DENNIS K. BOMAN
Conduct and Revolt in the
Twenty-fifth Ohio Battery:
An Insider's Account
On August 10, 1861, in the town of
Canfield, Ohio, twenty-eight year old
Robert T. McMahan enlisted as a private
in the Second Ohio Volunteer
Cavalry.1 On September 3, the
date of his muster, he began a journal in
which he noted the experiences and
impressions of his service in the United
States military.2 McMahan
first served as a cavalryman and then as a gunner
for the Twenty-fifth Ohio Light
Artillery. During his three-year enlistment,
McMahan served in Missouri, Kansas,
Oklahoma and Arkansas, and was
mustered out of the military at Little
Rock, Arkansas, September 8, 1864.3
After obtaining transportation from the
Quartermaster Department, he arrived
in Columbus, Ohio, September 23.4
Dennis K. Boman is a doctoral candidate
in history at the University of Missouri-Columbia.
He wishes to especially thank William H.
and Kathryn Lee White who provided some impor-
tant source material which now is part
of the McMahan Papers, Western Manuscript
Collection, University of Missouri,
Columbia, Missouri. He would also like to thank Dr.
Thomas B. Alexander, Dr. Daniel Hooley,
Evelyn Nichols, and Keith Shafer who read his
manuscript and made helpful suggestions.
1. McMahan was born on November 8, 1832,
in Pennsville, Ohio. Clipping of Robert T.
McMahan's obituary from an unidentified
newspaper, Robert T. McMahan Papers, Western
Historical Manuscript Collection,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Hereafter re-
ferred to as McMahan Papers.
2. Five unpublished journals of Robert
T. McMahan, September 3, 1861, and May 19, 1862,
McMahan Papers. Hereafter cited as
McMahan Journals. The journals cover September 3,
1861, to September 18, 1864. From
October 21, 1862, to January 13, 1863, two separate ren-
derings of the Journals are extant.
These will be referred to as the short and long versions.
The long version commences on October
21, 1862, and the short version's last entry is January
13, 1863. Perhaps there can be no
absolute certainty that both the short and long versions were
written contemporaneously, yet the
weight of the internal evidence favors this conclusion. First,
the long version continues after the
short version is discontinued on January 13, 1862. In the
long version there is an absence of any
information that would date it later than its entry dates.
Finally, the short version's entries are
more concise after McMahan began his expanded en-
tries in the long version. This indicates
that McMahan continued to keep his original diary (the
short version) while writing a fuller
account in the long version. Unless otherwise noted, all
words underlined or italicized in the
quotations below are found in the original documents.
3. Ohio. Adjutant General. Official
Roster of the Soldiers in the State of Ohio in the War of
the Rebellion, 1861-1866 (Ohio Historical Society Microfilm FLM 291), 10:635,
638; 11:51,78.
While awaiting his discharge papers,
McMahan was given charge of a detail and did not end
his service until September 18.
4. Order to the Quartermaster's
Department of the Department of Arkansas, September 10,
164 OHIO HISTORY
Before the war, McMahan had been
certified to teach English, arithmetic,
geography and U.S. history in Fulton
county, Illinois.5 He then attended
Jefferson College in Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania, where he was a member of
the Delta-Upsilon fraternity, a literary
society, and a missionary organiza-
tion.6 As part of the
graduating class of August 1, 1860, McMahan gave an
address during the commencement exercises
entitled, "Italy, Its Religious
Regeneration."7 In the
fall of 1860, McMahan became a student at the
Western Theological Seminary of the
Presbyterian Church in Allegheny City,
Pennsylvania, passing his first year's
examination in April 1861.8
At the end of his enlistment in 1864,
McMahan resumed his studies at the
Western Theological Seminary and, having
completed "the full course of
study," received his diploma on
April 18, 1866.9 During this time McMahan
married Maria A. Walkinshaw.10 They
had eight children, two of whom died
in infancy.11 McMahan served
as a Presbyterian minister in Illinois, Ohio,
and South Dakota. In 1887 he moved to
Jasper City, Missouri, where he died
of pneumonia on January 11, 1892, at the
age of 59.12
During the first months of the Lincoln
Administration, the South's capture
of Fort Sumter outraged and unified the
North.13 In his journal, McMahan
expressed the patriotism of many young
northern men who answered
Lincoln's first call to arms. McMahan, a
Democrat who had voted for
Buchanan in 1856 and Douglas in 1860,
believed that "Abraham Lincoln was
fairly and constitutionally elected
President of these United States, therefore,
every true Democrat should
support [Lincoln's] Administration and he who
1864; discharge papers of Robert T.
McMahan, September 8, 1864; and a military pass from
the headquarters of the Provost Marshall
of Columbus, Ohio, September 23, 1864. All in
McMahan Papers.
5. Teaching certificates for Fulton
county, Illinois, June 21, 1852, and September 23, 1855,
McMahan Papers.
6. Certificates of membership in Brainarda
Evangelica Societas (Brainard Evangelical
Society), the Franklinia Societas
Literaria (Franklin Literary Society), and letter from John
Sunney to Robert T. McMahan, July 27,
1861, McMahan Papers.
7. Program for the commencement
exercises held at Jefferson College in Canonsburg,
Pennsylvania, on August 1, 1860, in
McMahan Papers.
8. McMahan to Colonel Cummings,
Superintendent of the organization of Colored Troops,
Little Rock, Arkansas, May 9, 1864; and
McMahan Journals, May 13, 1864, McMahan Papers.
McMahan was applying for an officer's
commission to a "Color'd" regiment. It is unclear
whether he completed the application
process.
9. Diploma of the Western Theological
Seminary, April 18, 1866, McMahan Papers.
10. Marriage license of Robert T.
McMahan and Maria A. Walkinshaw, February 26, 1866,
McMahan Papers.
11. Two undated pages recording the
dates of each of the children's births and deaths,
McMahan Papers.
12. Clipping of Robert T. McMahan's
obituary from an unidentified newspaper, McMahan
Papers.
13. Johnson, R. U. and C. C. Buel, eds.,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (New
York, 1884-1887; reprint ed., Secaucus,
N.J., 1991), vol. 1: "War Preparations in the North,"
by Jacob D. Cox, 84-98. Hereafter cited
as Cox, "War Preparations."
Conduct and Revolt 165 |
does not is not for his country but against it." McMahan declared his will- ingness to sacrifice for the good of the country: "Thousands are suffering pri- vations and giving their lives for the preservation of our country, so must we."14 Despite these convictions, within a year and a half McMahan and many of the young men of his regiment would be in open revolt against their leadership. Why did these seemingly patriotic men revolt? This study will consider the attitudes and circumstances that caused the Twenty-fifth Ohio Artillery to revolt. McMahan in his journal gives an in- sider's view of regimental conduct and the revolt from its beginning to end, detailing some of the internal dynamics that sustained it. Not surprisingly, the regiment did not use Regular Army practices to maintain discipline, for
14. McMahan Journals, May 20, 1863, and January 14, 1862. |
166 OHIO HISTORY
its volunteer officers were largely
ignorant of these methods. The election of
officers by their troops during the
first year of the war presented more prob-
lems. Popularity does not necessarily
translate into good military leadership.
