A Northern Businessman Opposes the Civil War EXCERPTS FROM THE LETTERS OF R. G. DUN edited by JAMES D. NORRIS |
|
A number of rather prominent northern businessmen opposed the Civil War and the Lincoln administration for both sound business reasons and personal political commitments. Robert Graham Dun's letters to his family and friends in Ohio during the Civil War present an excellent portrait of one such businessman. Imbued with a deep-seated hostility toward both Lincoln and the war, Dun saw the conflict through the eyes of a businessman who was also a conservative Democrat. In his view, the war disturbed business, endangered the nation's solvency, and eventually would cost billions of dollars. More- over, it was an assault upon the rights of the states. Not only did Dun believe the South had a right to secede, but he was convinced she would be independent sooner or later regardless of the outcome of the war. In discuss- ing the condition of the country, bitterness frequently overcame him. How- ever, near the end of the war, during the election campaign of 1864, his feeling moderated, to the point where he considered voting for Lincoln; but only, it would seem, because he feared McClellan would be the greater threat to the South. Even after the war was over Dun could not bring himself to be hopeful of a quick return to good business relations. NOTES ARE ON PAGE 200 |
LETTERS OF R. G. DUN 139
Born on August 27, 1826, of well
educated and cultured parents, R. G.
Dun grew to young manhood in
Chillicothe, Ohio, and received his formal
education in the local academy. He
entered business at the age of sixteen
as a clerk in a general merchandise
store in Chillicothe. Five years later,
when he became of legal age, Dun became
a small-percentage, profit-sharing
partner. In 1850 Benjamin Douglass,
Dun's brother-in-law, induced him to
give up his Chillicothe interests and
take a position in the newly formed
mercantile agency of Tappan and
Douglass, in New York, one of the first
credit-rating services in the United
States. R. C. Dun's business letters
indicate that he was an exceptionally
talented, hard working, and scrupu-
lously honest businessman. Evidently
Benjamin Douglass recognized these
talents, because in 1854, when Douglass
became the sole owner of the
agency, he gave Dun a small profit-sharing
interest.
In 1859 Douglass, desiring to enter the
booming real estate business, sold
the mercantile agency to R. G. Dun. Dun
probably paid Douglass a total of
about $150,000 for the agency in the
form of a promissory note and a
percentage of the profits for five
years. By the end of 1865 Dun had paid
Douglass off, despite the great decline
in sales and profits during the war.
Although Dun now owned the agency free
and clear, he found himself
constantly short of operating capital and
always under financial stress.
The struggle during the Civil War years
undoubtedly explains some of his
hostility to the Lincoln administration
and the "War Party."
In the six years following the war the
business prospered beyond Dun's
wildest dreams; in 1872 sales amounted
to $2,500,000 and profits to over a
quarter million, half of which he shared
with his three principal associates.
To the public Dun's associates were
partners, but actually they had no
proprietary rights; for although Dun now
largely removed himself from
actual management to pursue other
interests, he remained the sole owner
of the mercantile agency until his
death.1
Pertinent parts of twenty-five letters
Dun wrote between August 1861 and
May 1865 are reproduced here. The
letters were addressed to seven close
relatives. One was a younger brother,
James Angus Dun, who had left his
home in Ohio to seek his fortune in the
West. Four of the others were Dun's
double first cousins, Robert George Dun,
John G. Dun, Walter A. Dun, and
James Dun, all of them brothers and all
large landholders of Madison
County, Ohio. Another was John Dun of
Chillicothe, an uncle, and the
seventh was John Wood, a brother-in-law.
The original letters are in the
library of Dun & Bradstreet, Inc.,
99 Church Street, New York.2
140 OHIO
HISTORY
To James Angus Dun, August 16, 1861
I suppose you have heard the news of
another "Bull run" in Missouri.3 What do
you think of it? Of course, I suppose
you construe it into a victory for the Federal
troops. I reckon a few more such
victories will open the eyes of "Lincoln hirelings"
as to the extent of this undertaking
& the strength of the South. Better acknowledge
their independence now: for it will have
to be so in the end even if it is fifty years
hence.
To Robert George Dun, September (no
date), 1861
I am sorry you could not hold on to Jim
[James Angus Dun] longer. I am afraid
he'll get into trouble in Missouri.
