THE BICENTENNIAL OF
MAJOR GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR1
BY THERESA
VINTON PIERCE KRULL
[This paper was read before the
Fifteenth Annual Indiana History
Conference, at Indianapolis, December 8,
1933, and is reprinted, with per-
mission, from the Indiana History
Bulletin vol. 11, No. 5.]
The bicentennial of Major General
Arthur St. Clair
comes to our calendar with 1934, and
should come to the
hearts of all Indianans with a new or
renewed sense of
what Arthur St. Clair means in the
history of civil gov-
ernment, since Indiana was part and
parcel of that
Northwest Territory of which St. Clair
was the first
governor.
We "historicals" seem to
relish the compressing of
a lot of history into a meaningful
phrase, especially
when time is limited. One of the best
examples I know
is that sweep of certain centuries
summed up in the
sentence "out of his cave came
Mahomet, with his scim-
itar, and across Europe flashed the
panoply of ten cru-
sades." But I have been going
around Indiana and else-
where for five years with a St. Clair
tale--partly as
hobby and partly in professional
work--prefacing a
story of nearly ten centuries made
immortal in the six
short words of St. Clair's countryman,
the "Wizard of
the North," thus, "the lordly
line of high Saint Clair."
I have been maintaining that for the
United States
1 This paper is not Mrs. Frederic
Krull's unpublished lecture, "The
Lordly Line of High Saint Clair,"
referred to below, though some material
from it has been used.
Vol. XLIII--17 (257)
258
Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
Arthur St. Clair is the climax of that
lordly line, while
his descendant, William Noble Wallace
of Indiana, is
the poetic fulfillment: when he gave
his life in the
World War he returned St. Clair blood
to France, shed-
ding it for those Norman lands that
gave to his race
the name Saint Clair from Sanctus
Clarus, the holy
light.
The Indiana St. Clairs spring from
three ancient
strains happily blended: from the Norse
origins there
came down to Arthur St. Clair courage
in adventure;
from the Scottish branch, moral courage
as well; from
the Norman, grace of personality.
William Noble Wal-
lace, also, had these characteristics;
grandson of Gen-
eral Lew Wallace, he came on the
maternal side from
the St. Clairs through the St.
Clair-Lawrence-Vance
line which united with that same Noble
family which
gave a governor to Indiana, and other
useful men and
women.
We cannot today pause among the vast
treasures of
Scottish history, legend, and tradition
which were
Arthur St. Clair's inheritance, though
those are chap-
ters in the lordly line which do
delight audiences. The
St. Clair epic ranges down from
Norseman and Nor-
man, from jarls of the "windswept
Orcades," through
exploits of Robert the Bruce, through
Douglases,
through barons of Roslyn, the eerie
mystery of whose
famed chapel gives us stained windows
aglow at night
whenever
. . . fate draws nigh
The lordly line of high Saint Clair,
down to the heroic scenes of the
American Revolution
and a new nation's turmoils of
adjustment.
The Bicentennial of Arthur St.
Clair 259
One can today only recall briefly to
you the chief
dramas in the lifetime of an untitled
but well-born St.
Clair, who unheralded save by loving
parents, first saw
light in the spring of 17342 in Thurso,
Caithness, on
Scotland's northernmost mainland, where
his boyish
gaze might on clear days discern the
Orkneys, where
Kirkwall, with its Norman ruin, has
been a capital a
thousand years.
Plans for St. Clair's education in
Edinburgh and
London were disturbed by that inherited
wandering foot,
but he got at least a classical
foundation. Then we find
him an ensign in His Majesty's Sixtieth
Royal Rifles,
the regiment sent across the Atlantic
to become the
"Royal American Regiment."
Thus was St. Clair with
Jeffrey Lord Amherst at Louisburg, with
Wolfe on the
Plains of Abraham at Quebec, and he was
gradually
promoted for ability and gallantry in
the field.
A romantic interlude at Boston saw his
courtship
and marriage, in 1760, with Phoebe
Bayard, herself
well born and well dowered, a charming
ornament of
both New England and Knickerbocker
society. Resign-
ing his commission, St. Clair took up
lands on what was
then a far frontier, western
Pennsylvania. Had he
tarried in Boston he might have
remained an aristo-
cratic fine-gentleman royalist--and
gone home with
others. But, as the Honorable Albert
Douglas has well
said, had St. Clair gone, "the
pioneer life of Pennsyl-
vania, the mighty scenes of the Revolution,
the heroic
age of the Northwest Territory, would
never have . . .
perpetuated" his name.