Given the democratic way in which
regiments were organized, volunteer
troops could hardly be faulted for
believing that military duties should be con-
ducted like a town meeting-electing
officials, arriving at a consensus, and
then going forward with a plan. This
combination of democratic rule and lax
discipline created the circumstances
which ultimately led to revolt. The first
part of this study will document the
unmilitary attitudes and conduct of the
Second Ohio Cavalry and the Twenty-fifth
Ohio Artillery. The second part
will consider the circumstances of the
revolt itself.
Before the Civil War, the United States'
Regular Army numbered thirteen
thousand officers and men. This number
was increased to twenty-five thou-
sand during the conflict.15 The
remainder of the Union's military machine
was composed of volunteers. In mid-April
of 1861, Lincoln called for sev-
enty-five thousand militia to serve for
three months. Lincoln recognized the
inadequacy of both the troop numbers and
the duration of their term of ser-
vice, yet so long as Congress remained
out of session, he thought this his
only legal course of action.16
Soon afterward, because of the extreme
need for additional troops, Lincoln
decided to accept volunteer regiments
raised in the North although he lacked
Congressional authority to do so,
"citing his constitutional power as com-
mander in chief."17 Congress
on July 22, 1861, authorized the enlistment of
a volunteer army of a million men:
"the Governors of the States furnishing
volunteers under this act shall
commission the field, staff, and company offi-
cers requisite for the said
volunteers." The Federal government assigned each
state a quota of soldiers which the
states were to raise and organize them-
selves.18 By this method,
some 700,000 men were raised by the beginning
of 1862.19
Despite the readiness of young men to
enlist in the military, great difficul-
ties confronted the Lincoln
administration's prosecution of the war. At the
conflict's outset, the most formidable
task facing the North was how to create
an effective fighting force from
civilians. The officers and men of these new
regiments knew little about soldiering.20
Many of the volunteers (including
15. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs
of General W. T. Sherman (New York, reprint
ed., 1990), 874-75.
16. Fred Albert Shannon, The
Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-
1865, 2 volumes (Cleveland, 1928), 1:31. Hereafter cited as
Shannon, Union Army.
17. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of
Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988),
322. Hereafter cited as McPherson, Battle
Cry of Freedom.
18. Shannon, Union Army, 46.
19. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom,
322.
20. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom,
329-31.
Conduct and Revolt 167
the officers) had no military experience
whatsoever. Before the war, some
men had served in the militia units of
their state, but these units were want-
ing in numbers, discipline, and
equipment.21
Volunteers tended to think and act like
civilians, debating and coming to a
consensus before they acted. During the
Second Ohio's first year, both men
and officers often disregarded orders
with which they did not agree.22 Even
experienced officers like Ulysses S.
Grant discovered that establishing disci-
pline in a volunteer regiment was no
easy task.23
The Election of Officers
The election of officers by volunteer
regiments detrimentally affected unit
discipline. This practice was common
among state militias before the Civil
War and was continued during the war's
first two years. Three days after
McMahan was mustered into the Second
Ohio Cavalry, the men elected their
officers. During the campaign for officership,
candidates often made promises
which later undermined their authority.
"The officer, when elected, was, be-
cause of his closer contact with his
constituency, more bound by his cam-
paign promises than was the case of his
brother politician outside the
army."24 As a result,
these officers, completely unaccustomed to military
command, often accommodated the wishes
of their subordinates.25 For their
21. Cox, "War Preparations,"
89-90. Cox tells of inspecting Ohio's State Arsenal with
George McClellan (afterwards commander
of the Army of the Potomac) and finding only a
few rusted muskets and worn-out
six-pounder cannons.
22. McMahan Journals, January 27 and
December 26, 1862; U.S. War Department, The War
of the Rebellion: A Compilation of
the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies,
70 volumes in 128 parts (Washington,
D.C.: 1880-1901), Series 1, Volume 22, pt. 1, 488-90
and 494. Hereafter cited as Official
Records. See also McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom,
329.
23. Ulysses S. Grant's command of the
Twenty-first Illinois provides an example of the dif-
ficulty involved in establishing
military discipline over troops accustomed to independent ac-
tion. The regiment was considered to be
a "vigorous and hardy" group who were "unused to
any kind of restraint, every man much
inclined to think and act for himself." In the month be-
fore he was appointed as a Brigadier
General, Grant strictly restored order, though he made
some concessions to the regiment's
unfamiliarity with military life. Bruce Catton, Grant Moves
South (Canada, 1960; reprint ed. by William B. Catton, 1988),
3-22. See also, Ulysses S. Grant,
Memoirs and Selected Letters,
Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Selected Letters 1839-1865
(New York, reprint ed., 1990), 160-67.
24. Shannon, Union Army, 170. By
1863 officers' commissions were awarded by
"appointment and promotion for
merit." McMahan Journals, September 6, 1861.
25. Examples of the lax discipline
imposed by officers of the Second Ohio Cavalry and the
Twenty-fifth Ohio Battery were related
by J. A. Russell in Historical Collections of the
Mahoning Valley: Containing An
Account of the Two Pioneer Reunions: Together with a
Selection of Interesting Facts,
Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, Etc., Relating to
the Sale and Settlement of the Lands
Belonging to the Connecticut Land Company, and History
and Reminiscences, Both General and
Local, Volume 1, "J. A. Russell's
Experience in Wade
and Hutchin's Cavalry,"
(Youngstown, 1876), 439-40. Hereafter cited as Russell, Historical
168 OHIO HISTORY
part, enlisted men reserved the right to
reject any course of action proposed to
them by their officers, men whom they
knew from prewar days.
Too often both officers and men came
from the same neighborhood, to which they
all intended to return. They had known
each other and each other's peculiarities all
their lives. The privates could not
bring themselves to call by anything but his
first name, or to salute with decorum,
the village lawyer, undertaker, or livery-sta-
ble flunky, even if he were now a
captain or a lieutenant.26
While serving as an escort to a wagon
train traveling from Fort Scott,
Kansas, to Carthage, Missouri, McMahan
observed an incident which illus-
trated the relationship between officers
and enlisted men in the Second and
Twenty-fifth Ohio.
This morning the commander of the escort
requested Segt. Knapp to fall in the rear
of the train: but we were all opposed to
this, and when ready to pull out concluded
if we could pass the advance guard
without resistance we would make our own time
to the command below (at Elk Tavern or
Pea Ridge) and run all risk of bushwhack-
ers[.] So on we started, passed through
the advance guard, who were grazing their
horses and waiting for the advance to be
sounded, and struck out for Carthage
alone.27
Although the escort abandoned the wagon
train, no one was punished for dis-
obeying the order of a superior officer.
In fact, the officer later sent forward
riders to ask McMahan and his
companions-they were then far in advance-
to await the wagon train's arrival.
McMahan and the rest of the escort agreed
to wait, but soon decided that they
would go on to Carthage.28 While the es-
cort's disobedience did not result in
disaster, the incident illustrates the en-
listed man's independence of action and
the officer's reluctance to punish men
who disobeyed his orders.
The commanding officer of a volunteer
regiment was not any more exempt
from challenges to his authority than
his junior officers. Colonel Charles
Doubleday of the Second Ohio was to
learn this lesson when the regiment
was in Kansas.29 According to
McMahan, some of Doubleday's officers op-
posed his leadership because they hoped
to replace him, while others opposed
him because he planned to carry out
Senator James Lane's plan to campaign
Collections. According to Russell, private soldiers exercised a
great amount of autonomy, go-
ing unsupervised on long foraging
expeditions and deciding whether or not they would wear
their uniforms.
