857, which was hounded out of the state
in the 1860s.
After Beilhart's death some of his
writings were published by
a longtime disciple, "Freedom Hill
Henry," as Jacob Beilhart:
Life and Teachings. J. William Lloyd, the anarchist editor of The
Free Comrade and author of the utopian romances, The Dwellers
in Vale Sunrise and The Natural Man, headed the Freedom Hill
group, located on an estate near the San
Fernando Valley. Lloyd
had advocated the adoption of rural
decentralization and coloniza-
tion in the nineties and was an exponent
of sexual radicalism
throughout his career. Although he was
Beilhart's contemporary
and shared similar ideas, there is no
evidence that they knew each
other.47
Jacob Beilhart and his Spirit Fruit
colony reveal a good deal
about free love in America. This
seemingly isolated colony in
Ohio and later in Illinois was part of
an emerging social and sexual
movement that drew its inspiration from
native American, Euro-
pean, and Eastern sources. Ralph Waldo
Emerson and Walt Whit-
man inspired radicals in New Jersey and
Kansas; Edward Car-
penter and William Morris suggested
social plans for political
anarchists and mystical entrepreneurs;
and Oriental philosophies
like Theosophy and Vedantaism led
individuals and groups to adopt
a path laid down by adepts and seers.48
Beilhart was a seer for a small band. He
preached that is was
possible to alter one's consciousness
and to live a perfect life within
his aura and the boundaries of a select
community. He was not
47. For a discussion of Lloyd and his
utopian ideas, see Laurence R.
Veysey, The Communal Experience (New
York, 1973).
48. See Veysey, The Communal
Experience for an outstanding dis-
cussion of the anarchist tradition and
Hal Sears, The Sex Radicals
(Lawrence, Kansas, 1977) for the Moses
Harmon circle in Kansas in the
1880s. For an excellent introduction to
free love in America, see Taylor
Stoehr, Free Love in America: A
Documentary History (New York, 1979).
Spirit Fruit Society 221
alone in the late nineties when he
tried his experiment where
"human nature, motives and
feelings are treated [here] as a
medical school treats human
anatomy." When he died, the
Waukegan Daily Sun said that "he was one of the gentlest and
unassuming of men," and that after
residing three years in the
area had farmer friends who "would
have fought in his behalf."49
Such is the stuff of Midwestern free
lovers.
49. The Daily Sun, November 24,
1908.
Perhaps the best eulogy to Jacob
Beilhart can be found in the words of
a fellow communitarian leader, Elbert
Hubbard, founder of the Roycroft
Colony in East Aurora, New York:
Here is what I think of Jacob: If there
were enough men like him in
mentality and disposition we would have
the millennium right here and now.
Jacob does not believe in force. He has
faith-more faith than any man
can think of at this moment. He has
faith in God, and God is us-God
is Jacob, and Jacob is a part of God.
God wouldn't be God without Jacob,
and Jacob acknowledges this himself.
Jacob wants nothing and has nothing, and
so he is free to tell the
truth. He deceived no one-disappoints nobody, excepting
possibly the
people who want something for nothing.
Jacob accepts life, accepts everything,
and finds it good ....
Jacobs works with his hands, and works
hard-he does good work.
No one can meet him without realizing
his worth-he has nothing to hide.
He does not seek to impress. He is a
healthy, fearless, simple, honest, in--
telligent, kindly man. Therefore, he is
a great man. But being free from
subterfuge and hypocrisy, he is, of
course, eccentric.
Jacob is a bearer of glad tidings-he
brings a message of hope, good-
cheer, courage and faith. He affirms
again and again that God, which is
the Everything is good-he puts in
another 'o' and spells it Good.
ROBERT S. FOGARTY AND H. ROGER GRANT
Free Love in Ohio: Jacob Beilhart
and the Spirit Fruit Colony
During the closing years of the
nineteenth century, Americans
frequently read newspaper and magazine
reports of a new wave of
communitarianism. Just as individuals
of good hope united in the
antebellum period to create the
Bethels, Zoars, Fruitlands, and
other utopias, colony building likewise
flourished after the Civil
War, particularly during the
cataclysmic depression of the mid-
1890s. While these latter-day
communitarians might be divided
conveniently into secular and sectarian
categories-as so often
occurs with utopian groups of the 1830s
and 1840s-a more precise
classification would distinguish those
who were cooperative colon-
izers, political pragmatists, and
charismatic perfectionists. Gener-
ally, the cooperative colonizers and
the political pragmatists showed
little or no interest in organized
religion. The former emphasized
economic cooperation and seemed
uninterested in political ideolo-
gies, while the latter sought to test
and popularize pet reform
schemes. Political pragmatists, unlike
cooperative colonizers,
usually de-emphasized the notion of
"community" with its homoge-
nized lifestyles; their overriding
concerns centered instead on dis-
covering immediate or lasting relief
from hard times and the ex-
ploitive qualities of American
capitalism.1
Of the three types, colonies of
charismatic perfectionists were
the most numerous. Such settlements
were either based on the
potential personal sanctity of the
membership or on special gifts
Robert S. Fogarty is Associate Professor
of History at Antioch College
and is Editor of the Antioch Review and
H. Roger Grant is Associate Pro-
fessor of History at the University of
Akron.
1. See Robert S. Fogarty, "American
Communes, 1865-1914," Journal
of American Studies, 9 (August, 1975), 145-62; and H. Roger Grant, "The
New Communitarianism: The Case of Three
Intentional Colonies, 1890-
1905," Indiana Social Studies
Quarterly, 30 (Spring, 1977), 59-71.