2 April 3 (New Style), March 23, according to the
contemporary Eng-
lish calendar, Old Style.
260
Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
Pennsylvania remembers his services
gratefully: he
not only reentered military service as
commandant of
Fort Ligonier, one of the forts strung
across Pennsyl-
vania by the British, but held numerous
civil offices. In
these he was a negotiator respected by
Indians, loved
by colonists; a negotiator valued--and
needed--by the
Penns, both John and William; a
protector of Virgin-
ians fleeing from Lord Dunmore and his
agent, Dr.
John Connolly; a pacificator not only
between red and
white, but among whites of rival
religions. He is un-
derstood to have drawn as well as
signed the Declara-
tion of Hannastown, one of those minor
colonial decla-
rations of independence so significant,
merely dwarfed
by that written by Jefferson. He
persuaded many a Scot-
tish pioneer and loyalist to stand by
the cause of the
colonies and later saved "the
ragged Pennsylvania line"
out of his own purse. He hastened to
Philadelphia and
placed his sword at the disposal of
Hancock.
St. Clair's revolutionary service alone
should endear
him to any loyal American, as it did to
Washington,
Lafayette, and the other protagonists
of that mighty
stage. In all phases of his life, may
it be said here, St.
Clair won and kept the personal esteem
of superior men.
Some claim for him the strategy of
Three Rivers; Gen-
eral Wilkinson credits St. Clair with
the success of the
New Jersey campaign; St. Clair was at
Valley Forge
with Washington and stood near when
Yorktown's
great day dawned. He was seen among
Washington's
favorite generals when his idolized
chief took the oath
of office in 1789.
In the meantime a certain George Rogers
Clark had
become the hero of Vincennes, and
meanwhile, too,
The Bicentennial of Arthur St.
Clair 261
General St. Clair was president of the
Continental Con-
gress when it passed the Ordinance of
1787, "erecting
the vast and hard won territory
northwest of the Ohio
into a region dedicated to civil
government." St. Clair
was chosen first governor of that
unwieldy wilderness,
terrifying to the imagination in its
possibilities, which
was to evolve into our great
commonwealths, with
weighty implications beyond even their
confines. Ter-
rific it was, in its solitudes of
forest and tall grasses, its
Indian fastnesses, its ragged
settlements down the Ohio
to the French holdings, which were
hungry and unhappy
when Clark's victory had not been
followed up with in-
stantly defined jurisdictions and
protections.
The Northwest Territory period of St.
Clair's life
while as heroic as any, seems to be the
least romantic to
many audiences. Perhaps no wonder--life
in the wil-
derness is not lived in the
foreshortened chapters of
even realistic fiction; it seems one
hardship or massacre
after another, and many do not grasp
what an epic of
citizenship is the struggle to
establish a just and func-
tioning civil government in such a
region, far from its
federal capital. Governor St. Clair
believed in and rea-
lized, the right and capacity of
Anglo-Saxons to govern
themselves.
After the simple ceremonies and stately
salutes on
the Campus Martius at Marietta,
Ohio--"little treasure
town of history"--Governor St.
Clair and the three
judges also appointed to the Territory,
set about their
laborious tasks of enforcing the
provisions of the Ordi-
nance of 1787. Among its great
pronouncements, as
you know, were absence of slavery,
religious freedom,
fundamentals of education, right of
habeas corpus, pro-
262
Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
tection of private property rights, as
well as provision
for territorial representation and
ultimate conditions for
statehood.
One of those three judges was Dr.
Samuel Holden
Parsons, who had been favored for
governor by Dr.
Manasseh Cutler, Massachusetts
proponent of the Ohio
Company. But I can find no proof that
St. Clair cam-
paigned for the office or knew who
would be appointed.
He said, indeed, that he had no taste
for land specula-
tion but would be proud to be the
father of a country.
Always did St. Clair think of service
in the broad terms
of human rights and progress.
The State of Ohio chose July 15, 1933,
the 145th
anniversary of Governor St. Clair's
inaugural at Mari-
etta, as Ohio Day at A Century of
Progress. Notice
their program for that day, with St.
