The Virginia Charters. 33
THE THIRD CHARTER OF VIRGINIA
To THE TREASURER AND COMPANY, FOR
VIRGINIA.
(DATED MARCH 12, 1611-2.)
1. James, by the grace of God, king of
England, Scotland,
France and Ireland, defender of the
faith; to all to whom these
presents shall come greeting, Whereas,
at the humble suit of
divers and sundry our loving subjects,
as well adventurers as
planters of the first colony in
Virginia, and for the propagation
of christian religion, and reclaiming of
people barbarous to civil-
ity and humanity, we have, by our
letters patents, bearing date,
at Westminster, the three and twentieth
day of May, in he sev-
enth year of our reign of England,
France, and Ireland, and the
two and fortieth of Scotland, given and
granted unto them, that
they, and all such and so many of our
loving subjects, as should
from time to time for everafter, be
joined with them, as planters
or adventurers in the said plantation,
and their successors, for-
ever, should be one body politick,
incorporated by the name of,
The Treasurer and Company of Adventurers
and Planters of
the city of London for the first Colony
in Virginia.
2. And whereas also, for the greater
good and benefit of the
said company, and for the better
furtherance, strengthening, and
establishing of the said plantation, we
did further give, grant
and confirm, by our said letters
patents, unto the said treasurer,
and company, and their successors, for
ever, all those lands,
countries, or territories, situate,
lying, and being, in that part of
America called Virginia, from the point
of land, called Cape or
Point Comfort, all along the sea coasts,
to the northward, two
hundred miles, and from the said point
of Cape Comfort all along
the sea coast, to the southward, two
hundred miles, and all that
space and circuit of land, lying from
the sea coast of the precinct
aforesaid, up or into the land,
throughout from sea to sea, west
34
Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.
and northwest, and also all the islands,
lying within one hundred
miles, along the coast of both the seas
of the precinct aforesaid,
with divers other grants, liberties,
franchises, and preheminences,
privileges, profits, benefits, and
commodities, granted, in and by
our letters patents, to the said
treasurer and company, and their
successors, for ever:
3. Now, forasmuch as we are given to
understand, that in
those seas, adjoining to the said coast
of Virginia, and without
the compass of those two hundred miles,
by us so granted unto
the said treasurer and company, as
aforesaid, and yet not far
distant from the said colony in
Virginia, there are, or may be,
divers islands, lying desolate and
uninhabited, some of which are
already made known and discovered, by
the industry, travel, and
expences of the said company, and others
also are supposed to
be and remain, as yet, unknown and
undiscovered, all and every of
which it may import the said colony,
both in safety and policy
of trade, to populate and plant, in
regard whereof, as well for the
preventing of peril, as for the better
commodity and prosperity
of the said colony, they have been
humble suitors unto us, that
we would be pleased to grant unto them
an enlargement of our
said former letters patents, as well for
a more ample extent of
their limits and territories into the
seas, adjoining to and upon the
coast of Virginia, as also for some
other matters and articles,
concerning the better government of the
said company and col-
ony, in which point our said former
letters patents do not extend
so far, as time and experience hath
found to be needful and con-
venient:
4. We therefore, tendering the good and
happy success of
the said plantation, both in regard of
the general weal of human
society, as in respect of the good of
our own estate and king-
doms, and being willing to give
furtherance unto all good means,
that may advance the benefit of the said
company, and which may
secure the safety of our loving
subjects, planted in our said colony
under the favour and protection of God
Almighty, and of our
royal power and authority, have
therefore, of our especial grace,
The Virginia Charters. 35
certain knowledge, and mere motion,
given, granted, and con-
firmed, and for us, our heirs and
successors, we do, by these
presents, give, grant, and confirm, to
the said treasurer and
company of adventurers and planters of
the city of London for
the first colony in Virginia, and to
their heirs and successors, for
ever, all and singular those Islands
whatsoever, situate and being
in any part of the ocean seas bordering
upon the coast of our
said first colony in Virginia, and being
within three hundred
leagues of any the parts heretofore
granted to the said treasurer
and company, in our said former letters
patents, as aforesaid,
and being within or between the one and
fortieth and thirtieth
degrees of northerly latitude, together
with all and singular soils,
lands, grounds, havens, ports, rivers,
waters, fishings, mines, and
minerals, as well royal mines of gold
and silver, as other mines
and minerals, pearls, precious stones,
quarries, and all and singu-
lar other commodities, jurisdictions,
royalties, privileges, fran-
chises, and preheminences, both within
the said tract of land upon
the main, and also within the said
Islands and seas adjoining,
whatsoever, and thereunto or
thereabouts, both by sea and land,
being or situate; and which, by our
letters patents, we may or
can grant, and in as ample manner and
sort, as we, or any our
noble progenitors, have hertofore
granted to any person or per-
sons, or to any company, body politick
or corporate, or to any
adventurer or adventurers, undertaker or
undertakers, of any
discoveries, plantations, or traffick,
of, in or into any foreign
parts, whatsoever, and in as large and
ample manner, as if the
same were herein particularly named,
mentioned, and expressed:
Provided always, that the said Islands,
or any the premises herein
mentioned, or by these presents intended
or meant to be granted,
be not actually possessed or inhabited
by any other Christian
prince or estate, nor be within the
bounds, limits, or territories
of the northern colony, heretofore by us
granted to be planted
by divers of our loving subjects, in the
north parts of Virginia.