26. Shannon, Union Army, 169.
27. McMahan Journals, October 23, 1862,
long version.
28. Ibid.
29. Charles W. Doubleday was appointed
colonel of the regiment by Governor William
Dennison of Ohio. Doubleday "had
acquired some military experience while serving as a
member of a filibustering expedition
against Nicaragua." Luman Harris Tenney, Introductory
Notes to War Diary of Luman Harris
Tenney: 1861-1865, by A. B. Nettleton, June 10, 1911
(Cleveland, 1914), IX. Hereafter cited
as Tenney, War Diary.
Conduct and Revolt 169
in Texas instead of in the East which
they preferred. One of the officers was
John Hutchins, first lieutenant of
Company C and the son of Ohio
Congressman John Hutchins.30 Congressman
Hutchins and Senator
Benjamin F. Wade had organized the
regiment in 1861 and were influential
men in Washington. During his dispute
with Colonel Doubleday, Lieutenant
Hutchins told him "that there were
those who drew more water with the secre-
tary of war than [he]."31
Obviously, Hutchins thought that his father would
side with him in the dispute. Despite
Lieutenant Hutchins' opposition, how-
ever, the expedition, although it did
not go to Texas, went into the Indian
Territory (later Oklahoma).32
Colonel Doubleday was placed in command
of the expedition, but was soon
replaced. On June 4, word came that
Colonel William Weer, commander of
the Tenth Kansas Infantry, had been
given command. Despite strong solicita-
tion from the officers of the regiment,
Colonel Doubleday was "so enraged at
the intrigue and rascality of Kansas
officers and politicians in making Wier
[Weer] rank him" that he resigned
his commission.33 Doubleday was reas-
signed to a command out East.34 Later
during the expedition, Colonel Weer
was relieved of his command and arrested
for drunkenness and incompetence.35
After Doubleday resigned his command, he
sent a letter to the Youngstown,
Ohio, Mahoning Sentinel, in which
he argued that the North's failure to sub-
due the South was the result of the
Union Army's lack of discipline.
Properly disciplined and officered, our
army would overwhelm that of the South. I
speak from a thorough practical knowledge
of the comparative merit of our sol-
diers, when judiciously trained and
handled. Discard our inefficient officers, pro-
mote deserving men, enforce rigid
military discipline, and I will bring you the in-
dorsement [sic] of every
practical military man in our army that our present forces
will whip the, at present, successful
army of adventurers opposed to us.36
30. McMahan Journals, May 21, 1862;
Whitelaw Reid, Ohio In the War: Her Statesmen,
Her Generals, and Soldiers, 2 vols. (Cincinnati, 1868), Volume 2: The History of
Her
Regiments and Other Military
Organizations, 755, 757. Hereafter
cited as Reid, Ohio in the
War.
31. McMahan Journals, May 21, 1862.
32. Reid, Ohio in the War, Volume
2: 755, 757. The expedition set out in early June and did
not return until August. It is probable
that Lieutenant Hutchins did not go on the expedition, for
his resignation was accepted on July 7,
1862.
33. Tenney, War Diary, June 5th,
1862 entry, 17. See also Introductory Notes by A. B.
Nettleton, X, and Reid, Ohio in the
War, Volume 2: 754.
34. Mahoning Sentinel (Youngstown,
Ohio), letter of Colonel Charles Doubleday, September
24, 1862.
35. Tenney, War Diary, July 11,
1862, letter and July 19 and 20 entries: 20, 21-22. Tenney
tells of Weer's arrest in this way:
"Col. S[alomon], all the officers in his brigade and most of
the other approving, concluded to arrest
him; sent the adjutant with a detail of 100 men who or-
dered him under arrest. He refused the
order. The detail presented bayonets and took him
prisoner."
36. Mahoning Sentinel, letter of
Charles Doubleday, September 24, 1862. The following
week's issue of the same paper, October
1, announced that Colonel Doubleday had been re-
170 OHIO
HISTORY
After the expedition into the Indian
Territory and their return to Kansas, the
Second Ohio's officers turned to the
task of electing a new colonel. (At least
one officer had returned from Ohio after
having spoken with Governor Tod
about the selection of a new commander.)37
A week before the election, the
enlisted men lent their support to
Colonel Doubleday and sent a "petition to
Gov[.] Todd [sic] to restore him."38
Ohio Governor David Tod insisted that
the election of a new colonel must
be made unanimously; otherwise, he
threatened to appoint a Regular Army
officer to the regiment. This threat was
effective, for the officers of the regi-
ment soon unanimously elected Major
Henry Burnett as its colonel.39
Nevertheless, the governor, perhaps
disappointed with their choice, appointed
Colonel August V. Kautz, formerly
commander of the United States Sixth
Cavalry. Kautz was an experienced
professional officer, who as a young man
fought in the Mexican War at the battle
of Monterey. In 1848 he was ap-
pointed to West Point, then remained in
the Regular Army until the outbreak
of the Civil War. An educated guess
would have it that Governor Tod recog-
nized that only a professional officer
could restore order to the Second Ohio.40
Inexperience and Misdeeds of the
Regiment
The inexperience of the regiment's
officers worked against the establish-
ment of discipline. Soldiers could
hardly be expected to follow without ques-
tion officers whose military expertise
barely exceeded their own. For this rea-
lieved from duty for writing his letter,
which ironically was itself a breach of the very military
discipline he had argued must be
maintained.
37. Tenney, War Diary, 30.
38. McMahan Journals, August 31, 1862.
39. In order to gain a unanimous vote,
the candidates with the least number of votes after
each ballot agreed to drop out of the
election. In this manner the selection was eventually
made. See Tenney, War Diary, September
10, 1862, entry 31.
40. McMahan Journals, August 28,
September 10, 27, and October 13, 1862. Colonel Kautz
was later promoted to the rank of Brevet
Major General. Besides commanding the Second
Ohio Cavalry, Kautz commanded a brigade
consisting of the Second and Seventh Ohio Cavalry
during the spring of 1863. The brigade
under his command pursued John Morgan through
Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. After this,
Kautz was appointed the Twenty-Third Corps' Chief
of Cavalry during Burnside's campaign in
East Tennessee. In the spring of 1864, Kautz was
appointed commander of cavalry for the
Army of the James, conducting raids in Virginia.
From the summer of 1864 to March of
1865, Kautz served successively with the Army of the
James and the Army of the Potomac. At
this time Kautz was appointed commander of the First
Division of the Twenty-Fifth Corps,
"composed entirely of colored troops," which marched
into Richmond April 3. In May of the
same year, Kautz served on the military commission
which tried those implicated in
President Lincoln's assassination. After the war, Kautz served
as Acting Judge Advocate of the Military
Division of the Gulf on the staff of General Philip
Sheridan. "General Kautz was
married on September 14, 1865, to Miss Charlotte Tod, eldest
daughter" of Governor Tod. See
biographical sketch of General Kautz in Reid, Ohio in the
War, Volume I: History of the State During the War, and
the Lives of Her Generals, 844-48.