Clair's portrait and
a brief biography; and while they have
him interred in
the wrong spot, note that they honor
"this eminent
statesman and revered patriot in
dedicating the exer-
cises of 'Ohio Day' . . . to his
beloved memory, as well
as commemorating the establishment of
Civil Govern-
ment under the Ordinance of 1787."
Ohioans suspect some inaccuracies on
their souvenir
historical map and perhaps might have
taken more
counsel with their historical society,
but my stress is
upon their desire to honor St. Clair,
who was also their
first territorial governor.
St. Clair was solicited at one time to
seek the gover-
norship of Pennsylvania. There had he
founded his
best-loved home; there, he expected to
end his days in
peace when official days were done, and
when his coun-
try should have reimbursed him for what
he had spent
The Bicentennial of Arthur St.
Clair 263
of his own fortune for her sake; there
dwelt part of his
large family; and from high
Pennsylvania office he
could have advanced even further in
political distinc-
tions such as he already saw some of
his revolutionary
colleagues enjoying. His wife would
have liked it, too,
poor lady, scarce fitted for wilderness
rigors. We do
not find her among the colonial dames
(though she was
one) making the stately minuets of New
York and Phil-
adelphia which pageantry now delighteth
to honor; no
--she was engrossed with a large family
and a country
estate in the Pennsylvania hills, while
her husband,
though sometimes in the cities on
government business,
was mostly in the West, striving to
bring semblance of
order and civilization's processes into
the military and
civil procedures of the settlements.
Sometimes he differed with his
colleagues and some
Scotch firmness revealed itself. While
courtly in man-
ners, he could speak plainly in a
crisis. But a study of
his behavior and of the language of his
letters and his
own "Narrative" convinces me,
as it has all unbiased
students of his life, that he was
incapable of stubborn-
ness except in what he believed to be
right, and that
more often than not, until the later
years of his govern-
orship, his was a more judicial view of
circumstances
than that held by others. And he always
retained
Washington's confidence. Meantime, all
the problems
of the Territory, and his viewpoints,
decisions, made
their contribution, directly or
indirectly, to Indiana, as
he was "laying the foundations of
great states," as the
Ordinance intended.
In 1790 we find him at Fort Washington,
where he
is said to have changed the curious
compound "Losanti-
264 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
ville" to "Cincinnati,"
in honor of those giants with
whom he had been associated. From there
he went
down the Ohio and up the Mississippi to
Kaskaskia, to
see what could be done for the unhappy
settlers for
whom Father Gibault pleaded.
St. Clair intended to pass a similar
time at Vincennes,
but returned eastward, not only to push
relief measures
for Father Gibault's people, but also
because the Indians,
encouraged by the British, were even
worse out of hand.
Because of that premature return up the
Ohio one can-
not be certain that he was at
Vincennes. Would that
we could say precisely where and when
he may have laid
his weary head and chilled body upon
Indiana shores!
This is something we would like to
determine if possible
before the General Arthur St. Clair
Chapter of the
Daughters of the American Revolution
erects its long-
contemplated tablet to his honor and
memory. Dr.
James A. Woodburn agrees that St. Clair
may be rea-
sonably supposed to have passed through
our Fort
Wayne region also, on journeys to
Detroit.
Would that we might acquire and restore
that man-
sion at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, built
for St. Clair's
granddaughter Mary Lawrence Vance, by
Captain
Samuel Vance. Mary was the daughter of
Elizabeth
St. Clair and Captain John Lawrence, of
Philadelphia,
for whom Lawrenceburg is named. This is
surely the
finest mansion of its decade and type
extant in Indiana.
Now owned by flour mills, its Palladian
window and
ample wings are obscured from the Ohio
River upon
which it was for generations a landmark
of hospitality.
Restored, it would parallel the Lanier
mansion in edu-
The Bicentennial of Arthur St.
Clair 265
cational beauty and would rival the
Taft museum in
Cincinnati as a house.
When the Indian depredations resulted
in Wash-
ington's orders to hasten the rebuke to
those who had
made life a burden to General Josiah
Harmar and
others, circumstances made "St.