To have and to hold, possess and enjoy,
all and singular the said
Islands, in the said ocean seas so
lying, and bordering upon the
36 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.
coast and coasts of the territories of
the said first colony in Vir-
ginia, as aforesaid; with all and
singular the said soils, lands, and
grounds, and all and singular other the
premises, heretofore by
these presents granted, or mentioned to
be granted, to them, the
said treasurer and company of
adventurers and planters of the
city of London for the first colony in
Virginia, and to their heirs,
successors, and assigns, for ever, to
the sole and proper use and
behoof of them, the said treasurer and
company, and their heirs,
and successors, and assigns, forever; to
be holden of us, our heirs,
and successors, as of our manor of East
Greenwich, in free and
common soccage, and not in capite;
yielding and paying there-
fore to us, our heirs, and successors,
the fifth part of the ore of
all gold and silver, which shall be
there gotten, had, or obtained,
for all manner of services whatsoever.
5. And further, our will and pleasure
is, and we do, by
these presents, grant and confirm, for
the good and welfare of
the said plantation, and that posterity
may hereafter know, who
have adventured and not been sparing of
their purses in such a
noble and generous action for the
general good of their country,
and at the request, and with the
consent, of the company afore-
said, that our trusty and well beloved
subjects, George, Lord
Archbishop of Canterbury, Henry, Earl of
Huntington, Edward,
Earl of Bedford, Richard, Earl of
Clanrickard, etc., who since our
said last letters patents are become
adventurers, and have joined
themselves with the former adventurers
and planters of the said
company and society, shall, from
henceforth, be reputed, deemed,
and taken to be, and shall be brethren
and free members of the
company, and shall and may,
respectively, and according to the
proportion and value of their several
adventures, have, hold and
enjoy all such interest, right, title,
privileges, preheminences,
liberties, franchises, immunities,
profits, and commodities, what-
soever, in as large, and ample, and
beneficial manner, to all in-
tents, constructions, and purposes, as
any other adventurers,
nominated and expressed in any our
former letters patents, or
The Virginia Charters. 37
any of them, have or may have, by force
and virtue of these pres-
ents, or any our former letters patents
whatsoever.
6. And we are further pleased, and we
do, by these presents,
grant and confirm, that Philip, Earl of
Montgomery, William,
Lord Paget, Sir John Starrington, Knt.,
etc., whom the said
treasurer and company have, since the
said last letters patents,
nominated and set down, as worthy and
discreet persons, fit to
serve as counsellors, to be of our
council for the said plantation,
shall be reputed, deemed, and taken as
persons of our said council
for the said first colony, in such
manner and sort, to all intents
and purposes, as those who have been
formerly elected and nom-
inated, as our counsellors for that
colony, and whose names have
been or are inserted and expressed in
our said former letters
patents.