Union men don't live in his neighborhood-at least
dare not speak their sentiments. Jim is
a rampant war man, badly humbugged by
the desires of this niger [sic] administration
& really there seems to be no reason in
him. He is perfect[ly] rabid. How a man
of his sense can be humbugged into the
support of a big John Brown raid (for
this war is nothing else) I can't conceive.
The condition of the country distresses
me terribly as a patriot as well as in my
business & the worst feature is we
can see no encouragement ahead. I say that unless
the Southern independence is recognized
neither you nor I, nor any man living, will
see peace in our country again. I don't
look for it as long as the present adminis-
tration is in power. How do you all feel
in regard to the War? I have heard you
all favor the Southern cause &
believe in recognizing the South. Am I right? You
must not blow my views; for if expressed
here would do me much damage-if not
quarter me at Fort Lafayette for a while.4
I am as good a Union man as ever lived
if it can be maintained in peace, but do
not believe in a forced one, nor do I believe
such a Union ever will exist in these
United States. (I better say disunited).
To John G. Dun, September 25, 1861
How does this infernal Black Republican
War affect you in a business way? It is
playing the h---l with us all here. It
has no doubt curtailed my receipts in the
past year one hundred thousand dollars.
Of course I have had to curtail expenses
accordingly but with all the reduction I
can make I fear I shall come out minus at
the end of the year. Aside from my own
interests being affected I have never had
the slightest sympathy with the Federal
Gov't in such a wicked & sectional war. I am
a firm believer in States rights--in the
sovereignity [sic] of States; & think the Gov't
at Washington has no right to declare
war against any State or States.
To Robert George Dun, October 17, 1861
Things drag along here about the same as
they have done ever since the war
broke out & I think they will
continue so till it ends. Bright future isn't it? I some-
times feel so mad & disgusted with
the country that I wish I was out of it. In fact I
begin to think as Uncle Joshua used to
preach--that democratic government is a
LETTERS OF R. G. DUN
141
humbug & the sooner we turn it into
a monarchy the better. I really believe we are
fast drifting to it. One thing is
certain we shall never have so free a Gov't again.
Free Gov't done [sic] very well
in the early history of the country when we had
honest men in office, but now since
politics has become a profession there is nothing
but polution [sic], bribery,
treachery & everything but honesty in the rulers of the
country, from the pettiest office of a
back-house inspector up to the President of the
U. S. The consequences we are now
realizing. I believe that all Democraties [sic]
or free Gov'ts will result in the same
thing. D---n free suffrage I say. It will be the
ruin of any great country.
I have no doubt we shall have great news
now within 60 days. The great Federal
fleet sailed from here, Boston, &
Phila. yesterday. It numbers some 200 vessels in all
& I suppose the plan is to make a
simultaneous attack on all the Southern ports. I
shall be greatly surprised if it does
not result in another grand failure. Will see.
To Walter A. Dun, January 22, 1862
I often wish I was out of this country
& if I had a fortune should certainly leave
for some foreign country. I am disgusted
with this [war].
To Walter A. Dun, February 15, 1862
For a long time I have been trying to
pump out the political opinions of you all,
but no one, heretofore, has been brave
enough to express them. I was delighted with
your views & am confirmed in my
opinion that the blood of the family runs pretty
much alike. Jim Angus being the only
exception. The recent Federal victories5 does
[sic] not alter my opinion as to the results of this conflict
which I have always
said will be the independence of the
South.
To John G. Dun, March 15, 1862
Politically I stand about the same as I
did when I last wrote you, notwithstanding
the recent reverses of the South6 (i.e.) I do not
see that peace or a settlement of our
National troubles are any nearer at
hand--indeed I think rather further removed;
for now the North will be so elated with
her recent successes that she is further
than ever removed from any disposition
to compromise by a recognition of the South.
While I don't think the South is the
least dispirited or discouraged, nor any more
disposed to succumb to the North. The
ridiculous stories about strong Union feeling
at the South I am convinced is all
humbug. These stories are got up to humbug the
"dear people" that they may
continue to be bled freely by the Administration & just
as long as the people continue to have
their eyes sanded & pour their money into
the Public Crib this war will be waged.
