The Ohio- Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 199
THE OHIO-MICHIGAN BOUNDARY LINE DISPUTE.
TOD B. GALLOWAY.
"Sing, 0, Goddess Muse,
From whence arose so fierce a strife."
In the examination of the questions involved in the Ohio-
Michigan boundary dispute, I find myself very much in the
position of the Justice of the Peace, who, after hearing the
plaintiff's side of the case, was ready to decide in his favor; but
upon the defendant having presented his argument, he exclaimed,
"You mix me up so, I don't know which way to decide."
Therefore, I appeal to you to be judge and jury in this case, and
upon hearing the facts and what law there is, which is very
little, I leave you to find the verdict as ye shall deem best.
The case is the State of Ohio vs. the United States. It can
not be the State of Ohio vs. Michigan, for at the time of this
controversy Michigan was but a territory, and therefore only a
ward of the general government. With this slight preliminary,
I shall plunge at once into the statement of the whole case.
In 1817, Lewis Cass wrote to Edward Tiffin, the United
States Surveyor-General, "A disputed jurisdiction is one of the
greatest evils that can happen to a country." This is eminently
true. All the great wars in history, aside from those involving
religious disputes, have been caused by boundary line contro-
versies or disputed jurisdictions.
In regard to the controvesy between Ohio and Michigan as
to the boundary line, but very little is known by this generation.
Few histories have more than a meagre account of it, generally
dismissing the subject with a few lines about "The Toledo War,"
by relating one or two of the humorous and ludicrous events in-
cident thereto, but failing wholly to give the subject the promi-
nence it deserves.
The contestants were not solely Governor Lucas, of Ohio,
and Governor Mason, of Michigan, nor, as I said before, was it
a question between the two States, or the State and the territory,
200 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 4
but rather between Ohio and the United
States. Under the Con-
stitution of this Republic, had Ohio
occupied the disputed terri-
tory, it would have been the imperative
duty of the President to
resist such occupation with all the
forces of the nation, if neces-
sary, if he regarded the claims of
Michigan as valid and correct.
As this question was one which came into
being with the
admission of Ohio into the Union, and
realizing its important
bearing upon the early history and later
development of Ohio
and Michigan, I have selected it as the
subject of an address be-
fore our Archaeological and Historical
Society.
Mr. Fisk well says, in his
"Critical Period of American His-
tory:" "Questions about public
lands are often regarded as the
driest of historical deadwood.
Discussions about them in news-
papers and magazines belong to the class
of articles which the
general reader usually skips. Yet there
is a great deal of the
philosophy of history wrapped up in this
subject. * * * *
For without studying this creation of a
national domain between
the Alleghenies and the Mississippi, we
cannot understand how
our Federal Union came to be
formed." The problem of divid-
ing the great unknown West among the
thirteen new States was
one of the most complex and intricate
questions which baffled
the skill of the legislators who had so
successfully grappled with
the perplexities of the First
Continental Congress. The indi-
vidual members of our first National
Congress were, as a matter
of fact, ignorant of the extent of the
great West. They knew
almost nothing of its boundless
prairies, its mighty rivers and
inland seas; its primeval forests, its
wealth of ores and coal.
And it is interesting to remember that
it was the plan which
Rufus Putnam sent from the village of
Rutland, Massachusetts,
to Congress for the relief of indigent
revolutionary soldiers, that
they should be colonized between Lake
Erie and the Ohio River,
that was the immediate origin of the
Ordinance of 1787.
In the early history of this country of
ours, there was one
commodity which was cheap, i. e., land.
It was both "dirt
cheap" and "cheap dirt."
These were the days when a service
of ofttimes a questionable nature was
repaid with three or four
counties in America, from the King of
England; or the intro-
duction to Louis XIV of France of a
charming mistress meant a
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line
Dispute. 201
grant of a province; when one English
favorite was endowed
with a tract of land gravely described
as having "a sea front
of ten miles and extending westward to
the limits of North
America."