7. And we do hereby ordain and grant, by
these presents,
that the said treasurer and company of
adventurers and planters
aforesaid, shall and may, once every
week, or oftener, at their
pleasure, hold and keep a court and
assembly, for the better
order and government of the said
plantation, and such things,
as shall concern the same; and that any
five persons of our
council for the said first colony in
Virginia, for the time being,
of which company the treasurer, or his
deputy, to be always
one, and the number of fifteen others,
at the least, of the generality
of the said company, assembled together
in such manner, as is
and hath been heretofore used and
accustomed, shall be said,
taken, held, and reputed to be, and
shall be a sufficient court of
the said company, for the handling, and
ordering, and dispatch-
ing of all such casual and particular
occurrences, and accidental
matters, of less consequence and weight,
as shall, from time to
time, happen, touching and concerning
the said plantation:
8. And that nevertheless, for the
handling, ordering, and
disposing of matters and affairs of
greater weight and importance,
and such as shall or may, in any sort,
concern the weal publick
and general good of the said company and
plantation, as namely
the manner of government from time to
time to be used, the order-
38 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.
ing and disposing of the lands and
possessions, and the settling
and establishing of a trade there, or
such like, there shall be held
and kept, every year, upon the last
Wednesday, save one, of
Hillary term, Easter, Trinity, and
Michaelmas terms, for ever,
one great, general, and solemn assembly,
which four assemblies
shall be stiled and called, The Four
Great and General Courts
of the Council and Company of
Adventurers for Virginia; in
all and every of which said great and
general courts, so assembled,
our will and pleasure is, and we do, for
us, our heirs, and succes-
sors, for ever, give and grant to the
said treasurer and company
and their successors, for ever, by these
presents, that they the
said treasurer and company, or the
greater number of them, so
assembled, shall and may have full power
and authority, from
time to time, and at all times
hereafter, to elect and choose dis-
creet persons, to be of our said
council, for the said first colony
in Virginia, and to nominate and appoint
such officers, as they
shall think fit and requisite, for the
government, managing, or-
dering, and dispatching of the affairs
of the said company, and
shall likewise have full power and
authority, to ordain and make
such laws and ordinances, for the good
and welfare of the said
plantation, as to them, from time to
time, shall be thought re-
quisite and meet: so always, as the same
be not contrary to the
laws and statutes of this our realm of
England; and shall, in like
manner, have power and authority, to
expulse, disfranchise, and
put, out of and from their said company
and society, for ever,
all and every such person and persons,
as having either prom-
ised, or subscribed their names, to
become adventurers to the
said plantation of the said first colony
in Virginia, or having been
nominated for adventurers, in these or
any other our letters
patents, or having been otherwise
admitted and nominated to
be of the said company, have
nevertheless either not put in any
adventure at all, for and towards the
said plantation, or else
have refused and neglected, or shall
refuse and neglect, to bring
in his or their adventure, by word or
writing promised, within
six months after the same shall be so
payable and due.
The Virginia Charters. 39
9. And whereas the failing and not
payment of such monies,
as have been promised in adventure for
the advancement of the
said plantation, hath been often by
experience found, to be danger-
ous and prejudicial to the same, and
much to have hindered the
progress and proceeding of the said
plantation, and for that it
seemeth unto us a thing reasonable, that
such persons, as by
their hand writing have engaged
themselves for the payment
of their adventurers, and afterwards
neglecting their faith and
promise, should be compelled to make
good and keep the same;
therefore our will and pleasure is, that
in any suit or suits, com-
menced or to be commenced, in any of our
courts at Westminster,
or elsewhere, by the said treasurer and
company, or otherwise,
against any such persons, that our
judges for the time being,
both in our court of chancery, and at
the common pleas, do
favour and further the said suits, so
far forth as law and equity will,
in any wise, further and permit.
10. And we do, for us, our heirs, and
successors, further
give and grant to the said treasurer and
company, or their suc-
cessors, for ever, that, the said
treasurer and company, or the
greater part of them, for the time being,
so in a full and general
court assembled, as aforesaid, shall and
may from time to time,
and at all times for ever hereafter,
elect, choose, and admit into
their company and society, any person or
persons, as well strang-
ers and aliens, born in any part beyond
the seas wheresoever,
being in amity with us, as our natural
liege subjects, born in any
our realms, and dominions; and that all
such persons, so elected,
chosen and admitted to be of the said
company, as aforesaid, shall
thereupon be taken, reputed, and held,
and shall be, free mem-
bers of the said company, and shall
have, hold, and enjoy, all
and singular freedoms, liberties,
franchises, privileges, immuni-
ties, benefits, profits and commodities,
whatsoever, to the said
company in any sort belonging or
appertaining, as fully, freely,
and amply, as any other adventurers, now
being, or which here-
after at any time shall be of the said
company, hath, have, shall,
40 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.
may, might, or ought to have and enjoy
the same, to all intents
and purposes whatsoever.