I may be like the man who when drunk
thought he was sober & every body
else drunk, but it does seem to me as tho' the
people at the North are all crazy &
mad to believe for a moment that this Union can
ever be restored . . . . No! The South
can only be kept subdued by a standing army
of a million men, the cost of which to
this government would be at least one thousand
million dollars pr-an [per annum]. When
this comes to happen then you may look
142 OHIO
HISTORY
for a restoration of common sense. I
think the probabilities are this war will be
continued during the whole time of the
present Administration & if at the end of
that time we have not a Military
Dictator or Monarch in Power the Democrats will
elect a Peace Party who will settle the
difficulties. In the meantime, of course, this
country must be ruined.
To Robert George Dun, May 27, 1862
The crazy infatuation of the North in
trying to carry out its "irrepressible con-
flict" doctrine has you may say
wholly bankrupted the country & I for one would
not care to invest much in the Govt.
Securities.
Comparatively I don't see that we are
much nearer the end of the trouble than
when it began--indeed it seems much
further off to me. I see no end to it--no
daylight ahead. As to a reunion of all
the states I never expect to see it. My opinion
is, however, that this war--this wicked
war--will continue as long as this Niger [sic]
Administration is in power; as long as
there is a dollar in the Treasury for the
vampires in office to gloat over. By the
time this administration runs out, the dear
people will begin to get a little sick about the belly (I mean
the pocket) & begin to
open their eyes & see how they have
been deluded. But even before that I think
quite probable we shall have our hands
full of France & England. I believe that
before sixty days we shall hear of their
interference which will hasten what is sure
to be the result-the independence of the
South.
The recent reverses to the South7 have
not altered my opinion at all as to the final
result. I fear, however, that the clown
fool at the Administration will develop itself
[sic] in confiscating all the Slaves of the South. You will
observe that the latest
news from Va. is not so encouraging to
the Unionist.8 I don't believe we have had
half the story yet. This being steamer
day it's all glazed over with a little sugar
coating. I understand that some of the
newspaper reporters whose dispatches were
not allowed to pass by censors of mail
& telegraph came on in person with their
budgets but on arrival here were nabbed
& carried off to Ft. Lafayette for their
pains. There is no mistake about it--we
don't hear of one quarter the disasters
met with by the Federals. My consolation
is that some day there will be a day of
reckoning for the devil incarnate at the
head of this government now.
To James Dun, June 10, 1862
Jim Angus is on his way to Salmon River,
Washington Territory. . . . I reckon
Jim has made up his mind he can't hold
the Union together & has concluded to leave
it in disgust. He has probably come to
my conclusion that the Union has gone to the
Devil & that while this Nigger
administration is trying to force the fragments together
it will be rendered in divers other
places. The next step will be the west sustaining
her right of secession--a repudiation of
the Gov't debt &c.
To John G. Dun, June 17, 1862
The great cry here now is emancipation
of the slaves. The cloven foot is beginning
to show itself.
LETTERS OF R. G. DUN
143
To John Dun, July 2, 1862
I fear you are right in your predictions
as to the total ruin of the country--both
North & South, as you say, all in
consequence of fanatics shutting their eyes to
consequences. 'Tis truly a deplorable
state of affairs when madmen hold the reigns
of power. Future history will point to
this era as a black spot in the history of the
country & censure other powers for
their non-interference for humanity's sake. I
can't but believe that France &
England will yet interfere. But the spirit in which
their overtures may be met will
determine whether we are to be benefitted or other-
wise by the step. Should we be involved
in war with them at this juncture, the result
would be the total ruin & end of
Republican Government in this country. Mediation,
however, I think is certain to be
offered & that very soon. Foreign powers have been
humbuged [sic] with our
assurances of a short war. . . . They now see our difficulties,
apparently, are further from settlement
than ever. The South never felt her strength
& ability to fight out her
independence more than today. Her armies are increasing
& her determination is stronger than
ever.
It is evident McClellan has been badly
whipped at Richmond & I shall not be
surprised to hear of the retreat of his
whole army.9 News is all suppressed ( a sure
omen that it is not good) & a new
call of 200 m [200,000] more troops will bear
out my impressions. We may look for
exciting news when it does come.
To John G. Dun, October 20, 1862
I must congratulate you on your glorious
Democratic victory.10 What a rebuke
to the Administration & Abolitionist
generally!! Good for Ohio! I am not ashamed
to own her now as my native State. Now
if we can do as well in N.Y. & elect
Seymour11 I think the jig is up with the
radicals & the reigns [sic] of the whole
Gov't will soon be in Democratic hands
again. Then we will have freedom in the
country again. The war will stop even if
separation is necessary to accomplish it &
the country will soon become prosperous
again. This is looking on the brightest side
of things. I don't like to contemplate
the other.