Conduct and Revolt
171
son, soldiers challenged the wisdom of
an order before obeying it. They acted
this way in civilian life, and they saw
no reason to change. When the in-
evitable occurred and inexperienced
officers made mistakes, soldiers felt all the
more justified in disobeying what they
felt to be ill-advised orders.
During the regiment's first movement
from Camp Dennison (near
Cincinnati) to Platte City, Missouri,
the officers' military inexperience re-
sulted in the exercise of bad judgment.
Having stopped for the night near St.
Charles, Missouri, the officers, in what
was a major blunder, failed to make
provision for the shelter and sustenance
of their troops, although they had
"plenty of time" to do so.
According to McMahan, the officers preferred to
spend time in St. Louis rather than
provide their troops with adequate
overnight shelter. As a result,
"many were the curses the head officers re-
ceived for not making better
preparations for us."41
Not long afterward, the regiment's
officers found it difficult to prevent
some of their men from interfering with
slavery. At the time (in early 1862),
Lincoln still insisted that the
restoration of the Union was his sole object for
prosecuting the war:
My paramount object in this struggle is
to save the Union, and is not either to
save or to destroy slavery. If I could
save the Union without freeing any slave I
would do it; and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I
could save it by freeing some and
leaving others alone I would also do that.42
Many Northerners, including some of the
soldiers of the Second Ohio, did
not agree with Lincoln's view and sought
to make the war's object the de-
struction of slavery.43 While
in St. Charles, Missouri, the men of Company
E (McMahan's company) helped a slave
escape from his master; the slave
claimed that "he left his master
because he threatened to kill him." The men
hid the slave on the train on which they
were traveling.
Two days later, at St. Joseph, Missouri,
some of the regiment's men tried
again to help fugitive slaves escape
their master. This attempt was not as
successful as the previous one. At St.
Joseph, "a negro lady and her 2 little
girls" hiding on some freight cars
were, unfortunately, discovered by their
master, an "Old Gray beard,"
who was intent on retrieving them. The troops
might not have interfered had not the
slaves' owner made the mistake of strik-
ing at one of the "little girls
with his cane." This deed set in motion an in-
teresting chain of events.
41. McMahan Journals, January 19, 1862.
McMahan, on February 15, complained that
"Captain Hall thought too much of
his dinner to get us quarters until too late."
42. Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and
Writings, edited with critical and analytical notes by
Roy P. Basler with preface by Carl
Sandburg (Cleveland, 1946; reprint ed., New York, 1990),
letter to Horace Greeley, August 22,
1862, 652.
43. Frederick J. Blue, "Friends of
Freedom: Lincoln, Chase, and Wartime Radical Policy,"
Ohio History, 102 (Summer-Autumn 1993), 85-97.
172 OHIO
HISTORY
Our boys seeing this were bound now to
give the Old Chap some trouble though we
knew they could not go with us-They came out of the
freight car onto the plat-
form of our car and J.J[.] and John B[.)
placed themselves as guards. Lieu[.] B[.]
Loan sent down word that our train
should not leave until the slaves were delivered
up. But the boys wouldn't deliver-We
were ordered into the [yard?] and then the
Old Gray beard and his minions
took the slaves from the car, not without consider-
able trouble, screaming of Slaves
&c&c [sic] Charlie (Captain[']s cook colored)
broke a bottle over the old chap[']s
head blood flowed quite freely-The boys had
used him pretty harsh, barked at him,
shoved him here and there-insulted &
abused, but he bore it all like a Martyr.
Later in Platte City, Missouri, some of
the soldiers secretly helped slaves
escape, but Colonel Doubleday returned
three of these to their owner. The in-
cident prompted military authorities at
Fort Leavenworth to issue an order
that the troops were "to have
nothing to do with colored property in any way
whatever." In August of the same
year, the regiment heard James Lane, the
Kansas senator, and James G. Blunt, who
later became a Major General, de-
liver speeches at Fort Scott, Kansas.
Their purpose was to raise three new
regiments "and as many negro &
Ind[ian] Reg[iment]s as possible."44 Four
days later, Charles R. Jennison, commander
of the Seventh Kansas, proposed
"raising [a] negro brigade and
'raising more hell in Mo than all Ks ever
raised."'45 What effect
these speeches had upon the regiment is unclear, but
McMahan's record of them demonstrates
that some of the military leadership
from Kansas was in favor of turning the
war into a conflict to destroy slavery
before President Lincoln made it Federal
policy when he issued the prelimi-
nary Emancipation Proclamation on
September 22, 1862.46
Another example of the Second Ohio's
insubordination was demonstrated in
their common practice of plundering or
"jayhawking."47 While on the march,
the Second and Twenty-fifth Ohio
confiscated not only slaves but other prop-
erty as well. Confiscation was legal so
long as goods were obtainable in no
other way.48 Farmers who took
the oath of allegiance to the Federal govern-
ment were given a voucher which entitled
them to compensation for the
44. McMahan Journals, January 25, 27,
and February 15, 1862. In his journal, dated March
22, McMahan stated that two hundred
slaves had fled Missouri and that Senator Wade, an
abolitionist, had expressed
dissatisfaction with Doubleday's action during a visit with the regi-
ment. Also see McMahan Journals, August
12, 1862, and Tenney, War Diary, August 11,
1862, 25.
45. McMahan Journals, August 18, 1862.
See also, Michael Fellman, Inside War: The
Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During
the American Civil War (New York,
1989), 66.
Hereafter cited as Fellman, Inside
War.
46. The final proclamation was made on
January 1, 1863, See Roy P. Basler, ed., Marion
Dolores Pratt and Lloyd A. Dunlap,
assistant eds., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln:
The Abraham Lincoln Association,
Springfield, Illinois, Volume VI (New
Brunswick, New
Jersey, 1953) January 1, 1863,
Emancipation Proclamation, 28-30.
47. McMahan Journals, January 29;
February 22, 26; May 15; June 3 and 6, 1862.
48. An excellent treatment of guerrilla
warfare in Missouri is found in Fellman, Inside War,
chapters 3 and 4.
Conduct and Revolt 173 |
|
goods appropriated by the army.49 At other times, troops took and destroyed property as retaliation against those they considered disloyal. Although such action was officially contrary to the military district's policy, it was often winked at by officers who sympathized with soldiers wishing to punish the rebels as severely as possible. Many Missourians, in opposition, became guerrilla partisans, sometimes assuming the identity of loyal Union men while banding together to ambush Federal soldiers.50 In his journal, McMahan detailed the frustration experienced by most Union soldiers who struggled against this elusive enemy. These Bushwhackers are a species of the genus rebel far more to be detested and abhorred than those who come out boldly and enlist in the Confederate Ranks.... A few days ago when in Rolla I recognized among a lot of prisoners just leaving for St[.] Louis, one who lived near Carrolton and from whom we had obtained sev- eral loads of forage. At that time he professed to be a strong union man, and ac- cording to his own story none in that neighborhood had done more for the Union cause than he. But a few days afterwards he was caught in the brush by a squad of our cavalry, whom he and his friends were attempting to bushwhack.51
49. McMahan Journals, November 14, 1862, short version. 50. Liberty Tribune (Missouri), November 15, 1861; May 2 and 9; June 20 and 27; July 4 and 11; August 1 and 15; September 5, 12, and 26; October 17 and 23; and November 21, all in 1863; Ann Davis Niepman, "General Orders No. 11 and Border Warfare During the Civil War," Missouri Historical Review, 66 (January, 1972): 185-210. 51. McMahan Journals, May 20, 1862. |
174 OHIO HISTORY
On February 4, 1862, near Platte City,
some of the soldiers of Company D
raided the home of a colonel of Price's
army "and took possession of quite a
lot of hogs & bacon wheat
&c&c [sic] designed for the Southern army." A
few months later, fearing the men would
plunder a farm despite orders not to,
men were posted to guard a widow's
"chicken room and smokehouse" near
Lone Jack, Missouri.52
In November, just before the Prairie
Grove battle, McMahan and the
Twenty-fifth Ohio Artillery marched into
Arkansas. While skirmishing with
the enemy near Cane Hill, soldiers
helped themselves to some of the books in
the library of the college. McMahan
recorded the strong measures imple-
mented to stop the unnecessary
plundering of property. One measure in-
volved raiding soldiers' camps to find
stolen items. Having taken some geol-
ogy books himself, McMahan narrowly
escaped being caught with them
when guards searched the Twenty-fifth
Ohio's camp. In late December, the
Army of the Frontier marched south and
captured Van Buren, Arkansas, where
a great amount of looting occurred in
the city.