11. And we do further of our especial grace, certain knowl-
edge, and mere motion, for us, our
heirs, and successors, give
and grant unto the said treasurer and
company, and their suc-
cessors, for ever, by these presents,
that it shall be lawful and free,
for them and their assigns, at all and
every time and times here-
after, out of any our realms and
dominions whatsoever, to take,
lead, carry, and transport, in and into
the said voyage, and for
and towards the said plantation, of our
said first colony in Vir-
ginia, all such and so many of our
loving subjects, or any other
strangers, that will become our loving
subjects and live under
our allegience, as shall willingly
accompany them in the said
voyages and plantation; with shipping,
armour, weapons, ord-
nance, munition, powder, shot, victuals,
and all manner of mer-
chandises and wares, and all manner of
cloathing, implements,
furniture, beasts, cattle, horses,
mares, and all other things nec-
essary for the said plantation, and for
their use and defence,
and for trade with the people there, and
in passing and returning
to and from, without paying or yielding
any subsidy, custom, or
imposition either inward or outward, or
any other duty, to us, our
heirs, or successors, for the same, for
the space of seven years
from the date of these presents.
12. And we do further, for us, our
heirs, and successors,
give and grant to the said treasurer and
company, and their suc-
cessors, for ever, by these presents,
that the said treasurer of that
company, or his deputy, for the time
being, or any two other of
the said council for the said first
colony in Virginia, for the time
being, or any two other at all times
hereafter, and from time to
time have full power and authority, to
minister and give the
oath and oaths of supremacy and
allegiance, or either of them,
to all and every person and persons,
which shall at any time or
times hereafter, go or pass to the said
colony in Virginia:
13. And further, that it shall be lawful
likewise for the said
treasurer, or his deputy, for the time
being, or any two or others
The Virginia Charters. 41
of our said council for the said first
colony in Virginia, for the
time being, from time to time, and at
all times hereafter, to min-
ister such a formal oath, as by their
discretion shall be reasonably
devised, as well unto any person or
persons, employed in, for, or
touching the said plantation, for their
honest, faithful, and just
discharge of their service, in all such
matters, as shall be com-
mitted unto them for the good and
benefit of the said company,
colony, and plantation; as also, unto
such other person or per-
sons, as the said treasurer or his
deputy, with two others of the
said council, shall think meet, for the
examination or clearing of
the truth, in any cause whatsoever
concerning the said planta-
tion, or any business, from thence
proceeding, or thereunto
belonging.
14. And furthermore, whereas we have
been certified, that
divers lewd and ill-disposed persons,
both sailors, soldiers, arti-
ficers, husbandmen, labourers, and
others, having received wages,
apparel, and other entertainment, from
the said company, or
having contracted and agreed with the
said company, to go,
or to serve, or to be employed in the
said plantation of the said first
colony in Virginia, have afterwards
either withdrawn, hid or
concealed themselves, or have refused to
go thither, after they
have been so entertained and agreed
withal; and that divers and
sundry persons also, which have been
sent and employed in the
said plantation of the said first colony
in Virginia, at and upon the
charge of the said company, and having
there misbehaved them-
selves, by mutinies, sedition, or other
notorious misdemeanors,
or having been employed or sent abroad,
by the governor of Vir-
ginia or his deputy, with some ship or
pinnace, for our provision
of the said colony, or for some
discovery, or other business and
affairs, concerning the same, have from
thence most treacherously
either come back again and returned into
our realm of England,
by stealth, or without licence of our
governor of our said colony
in Virginia for the time being, or have
been sent hither, as mis-
doers and offenders; and that many also
of those persons, after
their return from thence, having been
questioned by our said
42 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.