To Robert George Dun, January 27, 1863
On politics & the War I have but
little to say. The truth is I am thoroughly dis-
gusted with both & the country
generally for the latter has gone to the Devil & there
is no help for it. I have but little
faith in Seymour's living up to the platform of
his inaugural; for there are few, if any
politicians, who would not sell their birth-
rights, like Esau, for a mess of potage [sic].
Seymour I think is already getting weak
in the knees. Everything now indicates
that the Southern Confederacy is to be the
future Garden spot of this continent.
She will soon gain her independence & you
will find that the development of her
resources, under her pressing necessities will
show her to be wealthier at the close of
this war than at its outset, while the North
will wilt in Bankruptcy.
144 OHIO
HISTORY
To John Dun, March 2, 1863
We are bound, hand & foot now by the
one man power [sic] & nothing but revo-
lution will save us. The enforcement of
the conscription act will, I believe, be the
torch to the magazine. There is a very
common impression here that the War powers
dare not attempt it; & that the maneuver was carried out
more as a menace to the
South than anything else. The South,
however, will understand it as another
"[crime] against the country."
I thank God, that the time of this iniquitous & hellish
Congress lasts but a few hours. Yet
there is no telling what mischief they may do
the country in these few short hours.
They seem to be such devils incarnate. The
report in the city, this afternoon, is
that the new Congress is to be convened imme-
diately on the adjournment of the old. I
don't know that we can expect much good
from the new body, tho' it is to be
hoped there is salt enough in it to at least stay
the destruction of all liberties of the
people. But as I said before nothing but revo-
lution will save us. States must assert
their rights & put down the occupations [sic]
of the mere agency called government at
Washington.
To John Wood, March 5, 1863
I see but little prospect of an early
peace notwithstanding the "Copperhead" fra-
ternity seems to be rapidly on the
increase--but the people are tied hand & foot by
this nigger congress & can do
nothing--their liberties & rights are gone. It may
result in revolution at the North. I
look for it--at least a conflict for States rights
but I do not care to discuss politics--I
am completely disgusted with the country
& its people.
To James Angus Dun, April 16, 1863
Ben [Douglass] has just been in. He has
written a long letter on the subject of
slavery to his son Bob which I have had
to read. It is proslavery of course & his
arguments are based on Bible Doctrine.
While I don't admit his basis of Divine
Origin, or God's authority for slavery,
I must do Ben the credit to say I think it
quite an able letter, & fully
endorse his views as to the righteousness and justice of
slavery on other grounds. My belief is
that we have no revelations from God, but
those of nature & its irrevocable
laws. I can't think that God ever violated his own
laws, either by miracle or otherwise.
But in accordance with these laws it is plain
that God intended the Negro to be the
servant & slave of the superior race. This is as
plain to me as that it is natural for
the parent to govern the child; for the mind of
the Negro is as that of a child when
compared with the Caucasian. Ben intends to
publish his letter anonymously--I will
send you a copy.
There is no war news since the terrible
repulse of the the Federal Fleet at Charleston
& the job of taking that "pest
hole" given up sine die. I had a letter from Senator
Chandler12 the other day. He
says the Rebellion is on its last legs & will be sub-
stantially put down by 4th July. I must
say "I don't see it" & what's more I don't
believe it ever will be; nor the War
ended till the South gains her rightful inde-
pendence. I am sick of politics &
don't talk it anymore--am patiently awaiting the
end, which I have faith to believe will
come out all right.
LETTERS OF R. G. DUN
145
To John G. Dun, June 27, 1863
Politically, there is a good deal of
excitement here about the advance of the Con-
federates. I hope & believe Lee is
bent on taking Washington. If he attempts he
will succeed; for our main army is
thoroughly demoralized & won't fight & the raw
recruits will scatter before the Rebels
as chaff before the wind. With the rout of
our Army & Capture of Washington I
shall look for a little of reason in the North
which I hope may lead to an early
settlement. Victories on the part of the South is
the only hope of an early peace. I
should not be surprised to hear of Lee's attacking
Phila. & capturing it & then
dictating terms of Peace in old Independence Hall.