Clair's defeat" tragic-
ally inevitable. Poor support by the
War Department;
slow arrival of green men; lack of time
to discipline
and equip discontented militia; jealous
silences by Gen-
eral Butler when he should have spoken,
all piled up
tragedy. Read St. Clair's own
"Narrative," observe
that he had insufficient time in which
to train his men,
that he had to see personally to such
things as setting
up a forge at Fort Washington to make
those barest
essentials of equipment with which they
were supposed
to have come. Washington always relied
on St. Clair's
resourcefulness in crises, but prodding
him into that
meeting with the Indians in western
Ohio seems to me
in some wise comparable in result with
the fate of the
Light Brigade. St. Clair obeyed, and
when surprised
early on the morning of November 4,
1791, suffered a
slaughter among his fourteen hundred
men, reduced by
deserters from two thousand. General Butler died
against a tree, and St. Clair, ill with
fever, had four
horses killed under or beside him.
Censure fell heaviest
upon that head whose chestnut hair had
turned white
in the service of the Territory; that
frame whose stam-
ina had suffered from exposure in that
service; that
governor whose stipend scarcely ever
paid his mere trav-
eling expenses; that Revolutionary
veteran whose finan-
cial sacrifices had never been repaid
at all. But St.
Clair's honor always was white and
despite those always
266
Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
jealous of a fine flower of a lordly
line, the Congres-
sional inquiry and President Washington
completely ex-
onerated him from blame.
The site of this battle, later named
Fort Recovery,
is marked by an imposing obelisk,
commemorating both
Anthony Wayne and St. Clair and their
men. It was
unveiled by St. Clair's descendant,
Belle Noble Dean,
of Indianapolis.
Before Wayne finally broke the Indian
power at
Fallen Timbers in 1794, mark, he was
allowed two
years in which to drill and equip a
better force, to say
nothing of the better support which he
received from
public opinion for his expedition.
Credit where credit
is due, but St. Clair's other and many
services have been
obscured long enough by that terrible
day of 1791.
And his troubles were not over. With
the rise of
party strife between the Federalists
and the party of
Jefferson in the early years of the
nineteenth century,
the heroic temper of the revolutionary
period having
somewhat receded, that strife was felt
in the Territory.
Indiana became a separate unit under
Governor William
Henry Harrison and passed from St.
Clair's jurisdic-
tion, but in the Ohio region there
raged bitter contro-
versies between the immediate statehood
party and the
governor's adherents over such
questions as whether
Ohio had yet the right to expect
statehood under the Or-
dinance, whether the Legislature should
meet at Chilli-
cothe or Cincinnati, whether the
boundary should be
the Scioto River. While those struggles
concern Ohio
more than Indiana they concerned St.
Clair very con-
siderably at the time. He was accused
of exceeding his
powers and authority, of "too
aristocratic behavior,"
The Bicentennial of Arthur St.
Clair 267
when his habit was at all times to
stand for a non-aris-
tocratic form of government. He
believed time and
methods wrong. In 1902, certain Ohioans
said, "we
have kept faith with St. Clair,"
which one now better
understands. But at the time, St.
Clair, who was, as
Judge Jacob Burnet of Cincinnati said,
"open, frank
. . . accessible to persons of every
rank," found that
"high talents united with
unfaltering integrity are not
always sufficient to guide a man in the
path of political
safety." This quotation from the
Honorable Albert
Douglas has something in it strangely
familiar to mod-
ern ears. Greatly provoked, St. Clair
lost his sense of
proportion and made a fiery address to
the Legislature,
thus playing into the hands of those
men able to in-
fluence Thomas Jefferson into removing
St. Clair from
office, for which we cannot forgive
Jefferson because it
was mainly political. Nor would a
Jeffersonian Congress
repay Federalist debts. Those sums
which St. Clair had
willingly lent his adopted country when
she sorely
needed them were never denied to be
morally due, but
repayment was postponed beyond hope.
General Ogle
said that the "way congress
treated St. Clair is fit to be
mentioned only in the black of
night."
And so the aging general saw his
Pennsylvania
home, that loved retreat which had been
named, with
pathetic irony "The
Hermitage," sold by the sheriff.
The General eked out a bare living
selling supplies to
travelers along the road, from the log
cabin provided
by his eldest son. Here he was visited
by many persons
of distinction such as Henry Clay,
Lewis Cass, Charles
Mercer, William Henry Harrison, and Joshua Gid-
dings.