council here, for such their
misbehaviors and offences, by their
insolent and contemptuous carriage in
the presence of our said
council, have shewed little respect and
reverence, either to the
place, or authority, in which we have
placed and appointed them;
and others, for the colouring of their
lewdness and misdemeanors
committed in Virginia, have endeavored,
by most vile and slan-
derous reports, made and divulged, as
well of the country of
Virginia, as also of the government and
estate of the said planta-
tion and colony, as much as in them lay,
to bring the said voyage
and plantation into disgrace and
contempt; by means whereof,
not only the adventurers and planters,
already engaged in the
said plantation, have been exceedingly
abused and hindered, and
a great number of other our loving and
well disposed subjects,.
otherwise well affected, and enclined to
join and adventure in
so noble, christian, and worthy an
action, have been discouraged
from the same, but also the utter
overthrow and ruin of the said
enterprise hath been greatly endangered,
which cannot miscarry
without some dishonor to us and our
kingdom;
15. Now, forasmuch as it appeareth unto
us, that these
insolences, misdemeanors, and abuses,
not to be tolerated in
any civil government, have, for the most
part, grown and pro-
ceeded, in regard our said council have
not any direct power
and authority, by any express words in
our former letters patents,
to correct and chastise such offenders;
we therefore, for the more
speedy reformation of so great and
enormous abuses and misde-
meanors, heretofore practised and
committed, and for the pre-
venting of the like hereafter, do, by
these presents, for us, our
heirs, and successors, give and grant to
the said treasurer and
company, and their successors, for ever,
that it shall and may be
lawful for our said council for the said
first colony in Virginia,
or any two of them (whereof the said
treasurer, or his deputy,
for the time being, to be always one) by
warrant under their hands,
to send for, or to cause to be
apprehended, all and every such
person, and persons, who shall be noted,
or accused, or found,
at any time or times hereafter, to
offend, or misbehave them-
The Virginia Charters. 43
selves, in any the offences before
mentioned and expressed;
and upon the examination of any such
offender or offenders,
and just proof made by oath, taken
before the said council, of
any such notorious misdemeanors by them
committed, as afore-
said; and also upon any insolent and
contemptuous, or indecent
carriage, and misbehaviour, to or
against our said council, shewed
or used by any such person or persons,
so called, convented,
and appearing before them, as aforesaid;
that in all such cases,
they, our said council, or any two of
them, for the time being, shall
and may have full power and authority,
either here to bind them
over with good surities for their good
behaviour, and further
therein to proceed, to all intents and
purposes, as it is used, in
other like cases, within our realm of
England; or else, at their
discretion, to remand and send them
back, the said offenders, or
any of them, unto the said colony in
Virginia, there to be pro-
ceeded against and punished, as the
governor, deputy, or council
there, for the time being, shall think
meet; or otherwise accord-
ing to such laws and ordinances, as are
and shall be in use there,
for the well ordering and good
government of the said colony.
16. And for the more effectual advancing
of the said plan-
tation, we do further, for us, our
heirs, and successors, of our
especial grace and favour, by virtue of
our prerogative royal,
and by the assent and consent of the
Lords and others of our
privy council, give and grant unto the
said treasurer and com-
pany, full power and authority, free
leave, liberty, and licence,
to set forth, erect, and publish, one or
more lottery or lotteries,
to have continuance, and to endure and
be held, for the space
of one whole year, next after the
opening of the same; and after
the end and expiration of the said term,
the said lottery or lotteries
to continue and be further kept, during
our will and pleasure only,
and not otherwise. And yet nevertheless,
we are contented and
pleased for the good and welfare of the
said plantation, that the
said treasurer and company shall, for
the dispatch and finishing
of the said lottery or lotteries, have
six months warning after
the said year ended, before our will and
pleasure shall, for and
44 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.
on that behalf, be construed, deemed,
and adjudged, to be in any
wise altered and determined.
17. And our further will and pleasure
is, that the said
lottery and lotteries shall and may be
opened and held, within
our city of London, or in any other city
or town, or elsewhere,
within this our realm of England, with
such prizes, articles, con-
ditions, and limitations, as to them,
the said treasurer and com-
pany, in their discretion shall seem
convenient:
18. And that it shall and may be lawful,
to and for the said
treasurer and company, to elect and
choose receivers, auditors,
surveyors, commissioners, or any other
officers, whatsoever, at
their will and pleasure, for the better
marshalling, disposing,
guiding, and governing of the said
lottery and lotteries; and that
it shall likewise be lawful, to and for
the said treasurer and any two
of the said council, to minister to all
and every such person so
elected and chosen for officers, as
aforesaid, one or more oaths,
for their good behaviour, just and true
dealing, in and about the
said lottery or lotteries, to the intent
and purposes, that none
of our loving subjects, putting in their
names, or otherwise ad-
venturing in the said general lottery or
lotteries, may be, in any
wise, defrauded and deceived of their
said monies, or evil and
indirectly dealt withal in their said
adventurers.