To James Angus Dun, July 23, 1863
I suppose you will have heard of the
Great riot in this city last week. It was
gotten up in opposition to the Lincoln
conscription. The rioters first glutted [sic] &
burned the drafting office, then a good
deal of other property, some few private dwell-
ings. They done [sic] pretty much
as they pleased for 3 or 4 days when sufficient mili-
tary force arrived to put it down &
all has since been quiet. During the riot there were
killed on both sides (soldiers &
rioters) about two hundred. Of course the draft was
stopped but it is said it will yet be
carried thru. If it is I look for further trouble.
The people won't stand any such
usurpation of power by the "Machine" at Wash-
ington. I suppose you think the jig is
up for the Southern Confederacy, but let me
tell you I have faith yet & believe
the south will ultimately triumph.
To John Dun, August 29, 1863
I agree . . . on your criticisms of the
party in power. In these days of corruption
& iniquity in government affairs, I
think your remarks will apply to most all poli-
ticians, for with them it is a mere
squabble for spoils. Indeed I am down on Repub-
lican government. It is very good in
theory but won't work practically.
We have unofficial reports that the
Federal flag now floats over Sumter & Wagner,
but I don't believe it yet, nor do I
believe that Charleston is going to be taken yet
a while. If it is at all it will be at
immense cost & loss of life. But what if Charleston
is taken? It would be but a very small
thing compared with the subjects of the
war (i.e.) subjugation &
emancipation. I have not lost my confidence a whit in what
I think will be the final result of the
war & that is Independence of the South, there
can't be any other finale.
To John Dun, September 16, 1863
I fear the frauds you anticipate in your
coming election will be fully realized. I
have no doubt but what the Democrats
will be swindled out of the election of their
candidates. The enforcing of the
conscription in Ohio will be a pretext for Marshall
[sic] Law & Lincoln's proclamation (out this morning)
suspending the writ of
habeas corpus will Bastile [sic] all
who say a word in opposition. I shall regret to see
blood shed in Ohio, but I hope the
democrats will fight for their rights to the
last man.
146 OHIO HISTORY
To Robert George Dun, October 3, 1863
I am sorry to hear you express any
doubts of Vallandigham's election. A little
ray of hope for the country was left in
the certainty of his election to the governor-
ship of Ohio. Seymour has lost his
backbone, if he ever had any and now amounts
to nothing. Val, however, I believe will
act up to his principles & hesitate in no duty.
Do your best to elect him. After all I
fear it is now too late to save the country from
ruin, as the abolitionists have the sway
& power.13
To James Angus Dun, March 24, 1864
Gold is selling today at 1.70 in
Greenbacks. So you see it begins to look as tho'
the back of the Federal Gov't was
getting weak as that of the Confederacy & mark
my word you will find its back
completely broke before "Old Abe" or any other
power, annihilate the Confederacy. It
seems strange to me how or where you could
have imbibed such prejudice as you have
against the South. I can conceive how
even intelligent men can support this
administration & oppose states rights, but on
no other grounds than that of bigoted
fanaticism or pocket interest; but how you,
or any man who makes pretenses to common
sense, can do so is an enigma to me.
Now, my dear Jim, I fear your error of
judgment is based on prejudice & ignorance
of the fundamental principles of
government & I hope you will read the history of
its organization. For your enlightment [sic]
I enclose an article cut from one of
our daily papers [New York Daily
News, March 7, 1864] which contains facts you
probably never heard of. If you can get
over the argument contained therein & still
deny the right of Secession,
please let me know & I will pile up on you "a little more
of the same sort." Of course, if
you grant the right of a state to secede then you must
condemn this wicked &
unconstitutional war. But on the other hand, suppose the
Southern states had not the right
to withdraw--we possibly might have whipped a
single one into subjection, but how are
we going to help ourselves, now that nearly
half the States are united in the
resolve. Are we, for a mere abstract idea, to
squander millions of lives & bankrupt
the country financially, trying to prevent it
when any man of common reason should see
it an impossibility? Yes an impossibility.