268 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
Our St. Clair Chapter of the Daughters
of the
American Revolution was the first
organization, we be-
lieve, to suggest that St. Clair's
bicentennial be observed
throughout the land, certainly
throughout the North-
west Territory. The chapter will
observe it in April
and hopes for sufficient funds to erect
a memorial tab-
let. The chapter petitioned the United
States Post Of-
fice Department in September, through Representative
Louis Ludlow, to issue a commemorative
stamp bearing
St. Clair's portrait. The State Society
of the Daughters
of the American Revolution has approved
this peti-
tion.3 The Pennsylvania
Society also has approved it
and the Ohio press has begun to take
some notice of the
petition. Dr. Harlow Lindley has
mentioned it appre-
ciatively in the Museum Echoes from
Columbus.
At Greensburg, Pennsylvania, rest
Arthur and
Phoebe Bayard St. Clair in a tomb
erected by the Ma-
sons fourteen years after the general's
interment in
1818. It is inscribed as a "humble
monument in place
of a nobler one due from his
country." At Greensburg
the Daughters of the American
Revolution named their
chapter for "Phoebe Bayard."
It has lately dedicated
to her a memorial granite bench. To
Mrs. John W.
Fairing, of Greensburg, is due thanks
for creating great
enthusiasm for the St. Clair
bicentennial. She has
asked every chapter regent in
Pennsylvania to address
the Post Office Department, for the New
Deal stamp
program for 1934 is reported as already
heavily charged
with philatelic change.
The Detroit chapter of the Daughters of
the Amer-
ican Revolution is named for a St.
Clair daughter,
Louisa St. Clair Robb; the Ann Crooker
St. Clair Chap-
The Bicentennial of Arthur St.
Clair 269
ter, of Effingham, Illinois, for
another descendant. The
former has already asked George Catlin
of the Detroit
News to address it on St. Clair in January.
The bicentennial is not, however, a
matter for the
Daughters of the American Revolution
alone, though
they were quick to see in the proposed
stamp an oppor-
tunity for patriotic education, which
is one of their cor-
nerstones. It is a cornerstone of all
historically minded
bodies. Such folk are rising to our
support, not only
in the matter of the stamp proposal,
but in the general
commemoration of St. Clair. Will you
not help? We
must make Washington, D. C., know that
this stamp is
wanted and timely. Who is worthier of
philatelic hon-
ors in 1934 than Arthur St. Clair? Will
you who helped
make effective the sentiment for a
Clark Memorial at
Vincennes overlook the one whose
"labors and accom-
plishments in the Northwest
Territory" it is "hard to
overstate"? Will you, who have
pasted on your own and
your historical society's mail, the
portraits of Kosciusko,
von Steuben, Sullivan, and some
presidents who were
not St. Clair's equal, spread this fact
to Washington?
By another December it will be too
late, not for a
stamp sometime, but for one in the
bicentennial year
with all the consequent educational
value and backing
that press and community can pass along
to the schools.
St. Clair's descendants are restrained
by very mod-
esty from pressing this matter. I am
not one of them--
though often under suspicion of it--so
may I close with
the verses of one of them, Arda Bates
St. Clair Rorison,
3 Since this paper was read, endorsement
followed by the Ohio D. A. R.
and Senator S. D. Fess, the Colonial
Dames of Indiana, the Indiana S. A.
R., and the Pennsylvania D. A. R. etc.
270 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
daughter of Mary Vance Rorison, now a
resident of
California, whose poetic gift saw in
St. Clair's solitary
death-chill in the sunset on Chestnut
Ridge, near Ligo-
nier, a fulfillment of the ancient
superstition that mys-
terious fires redden Roslyn Chapel
"when fate draws
nigh the lordly line."4
O'er Chestnut Ridge, a roseate hue,
Bursts forth and travels, resting where
Fraternity pays tribute true
To hero-chieftain, brave St. Clair.
He held his soldiers' hearts steelbound;
Their leal devotion was his throne,
And, though death's dateless night
surround,
Love's hand rechisels, now, his stone.