Men were at work all last night with
dark lanterns and candles in shops and stores
all over town. Guards were of but little
consequence and the officers seemed to care
not whether jayhawking was going on or
the men all quiet in their quarters. No
stop was put to the carrying off [of]
property in the big Warehouse until after 9
this forenoon the building was filled
with Artillery men Infantry & Cavalrymen
from daylight up to 9 when Blunt made
his appearance revolver in hand and drove
us all out!!!! Such dropping of goods
and skedaddling!! But he had given time
enough.
Before General Blunt's appearance,
McMahan tells of soldiers ransacking
other stores and buildings in the city.
Blunt's personally driving out the sol-
diers from the buildings demonstrated
the degree to which discipline had bro-
ken down.53
An Unpopular Detachment
The first part of this study has
chronicled the democratic election of the
Second Ohio's officers and how this
undermined their authority. Contrary to
their superior officers' commands,
enlisted men emancipated slaves and took
or destroyed civilian property. While
popularity was the prerequisite for the
selection of officers, it was hardly the
best criterion upon which to choose
them. Popular men can also be
inexperienced or incompetent. Officers who
52. McMahan Journals, February 4, 1862
(McMahan does not give the name of the colonel
mentioned), and August 15, 1862.
53. McMahan Journals, November 28, 30,
and December 1, 8, (the battle of Prairie Grove,
fought on the seventh, was a Union
victory), and December 29, 1862.
Conduct and Revolt
175
neglected or did not know their duties
and responsibilities caused unnecessary
suffering among their subordinates. Such
difficulties occurred during the
Second Ohio's first movement when some
officers did not adequately provide
food and shelter for their men. If
McMahan's reaction was representative of
the enlisted man's attitude to this type
of maltreatment, one must conclude
that such incidents did much harm to the
relationship between officers and en-
listed men.
The second part of this study will turn
to the circumstances of the revolt it-
self. Groups of men were selected from
each of the companies of the Second
Ohio to man a battery of artillery. McMahan's
journal reveals that the sol-
diers for the newly formed unit felt
betrayed by their leadership. In their
minds, they had enlisted in the Second
Ohio Cavalry, and only the most ex-
treme military necessity could justify
their being attached to another unit.
This impression was reinforced by some
of the junior officers who encouraged
the men to refuse service, but later
backed down themselves.
On August 9, 1862, McMahan stated that
"strange rumors" were circulating
in camp about the detachment of some
members of the regiment into an in-
fantry or artillery unit. Actually, such
a move had been under consideration
since mid-March in preparation for an
expedition through Kansas and the
Indian Territory. Major Charles G.
Halpine, who was Assistant Adjutant-
General, in a report to General H. W.
Halleck, commander of the Department
of the Mississippi, gave the reason for
the delay as "owing to the non-arrival
of carriages, caissons, and equipment
for the guns." By August 28, with the
arrival of the artillery equipment, men
were detached from each company to
form the Twenty-fifth Ohio Light
Artillery.54
Having returned to Fort Scott, Kansas,
from the expedition into the Indian
Territory, one hundred and fifty men
were detached into an artillery unit.
These men, determined to remain in the
Second Ohio Cavalry, the regiment
they had enlisted in, decided to disobey the order. "It was the
understanding
however, not to report as per order, and
if placed under arrest, to march en
masse to the guard house."55 This
course of action was recommended by
some of their officers, and according to
McMahan
. . . one officer, in particular,
addressing the detail from his company said, if they
were still determined on going to the
guardhouse instead of reporting to the Col.
he would do all in his power to render
their quarters as comfortable as possible. He
was instantly hailed with loud cheering
which spread like wildfire throughout the
entire camp. All was now excitement[.]
It was 1 o'clock and none were ready to
report[.] Squad after squad having
refused, were under arrest and on their way to the
54. McMahan Journals, August 9 and 28,
1862; and Official Records, Charles G. Halpine to
Major General H. W. Halleck, March 14,
1862, Series I, Volume 8, 615.
55. McMahan Journals, August 28, 1862;
and Tenney, War Diary, September 28, 1862; 29.
See also McMahan's letter to the editor
of the Mahoning Sentinel, February 25, 1863. A copy
of this letter is found in the February
14, 1863, entry of the McMahan Journals.
176 OHIO
HISTORY
guard quarters. But hold! The chief
officers becoming alarmed at this bold show of
passive resistance rush to the scene of
action, and after remonstrating and
earnestly entreating a return to obedience proceed to
read from the 'regulations'
the pains and penalties attached to mutiny and
disobedience of orders.56
The company officers, many of whom had
previously encouraged the men's
course of action, now advised them to
submit. The officers promised the men
that their transfer into the artillery
was only temporary, and that they would
be back in their companies within ninety
days. With this assurance the men
submitted to the order, and no further
incident occurred until four months
later.57
The first duty of those drafted into the
Twenty-fifth Ohio Artillery was to
learn how to operate their artillery
pieces, and how to properly deploy during
combat.58 McMahan and several
others from the Twenty-fifth Ohio left Fort
Scott on October 22 as an escort to a
wagon train, and arrived at Carthage,
Missouri, October 23. Near Pea Ridge,
Arkansas, McMahan and the escort
rejoined their artillery unit and the
rest of the brigade under the command of
General F. Salomon.59 A few
days later Salomon's brigade arrived at Camp
Bowen which was near Bentonville,
Arkansas. After drilling twice on
November 4, McMahan noted in his journal
that he liked the artillery service.
By November 28, a large force under the
command of General Blunt moved
toward Cane Hill, where it skirmished
with the enemy.60 On December 7 it
fought the battle of Prairie Grove. The
Twenty-fifth witnessed the fighting,
but was not heavily involved itself.
Under Blunt's command, the Army of
the Frontier pushed southward and
captured Van Buren, Arkansas, on
December 28, 1862.61
During these operations and afterward,
some of the officers of the Second
Ohio Cavalry, remembering their promise
to their comrades in the Twenty-
fifth Ohio Light Artillery, sought to
have the detachment returned. In
September of 1862, the Second Ohio's
commander, Colonel Kautz, had re-
56. McMahan Journals, February 14, 1863.
57. McMahan Journals, October 19, 1862
(short and long versions); and February 14, 1863.