This war may go on until you & I
have hoary heads, but the end & object (if subju-
gation be it) will not be attained nor
can it ever be. When you talk about "speedily
annihilating the rebellion," you
certainly can't comprehend the undertaking or know
what you are talking about. I have seen,
& told you before, what would be the
result from the beginning & I am now
encouraged in seeing so many returning to
common sense. I have always said this
war would last during the life of the present
administration & that the issue
between aspirants for succession would be peace or
war. It is beginning to strongly manifest itself now &
the peace element will be in
the ascendence [sic] by the time
the election comes off. Should the present adminis-
tration undertake to sustain itself in
power by force of arms (which it no doubt will)
then look out for an upheaving at the
North, which will so weaken the North that the
South can dictate her own terms--but in
any event there will be no end to this war
until she has her independence. Now let
me beg of you, Jim, to ponder over &
consider this matter well--give up your
superficial ideas & dig into the merits of the
LETTERS OF R. G. DUN
147
whole affair--but you must study some to
do it intelligently & if I can aid you by
sending you any books on history bearing
on the subject I will do so cheerfully. I
trust you will not take any offense at
my plain talk for I have no hard feelings against
you because of your opinions (I regard
every man's rights in this respect) but I do
most heartily condemn & despise the
doctrines you preach. I rely on your good
judgement & common sense to come out
all right yet--only don't let your reason be
influenced by prejudice.
To John G. Dun, May 16, 1864
Well what do you think of the War now.
It strikes me Grant has gone up "like a
rocket & will come down like a
stick." I rather think, notwithstanding all the blow
& bluster, he is rather stuck14--instead
of walking into Richmond this week, it is
reported that he has deferred the time
to 4th July.--Maybe he'll get there then. I
shall be surprised if the Confederates
do not get New Orleans before Grant or Butler
get Richmond.
To John G. Dun, September 7, 1864
How do you like the Chicago nomination?
I don't like McClellan at all & think
seriously if I vote at all, it will be
for Lincoln & I think every true friend of the
South & of state rights should do
the same. While the present administration remains
in power the South will be a unit &
the North will continue to become more & more
divided until a split takes place
between the East & West. On the other hand
McC[lellan] is about the only man to
galvanize the Northern Army & put new life into
it. Radically he is as much a war man as
Lincoln & as determined to subjugate the
South. By profers [sic] of peace
& rights to the South & reunion I fear he may dis-
affect a portion of the people there
& divide them in sentiment. Many no doubt are
sick & tired of the War & in
their anxiety for peace would accept the bait. With this
view of the case I think all true
friends of State Sovereignity [sic] had better let
matters rest as they are & this will
be sure in the end to come out triumphant--Hurrah!
for Lincoln & the War
Democrats--they only want power and plunder. I have no
doubt but what Mr. Pendleton15 is
all right but as the ticket is arranged the cart is
before the horse. You may rest assured
McClellan means war to the bitter end. I
should like to know how you & the
peace Democrats around you feel.
To John G. Dun, May 1, 1865
Some think we are to have a great demand
for goods from the South, but in that
I think they will be disappointed--this
year at least. The people of the South are
not in a condition to buy much--nor will
there be a disposition to buy from
Yankees if they could.
THE EDITOR: James D. Norris is an assis-
tant professor of history at Hiram
College. He
came across the Dun letters in doing
research
for his doctoral dissertation, "The
Maramec
Iron Works in Missouri, 1826-1876."
A Northern Businessman Opposes the Civil War EXCERPTS FROM THE LETTERS OF R. G. DUN edited by JAMES D. NORRIS |
|
A number of rather prominent northern businessmen opposed the Civil War and the Lincoln administration for both sound business reasons and personal political commitments. Robert Graham Dun's letters to his family and friends in Ohio during the Civil War present an excellent portrait of one such businessman. Imbued with a deep-seated hostility toward both Lincoln and the war, Dun saw the conflict through the eyes of a businessman who was also a conservative Democrat. In his view, the war disturbed business, endangered the nation's solvency, and eventually would cost billions of dollars. More- over, it was an assault upon the rights of the states. Not only did Dun believe the South had a right to secede, but he was convinced she would be independent sooner or later regardless of the outcome of the war. In discuss- ing the condition of the country, bitterness frequently overcame him. How- ever, near the end of the war, during the election campaign of 1864, his feeling moderated, to the point where he considered voting for Lincoln; but only, it would seem, because he feared McClellan would be the greater threat to the South. Even after the war was over Dun could not bring himself to be hopeful of a quick return to good business relations. NOTES ARE ON PAGE 200 |