19. And we further grant in manner and
form aforesaid,
that it shall and may be lawful, to and
for the said treasurer and
company, under the seal of the said
council for the plantation,
to publish, or to cause and procure to
be published, by procla-
mation or otherwise (the said
proclamation, to be made in their
name, by virtue of these presents) the
said lottery or lotteries in
all cities, towns, boroughs, and other
places within our said
realm of England; and we will and
command all mayors, justices
of peace, sheriffs, bailiffs,
constables, and other officers and loving
subjects, whatsoever, that, in no wise,
they hinder or delay the
progress and proceedings of the said
lottery or lotteries, but be
therein touching the premises, aiding
and assisting, by all honest
good and lawful means and endeavours.
The Virginia Charters. 45
20. And further our will and pleasure
is, that in all ques-
tions, and doubts, that shall arise,
upon any difficulty of construc-
tion or interpretation of any thing
contained in these, or any
other our former letters patents, the
same shall be taken and
interpreted, in most ample and
beneficial manner for the said
treasurer and company, and their
successors, and every member
thereof.
21. And lastly, we do by these presents,
ratify and confirm
unto the said treasurer and company, and
their successors, for
ever, all and all manner of privileges,
franchises, liberties, im-
munities, preheminences, profits and
commodities, whatsoever,
granted unto them in any our former
letters patents, and not in
these presents revoked, altered,
changed, or abridged, although
express mention of the true yearly value
or certainty of the prem-
ises, or any of them, or of any other
gift or grant, by us or any
of our progenitors or predecessors, to
the aforesaid treasurer and
company heretofore made, in these
presents is not made; or
any statute, act, ordinance, provision,
proclamation, or restraint,
to the contrary thereof heretofore made,
ordained, or provided,
or any other matter, cause, or thing,
whatsoever, to the contrary,
in any wise, notwithstanding.
In witness whereof we have caused these
our letters to be
made patents. Witness ourself, at
Westminster, the twelfth day
of March, in the ninth year of our reign
of England, France, and
Ireland, and of Scotland the five and
fortieth.
The Virginia Charters. 33
THE THIRD CHARTER OF VIRGINIA
To THE TREASURER AND COMPANY, FOR
VIRGINIA.
(DATED MARCH 12, 1611-2.)
1. James, by the grace of God, king of
England, Scotland,
France and Ireland, defender of the
faith; to all to whom these
presents shall come greeting, Whereas,
at the humble suit of
divers and sundry our loving subjects,
as well adventurers as
planters of the first colony in
Virginia, and for the propagation
of christian religion, and reclaiming of
people barbarous to civil-
ity and humanity, we have, by our
letters patents, bearing date,
at Westminster, the three and twentieth
day of May, in he sev-
enth year of our reign of England,
France, and Ireland, and the
two and fortieth of Scotland, given and
granted unto them, that
they, and all such and so many of our
loving subjects, as should
from time to time for everafter, be
joined with them, as planters
or adventurers in the said plantation,
and their successors, for-
ever, should be one body politick,
incorporated by the name of,
The Treasurer and Company of Adventurers
and Planters of
the city of London for the first Colony
in Virginia.
2. And whereas also, for the greater
good and benefit of the
said company, and for the better
furtherance, strengthening, and
establishing of the said plantation, we
did further give, grant
and confirm, by our said letters
patents, unto the said treasurer,
and company, and their successors, for
ever, all those lands,
countries, or territories, situate,
lying, and being, in that part of
America called Virginia, from the point
of land, called Cape or
Point Comfort, all along the sea coasts,
to the northward, two
hundred miles, and from the said point
of Cape Comfort all along
the sea coast, to the southward, two
hundred miles, and all that
space and circuit of land, lying from
the sea coast of the precinct
aforesaid, up or into the land,
throughout from sea to sea, west