As Scottish legend tells the tale
Of far-famed Roslyn's auriole bright,
Whose rays empurpled spire and vine
And framed the chapel, all in light,
Then to the Castle--omen drear,
To presage death to princely heir,
The mystic messenger drew near,
The lordly line of high Saint Clair;
So may we fancy that same glow,
On rainbow bridge has crossed the sea,
On honored tomb its shafts to throw
And hover o'er Westmoreland's lea.
Let us with thistle, Scotland's pledge,
Entwine the laurel, glory's crown;
The thorn must prick the joy's full
fledge,
For so shared hardship, his renown.
4 "Lines Commemorative of the
Unveiling of the Monument, August
15, 1913." The 1913 monument is a
granite duplicate of the sandstone
one first erected by the Masons of
Greensburg in 1832. Permission to
erect the replica was granted by the
Society of St. Clair Descendants, of
which Miss Rorison is a member.
The Bicentennial of Arthur St.
Clair 271
And may the mountain laurel grand,
O'er Hermitage a sentry be,
And let, for sweet remembrance, stand
As Mason emblem, rosemary.
RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE INDIANA
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY
WHEREAS, Major General Arthur St. Clair,
ap-
pointed governor of the Territory
Northwest of the
River Ohio in 1787 and serving in that
capacity until
1802, developed the first territorial
organization in the
United States and laid the foundation
for the procedure
of succeeding territorial governors in
the temporary
organization of the greater part of the
present United
States, and
WHEREAS, The development of the United
States by
the organization of territories in such
a way that the
inhabitants were speedily grouped into
states which
have been admitted into the Union on
equal terms with
the thirteen original states, is one of
the most important
and determinative factors of our
national greatness, and
WHEREAS, Governor Arthur St. Clair, in
addition
to his great influence as the first
territorial governor of
the United States, performed
distinguished services in
the War of the American Revolution
after having left
the regular English army and become a
citizen in the
American colonies, and furthermore
sacrificed his per-
sonal fortune in the service of his
adopted country, and
WHEREAS, The five states of Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, and Wisconsin have been
formed from the
Northwest Territory which St. Clair,
notwithstanding
a grave defeat at the hands of the
Indians in the early
272 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications days of his governorship, administered with exemplary skill and wisdom, Therefore be it Resolved, That the Indiana Historical Society in annual meeting assembled at Indianapolis do respect- fully urge the postmaster general of the United States to issue a suitable commemorative stamp on April 3, 1934, bearing a likeness of General Arthur St. Clair, and to put on sale such commemorative stamp on that day in the capitals of the five states formed from the Northwest Territory; that is, in Columbus, Ohio, In- dianapolis, Indiana, Springfield, Illinois, Lansing, Mich- igan, and Madison, Wisconsin. NOTE: Since the commemorative stamp has not been issued, why might it not be issued in 1938 in connection with the commemoration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of civil gov- ernment in the Northwest Territory, at Marietta, Ohio--Editor. |
|
THE BICENTENNIAL OF
MAJOR GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR1
BY THERESA
VINTON PIERCE KRULL
[This paper was read before the
Fifteenth Annual Indiana History
Conference, at Indianapolis, December 8,
1933, and is reprinted, with per-
mission, from the Indiana History
Bulletin vol. 11, No. 5.]
The bicentennial of Major General
Arthur St. Clair
comes to our calendar with 1934, and
should come to the
hearts of all Indianans with a new or
renewed sense of
what Arthur St. Clair means in the
history of civil gov-
ernment, since Indiana was part and
parcel of that
Northwest Territory of which St. Clair
was the first
governor.
We "historicals" seem to
relish the compressing of
a lot of history into a meaningful
phrase, especially
when time is limited. One of the best
examples I know
is that sweep of certain centuries
summed up in the
sentence "out of his cave came
Mahomet, with his scim-
itar, and across Europe flashed the
panoply of ten cru-
sades." But I have been going
around Indiana and else-
where for five years with a St. Clair
tale--partly as
hobby and partly in professional
work--prefacing a
story of nearly ten centuries made
immortal in the six
short words of St. Clair's countryman,
the "Wizard of
the North," thus, "the lordly
line of high Saint Clair."
I have been maintaining that for the
United States
1 This paper is not Mrs. Frederic
Krull's unpublished lecture, "The
Lordly Line of High Saint Clair,"
referred to below, though some material
from it has been used.
Vol. XLIII--17 (257)