The story of the occupation of Canada by
the French, and
of all the Atlantic coast by the
English, needs no repetition here.
After the treaty of 1760, which ended
France's power in America,
all that territory north of Louisiana
belonged to England; in
her was the right of eminent domain,
subject to the fast fading
claims of France. The colonies had no
rights in all this bound-
less stretch of country, and they had no
power or right of ac-
quiring any of this land without special
grant from the crown.
This point is important as bearing upon
the claims which New
York, Connecticut, Virginia and others,
made to territory beyond
the Alleghenies after the Revolution. As
one author has said,
"English protection preserved the
great heart of this continent
for Americans, and English
shortsightedness produced a Union
in which was the only possibility of
perpetuating the titles of
Americans to the great central
valley."
The claims of certain of the States to
territorial domain
were questions which occupied the First
National Congress, and,
as we know, even threatened to prevent
the union of the young
States. Briefly, the question was, did
these States have rights
in this vast new territory founded upon
incidents of their colonial
status, or did this region belong to the
United States? Had Eng-
land's rights not passed to the United
States, the colonies, or
the States which had been colonies,
would only have had such
claims on the west as England might see
fit to acknowledge.
But England's rights had passed
by treaty to the United States
as a sovereign government, and the
colonies had died without
testament or issue. Had, however, either
side pressed its claims
too rigidly on this question, the young
republic might never have
lived. Thomas Jefferson and his
associates took the broad,
middle course in this threatening
question. They held the funda-
mental truth to be that the general
government had certain pre-
rogatives necessary to its existence,
and, on the other hand, that
certain concessions to some of the new
States were wiser than
stringent measures. The guiding hand of
Jefferson can there-
202 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VoL. 4
fore be seen in all the efforts to
organize the Northwest territory,
and the Ordinance of 1787 was the fruit
not only of Jefferson's
labors, but of the best wisdom of the
best minds in America.
While it is true that Jefferson was in
Paris on a mission when
the Ordinance was adopted, yet the
principles of his proposed
Ordinance of 1784 were incorporated in
framing it. This ordi-
nance, secured at the cost of a few
concessions, that of the
Western Reserve to Connecticut and the
Military Reservation in
Ohio to Virginia, was, as has been said,
"one of the wisest and
most far-seeing provisions of a time
when wisdom and foresight
seem to have been especially granted to
public men."
"I doubt," said Daniel
Webster, "whether one single law
of any law-giver, ancient or modern, has
produced effects of
more distinct, marked and lasting
character than the Ordinance
of 1787." In sagacity, wisdom and
foresight, it has never been
surpassed. It has stood the test of time
for more than one
hundred years; it has been the corner
stone of territorial govern-
ments since its adoption. Our fathers framed laws like the
Patriarchs of old.
However, among the documents in this
case, of Ohio vs.
The United States ex rel. Michigan, one
article of this remark-
able State paper, viz., No. 5, is the
only one involved in the
issues in the case. It reads as follows:
"There shall be formed in the said
territory not less than
three nor more than five States; and the
boundaries of the
States, as soon as Virginia shall alter
her act of cession and
consent to the same, shall become fixed
and established as fol-
lows, to-wit: The western State, in the
said territory, shall be
bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio and
the Wabash Rivers; a
direct line drawn from the Wabash and
Post Vincents, due north,
to the territorial line between the
United States and Canada; and
by the said territorial line to the Lake
of the Woods and Missis-
sippi. The middle State shall be bounded
by the said direct line,
the Wabash from Post Vincents to the
Ohio, by the Ohio, by a
direct line drawn due north from the
mouth of the Great Miami
to the said territorial line, and by the
said territorial line. The
eastern State shall be bounded by the
last mentioned direct line,
the Ohio, Pennsylvania and the said
territorial line; provided,
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line
Dispute. 203
however, and it is further understood and declared, that the
boundaries of these three States shall
be subject so far to be
altered, that, if Congress shall
hereafter find it expedient, they
shall have authority to form one or two
States in that part of the
said territory which lies north of an
east and west line drawn
through the southerly bend or extreme of
Lake Michigan. And
whenever any of the said States shall
have sixty thousand free
inhabitants therein, such State shall be
admitted, by its delegates,
into the Congress of the United States,
on an equal footing with
the original States, in all respects
whatever, and shall be at liberty
to form a permanent Constitution and
State Government; pro-
vided, the Constitution and Government, so to be formed, shall
be Republican, and in conformity to the
principles contained in
these articles, and, so far as it can be
consistent with the general
interest of the Confederacy, such
admission shall be allowed at
an earlier period, and when there may be
a less number of free
inhabitants in the State than sixty
thousand."