See footnote 2 for explanation of the
short and long versions of McMahan's Journals.
58. March 30, [1864?], General Orders
No. 2, Artillery Head Quarters Military Division of
the Mississippi, Nashville, Tennessee.
This document of almost twenty pages was not part of
McMahan's Journals, though it was
included in the McMahan Papers in the Western Historical
Manuscript Collection, Columbia,
Missouri.
59. McMahan Journals, October 23 and 28,
1862 (short and long versions); Official Records,
Series 1, vol. 13, pt. 1, General
Orders, No. 4, Department of Kansas, August 24, 1862, 595.
This order placed the Twenty-fifth Ohio
Light Artillery in the first brigade with the Ninth
Wisconsin Infantry, Second Ohio Cavalry,
Ninth Kansas Cavalry, Second Indian Regiment
Home Guards, and the Second Kansas
Battery.
60. McMahan Journals, October 28 through
November 4, 1862 (short and long versions);
November 28, 1862 (short and long
versions). See also Battles and Leaders, Thomas L. Snead,
"The Conquest of Arkansas,"
449.
61. McMahan Journals, December 7 and 28,
1862 (short and long versions).
Conduct and Revolt
177
ceived orders to return to Ohio with
that part of his command which had re-
mained at Fort Scott in Kansas, in order
to remount and refit at Camp Chase,
Ohio. This was accomplished in
preparation for the regiment's transfer to
Kentucky.62 In December of
the same year, at the conclusion of Blunt's
campaign in Arkansas, McMahan noted that
the remainder of the Second Ohio
Cavalry was also ordered to report to
Ohio. He hoped that Major Burnett was
on his way back from the East to disband
the Twenty-fifth Ohio Artillery as
well.
As late as December 31, McMahan and the
men of the Twenty-fifth Ohio
still expected to return to Ohio with
their original regiment.63 On the same
day, the Mahoning Sentinel reported
that some of the members of the Second
Ohio Cavalry were then back in Ohio.64
Perhaps the leadership of the Second
Ohio still expected to return the
battery to the regiment, though they had not
yet received definite orders for the
Twenty-fifth's recall.
In January 1863, the Twenty-fifth Ohio
Artillery left Bentonville,
Arkansas, and traveled to a camp on
Crane Creek, Missouri, in the south-
western part of the state, arriving
there January 29, 1863. The trip was very
difficult, the men encountering muddy
roads which were "so cut up by the
train that the cannoniers all have to
walk and pick their way through the
brush at the side of the road."65
Snow and rain fell alternately during the trip,
causing the swelling of rivers and
creeks.66 On January 19, the Twenty-fifth
Ohio stopped at the White River in order
to ford it. Rafts were constructed by
lashing wagon beds together upon which
men and equipment were ferried
across the river. The battery crossed
the river and entered Missouri on January
22, then arrived at Cassville on the
twenty-fifth. Perhaps the men were too
busy during the arduous movement to
address the issue of their recall to the
Second Ohio and return to Ohio. Their
situation changed, however, when the
Twenty-fifth Ohio went into camp January
29, where they were to remain un-
til February 20.
Unfortunately for McMahan and the men
with him, the needs of a military
district superseded the wishes of 150
men. On January 31, their suspicions
were aroused by a telegram from Ohio's
Governor Tod addressed to Lieutenant
Julius Hadley. The telegram informed
Hadley that "your case has just been
laid before me by Major Burnett
and shall receive my earliest attention."
While McMahan admitted that Hadley might
be honoring the men's wishes to
62. Reid, Ohio in the War, 758.
63. McMahan Journals, December 23, 1862
(short and long versions). McMahan's source
for this information was a newspaper
account; and December 31, 1862 (short and long ver-
sions).
64. Mahoning Sentinel, December 31, 1862.
65. McMahan Journals, January 18, 1863.
66. McMahan reports rain in his journal
January 2 and 13 (long version), 14 and 16; and
snow on January 14, 15, 16 and 26, 1863.
178 OHIO HISTORY
return to the cavalry regiment, he and
Lieutenant Hubbard thought it more
likely that Hadley was trying to
"get Captain Stockton ousted." McMahan
expressed the feelings of the battery
when he wrote in his journal, "We are
anxious to get to Ohio."67
On February 6, Hadley was commissioned a
first lieutenant. He then out-
ranked Lieutenant Hubbard. The following
day, Captain Job Stockton re-
ceived an order from Secretary of War
Edwin Stanton to muster in the men of
the Twenty-fifth Ohio as an independent
battery. The reaction to this news
was swift: "Boys doing nothing to
day but cussing and discussing the propri-
ety & legality of such an order
coming to us under the circumstances."
According to McMahan, many of the men
also thought that Hadley was re-
sponsible for their permanent
detachment. The next day, February 8,
McMahan busied himself by writing out
the muster rolls in preparation for
the arrival of the mustering officer.
Captain Stockton, the Twenty-fifth's
popular commander, was also busy
"squaring up his papers," for he had been
ordered to relinquish command of the
battery.68
After completing the muster rolls,
McMahan wrote a long letter to the
Mahoning Sentinel, in which he "expressed himself rather
freely." Protecting
himself, McMahan signed his letter
"X." In the letter, which was published,
he gave the particulars of the men's
detachment from the Second Ohio
Cavalry, then argued that
. . . the Battery has honorably
acquitted itself in the battles of Newtonia[,] Cane
Hill[,] Prairie Grove and Van Buren. The
"Army of the Frontier" has accomplish'd
its mission and there is no longer a
military necessity requiring our service outside
the Regiment in which we enlisted. But
we may be mistaken.69
After making this argument, McMahan
really warmed up to his subject and
stated, with some literary flourish, his
feelings about the detachment's cir-
cumstances. McMahan expressed the
disappointment which he and others felt
when they learned that they would not be
returning to their original regiment.
McMahan resented the War Department's
treatment of the battery "as mere
'serfs"' and "brainless
tools" of the government. He also suggested that
Lieutenant Hadley, Major Burnett, and
Governor Tod had conspired to keep
the troops in the artillery branch of
service against their wishes.70 McMahan
67. McMahan Journals, January 19, 1863;
January 29 through February 20, 1863; January
31, 1863; and February 5, 1863.
68. McMahan Journals, February 6, 7, and
8, 1863.
69. McMahan Journals, February 10, and
February 14, 1863; Mahoning Sentinel, February
25, 1863.
70. On March 11, 1863, Governor Tod
addressed a letter to Hadley expressing his regret
that he could not overturn the decision
to return the men of the Twenty-fifth Ohio to their origi-
nal regiment. The letter made it obvious
that Hadley had not acted duplicitously. The governor
blamed "influences from officials
in Kansas .. . [and] that no one connected with the 2nd Ohio
Cavalry had anything to do with
it." See Documents Accompanying the Governor's Message
Conduct and Revolt
179
concluded that, as a last resort, he and
the others might resist authority, if
they were unable to gain their objective
by no other means.
May God save us from mutiny and
desertion and give strength[, courage and will
to fight till the last armed foe expires and till our
Glorious Old Banner shall wave
proudly and triumphantly over every foot
of territory in this once happy and pros-
perous Old Union. 71
Two days after McMahan wrote his letter,
Sergeant Thomas M. Morley and
"several of the boys went to
Springfield [, Missouri]." They took with them
a petition that was to be sent to
Senator Wade and also spoke to General
Schofield who had replaced General
Halleck as commander of the department
of the Mississippi. Schofield told
Morley and his delegation "that our trans-
fer to the artillery service is legal
and we ought as good loyal soldiers to be
satisfied in whatever position the
President sees fit to place us, and especially
as we are to be commanded by Ohio
Officers." Overhearing the discussion,
Wiery, the mustering officer, stated
that he would soon go to the Crane Creek
camp in order to muster the battery into
the service.72
The Revolt
After the return of Morley and the
delegation, the men appointed a
"committee of investigation"
to consider whether it was legal for the military
to force them to serve in an independent
battery, and to determine what course
of action to take when the mustering
officer arrived. Should they submit, or
instead "bring the matter before a
court martial by refusing to answer to
[their] names when called[?]"73
The mustering officer, Wiery, arrived
the evening of February 16, and told
the men that they would be mustered into
the independent battery the next
morning at eight. Their reaction demonstrated their displeasure
at the
prospect of their muster.
To night boys are almost in a state of
mutiny[.] Some of the rascals are throwing
cartridges (for French's revolvers) into
the fires and so keep up a continual crack-
ing and snapping[.] Officers out several
times to find out who did it but no one
knew. Toward 10 oclock[sic] the firing
ceased, and we retired to rest and be ready
for morning service.74
The next morning many of the men refused
to report for assembly despite
of January, 1864 (Columbus, 1864), 42-43. Hereafter cited as Tod, Documents.
71. McMahan Journals, February 14, 1863.
72. Ibid., February 12, 1863.
73. McMahan Journals, February 13, 1863.
74. McMahan Journals, February 16, 1863.
180 OHIO HISTORY
the efforts of Lieutenants Hadley and
Hubbard, and gave in only when Captain
Stockton personally asked them to fill
the ranks. Then, when Wiery called
roll, some of the men answered, while
others did not. "Every one refusing to
answer had an m (for mutiny) placed at
the end of his name and probably 1/3
if not more had this honorable mark
attached to their name."
Wiery then gave a short speech which
McMahan recorded in his journal. In
it, Wiery made four points: the men who
refused to answer to their names
were still mustered into the independent
battery; many of them had behaved in
a "very ungentlemanly, very
unsoldierlike" manner; no one could man the
guns as effectively as they could; and
the legality of their detachment into the
artillery branch of service was not in
question, because the President had the
authority to arm them with whatever
weapons he desired.
After Wiery's speech, Captain Stockton
lent his popularity to the muster-
ing officer's efforts by stating that
the "President has seen fit to arm you with
these big guns and you will have to use
them." In response "the boys" gave
"Capt[.] Stockton three loud,
hearty cheers, succeeded by three unearthly
groans for L't Hadley, who received the
command of the company as soon as
the Capt[.] retired."75
Now only one issue remained to be
resolved in order to end the revolt. The
question of the order's legality had
been settled to the men's satisfaction, but
the matter of whether Lieutenant
Hadley's influence was responsible for their
permanent detachment into the artillery
had not. Still believing that Hadley
had worked behind the scenes against
Captain Stockton, many of the men re-
fused to serve until Hadley addressed
this question.
Hadley clumsily attempted to regain
control over his command. Unsettled
by the men's public declaration of their
preference for Captain Stockton as
commander, Hadley, instead of
immediately addressing the main issue-
whether he was culpable for the men's
detachment-resorted to name calling,
a serious error in judgment which
explains, in part at least, why he was un-
popular with his command. According to
McMahan, Hadley's
. . lips quivered his face alternately
paled and flushed and his whole frame trem-
bled like an aspen leaf. At length after
moving about and drawing his saber and
performing several semigyrations he found
utterance to his feelings and poured out
on our devoted heads his full vial of
wrath. He challenged his enemies as
'sneaking cowards' who 'dare not step
out boldly and say that he (Hadley) had used
his influence in getting the Battery
Independent and keeping it in this depart-
ment[.]' Said he would brand any man as
a liar who dared to step out and make the
charge.76
75. McMahan Journals, February 17, 1863.
Of course, McMahan's account should not be
considered a verbatim transcript of what
Wiery said, but rather an approximation of his
speech, detailing its main points. The
men had similarly given three cheers for "Old Abe" and
three groans for Jefferson Davis, the
Confederate president. See ibid., January 1, 1862.
76. McMahan Journals, February 17, 1863.
See footnote 70. It is evident from a letter writ-
Conduct and Revolt
181
Some of the men remained opposed to
their muster and were prepared to
face a court martial because they
believed that Lieutenant Hadley was respon-
sible for their transfer from the
cavalry. Hadley must prove to them that he
was not mixed up in the matter;
otherwise the men determined not to serve.
After regaining some control over his
temper, Hadley handed out "three copies
of letters sent to Ohio urging Major
Burnett to use all his influence in getting
us back [into the Second Ohio]... as
soon as possible." In this way, Hadley
finally addressed a major obstacle
preventing many from returning to duty.
For their part, the men demonstrated
their devotion to duty, unanimously
complying with their muster. Hadley then
promised that he would no longer
be "too harsh in his expressions
toward them." The revolt was over.77
McMahan's diary entries after the revolt
indicate that the authorities did not
punish the men for their resistance. For
their part, the men of the Twenty-
fifth Ohio turned their attention to
such soldierly pursuits as drilling, march-
ing, preparing for reviews and
inspections. The men had accepted their new
role in an artillery unit.78
Some Final Thoughts
As is evident in this account, the
difficulty of creating an effective army
from civilians was formidable. Training
and disciplining troops were the
most important duties of a military
unit's officers. Unfortunately, volunteer
officers, many of whom had received no
formal training, were expected to per-
form duties that strained the abilities
of their West Point counterparts.79
Moreover, the resistance of volunteer
troops to military tactics and the use
of weaponry extended to things military
in general. Their attitudes were de-
cidedly unmilitary. Their strong
democratic spirit handicapped officers trying
to fulfill their duties. Unaccustomed to
taking orders, private soldiers tended
to consider the appropriateness of an
officer's command before deciding
whether or not to obey.80 This
natural disposition toward independent action
created a multitude of problems. To make
matters worse, volunteer officers
tended to fluctuate between accommodating
their men and treating them too
ten by the governor that Hadley was not
responsible for the permanent detachment of the men.
77. Ibid.
78. McMahan Journals, March 13 and 15,
April 12 and 19, May 17, June 20, 21, 23 and 25.
In a letter to Hadley, July 19, 1863,
Governor Tod stated that the Twenty-fifth Ohio had been
commended by the Inspector General,
Brigadier General James Totten, with "the highest
praise." See Tod, Documents, 53-54.
79. Shannon, Union Army, "The
Evolution of Discipline," 151-92. Shannon claims on page
187 that many colonels of volunteer
regiments were no more knowledgeable than privates.
80. Russel F. Weigley, History of the
United States Army, enlarged edition (Bloomington,
1984), 230-32. Hereafter cited as
Weigley, History of the Army.
182 OHIO
HISTORY
harshly, fostering a strong undercurrent
of ill feeling toward themselves.81
While the action taken by McMahan and
the Twenty-fifth Ohio Artillery was
a serious offense for soldiers to commit
during time of war, they thought it
justified by their treatment.82
Other military units throughout the
North also refused duty, revealing dis-
satisfaction with their circumstances or
leadership. The actions of the
Seventy-ninth New York and the Second
Maine help to demonstrate further
the attitudes of soldiers who revolted
against military authority during the
Civil War. In the cases of the
Seventy-ninth New York and the Second
Maine, both of which were volunteer infantry
regiments, problems arose
when troops with shorter enlistment
periods began to return home, leaving
behind those who had enlisted for longer
terms of service The three years
men, despite the terms of their
enlistments, naturally desired to leave the mil-
itary as well. Feeling that they had
been deceived, both regiments refused to
serve. The Seventy-ninth New York's
revolt did not end until Regular Army
troops were sent with artillery to
change their minds.83 The Second Maine
returned to duty not by means of force,
but by the persuasive talents of the
colonel of another Maine regiment to
which they had been assigned.84 After
the war, professional soldiers were so
impressed by the difficulties associated
with the training and disciplining of
volunteer troops that men like General
Emory Upton, a successful commander of
volunteer troops, wished to change
the United States' method of war
mobilization in order to make the citizen
soldier "thoroughly subsidiary to
the Regular Army."85
As noted, the officers' inexperience and
failure to establish discipline within
the Second Ohio Cavalry and the
Twenty-fifth Ohio Artillery prevented the
development of a smooth-working military
machine. That officers were
elected contributed further to the
weakening of their authority. As a result,
they tended to request rather than order
a thing to be done. In addition, pun-
ishment for the disobedience of orders
was minimal.86
Without the strict enforcement of proper
military discipline, enlisted men
often were free to follow their own
preferences; this was their habit in civilian
81. Less than a month after the
Twenty-fifth Ohio was mustered in, McMahan related in his
journal that Hadley had given him a
"very rough[,] blunt and urgent[,] unmanly answer as I
was about to ask him a question.
Had rather bear struck in the face than answered in his
rough[,] blasphemous[,] ungentlemanly
style." McMahan Journals, March 9, 1863.
82. Desertion was another serious
problem. A total of 260,339 men deserted from the Union
army during the war. Shannon, Union
Army, 178.
83. Shannon, Union Army, 180-81.
84. Alice Rains Trulock, In the Hands
of Providence: Joshua L. Chamberlain and the
American Civil War (Chapel Hill, 1992), 114-16.
85. Weigley, History of the Army, 275-81.
Upton advocated "an expandable Regular Army"
with a military school modeled on the
Prussian system, Ibid., 277.
86. See above for examples of this, such
as McMahan's disobedience of a superior officer's
order to escort a wagon train to
Carthage, Missouri.
Conduct and Revolt
183
life and remained largely so during
their military service.87 As freedom-lov-
ing patriots who had enlisted to restore
the Union, they felt justified in
weighing carefully all that they were
ordered to do. As volunteers into the
cavalry, the men of the Twenty-fifth
Ohio believed that they had been im-
properly detached to an artillery unit.
Their naivete, their belief that military
service might be part of the democratic
process, revealed a profound ignorance
of their duties as soldiers. The
revolt's failure served the purpose of disabus-
ing the men of this misconception.
Not long after the revolt, McMahan was
able to look back upon the bat-
tery's accomplishments with pride.
"Since the 17th of Feb[.] last the day we
were mustered as an Independent Battery,
we have marched nearly five hundred
miles, over every variety of roads
imaginable." He also stated, with renewed
confidence and patriotism, that
"the Union must and shall be preserved, and
terrible will be the retribution on
those who at the end of this desperate
though successful struggle shall be
weighed in the ballance [sic] and found
wanting."88 Forty years
later, McMahan's comrades-in-arms echoed his sen-
timents when they said with contentment
that "we faithfully performed the
tasks that were assigned to us, doing
our work well."89
87. Weigley, History of the Army, 231.
88. McMahan Journals, March 20, 1863.
89. Second Regiment Ohio Cavalry,
Twenty-fifth Battery Ohio Artillery, Stenographic Report
of Proceedings of the Thirty-eight
Reunion held at Cleveland, Ohio, September 30, 1903
(Cleveland, 1903), report of Captain E.
F. Webster, 29.
DENNIS K. BOMAN
Conduct and Revolt in the
Twenty-fifth Ohio Battery:
An Insider's Account
On August 10, 1861, in the town of
Canfield, Ohio, twenty-eight year old
Robert T. McMahan enlisted as a private
in the Second Ohio Volunteer
Cavalry.1 On September 3, the
date of his muster, he began a journal in
which he noted the experiences and
impressions of his service in the United
States military.2 McMahan
first served as a cavalryman and then as a gunner
for the Twenty-fifth Ohio Light
Artillery. During his three-year enlistment,
McMahan served in Missouri, Kansas,
Oklahoma and Arkansas, and was
mustered out of the military at Little
Rock, Arkansas, September 8, 1864.3
After obtaining transportation from the
Quartermaster Department, he arrived
in Columbus, Ohio, September 23.4
Dennis K. Boman is a doctoral candidate
in history at the University of Missouri-Columbia.
He wishes to especially thank William H.
and Kathryn Lee White who provided some impor-
tant source material which now is part
of the McMahan Papers, Western Manuscript
Collection, University of Missouri,
Columbia, Missouri. He would also like to thank Dr.
Thomas B. Alexander, Dr. Daniel Hooley,
Evelyn Nichols, and Keith Shafer who read his
manuscript and made helpful suggestions.
1. McMahan was born on November 8, 1832,
in Pennsville, Ohio. Clipping of Robert T.
McMahan's obituary from an unidentified
newspaper, Robert T. McMahan Papers, Western
Historical Manuscript Collection,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Hereafter re-
ferred to as McMahan Papers.
2. Five unpublished journals of Robert
T. McMahan, September 3, 1861, and May 19, 1862,
McMahan Papers. Hereafter cited as
McMahan Journals. The journals cover September 3,
1861, to September 18, 1864. From
October 21, 1862, to January 13, 1863, two separate ren-
derings of the Journals are extant.
These will be referred to as the short and long versions.
The long version commences on October
21, 1862, and the short version's last entry is January
13, 1863. Perhaps there can be no
absolute certainty that both the short and long versions were
written contemporaneously, yet the
weight of the internal evidence favors this conclusion. First,
the long version continues after the
short version is discontinued on January 13, 1862. In the
long version there is an absence of any
information that would date it later than its entry dates.
Finally, the short version's entries are
more concise after McMahan began his expanded en-
tries in the long version. This indicates
that McMahan continued to keep his original diary (the
short version) while writing a fuller
account in the long version. Unless otherwise noted, all
words underlined or italicized in the
quotations below are found in the original documents.
3. Ohio. Adjutant General. Official
Roster of the Soldiers in the State of Ohio in the War of
the Rebellion, 1861-1866 (Ohio Historical Society Microfilm FLM 291), 10:635,
638; 11:51,78.
While awaiting his discharge papers,
McMahan was given charge of a detail and did not end
his service until September 18.
4. Order to the Quartermaster's
Department of the Department of Arkansas, September 10,