In the consideration of this article of
the ordinance, I omit
mention of all the details of the
negotiations between Congress
and the Legislature of Virginia relative
to the cession by Virginia
of certain territorial rights north of
the Ohio River. In brief,
however, Virginia proposed that the
northern boundary of the
States to be formed in the future should
be an east and west line
running due east of the Mississippi
River, touching the southern
point of Lake Michigan; but Congress
decided that in fixing the
boundaries, due regard should be paid to
the natural conditions
and the variety of circumstances which
would grow out of a
more perfect knowledge of the country.
Virginia had wished
the boundaries to be blocked out without
regard to rivers, moun-
tains, lakes or barren land.
When Congress adopted the Ordinance of
1787, the country
in the vicinity of Lake Michigan was
practically unknown. It
was thronged with savages and rarely
visited by white men.
Even at a much later period there were
few who could boast that
they had penetrated towithin fifty miles
of the southern point of
Lake Michigan. The map which was relied
upon by the con-
gressional committee in framing the
ordinance was Mitchell's,
which had been published in 1755. This
same map was also
204 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 4
used by our commissioners in negotiating
the Treaty of Paris in
1783. On it few, very few, of the
natural objects in the North-
west territory were correctly
delineated. The longitude and
latitude of the various rivers were all
wrong, while in regard to
Lake Michigan, a most grave error was
present, which was the
whole cause of the boundary difficulty.
I wish that I might show you a copy of
this interesting old
map, as it would illustrate to you how
easily Congress was led
into its mistake. On it Lake Michigan is
represented as not
larger than Lake Huron, and trending
from the north decidedly
to the southeast; whereas, we know it is
much larger than Lake
Huron, and its trend is to the southwest.
By it the southern
boundary of Lake Michigan was laid down
as being near the
forty-second degree of north latitude,
and by that error an east
and west line from Lake Michigan to
Canada intercepted the
present strait between Detroit and the
Raisin River. A pencil
line was drawn on this map indicating
such a line, and upon that
line the committee and Congress
manifestly intended the north-
ern boundary of Ohio to be located.
Indeed a number of maps
in the State Department of a later date
all follow Mitchell's
location of Lake Michigan.
Things went along smoothly for some
time. Our pioneer
fathers, in happy- or unhappy, as the
sequels shows-ignorance
of the topography of our western
country, continued the uneven
tenor of their ways, making war on the
aborigines and obeying
the Biblical injunction to people the
land.
In 1802, Ohio had reached the period
when she decided she
was ready to assume the maturer robes of
statehood. In that
year the convention was held in
Chillicothe to frame a consti-
tution for the State, and under the
prevailing and natural im-
pression that the old maps were correct,
the convention was
about to locate the northern boundary in
conformity with this
opinion, believing the line would
terminate far above Maumee
Bay. While in the midst of this
discussion, there happened in
the convention an old trapper who had
hunted for years on Lake
Michigan. He announced to them that he
was thoroughly con-
versant with the country, and that they
were mistaken, that
Lake Michigan extended much farther
south than was generally
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 205
supposed. Can we not picture the old
trapper with his squirrel-
skin cap, clad in buckskin, imparting
this bit of information to
the astonished and bewildered
convention? Consternation, doubt,
indecision and perplexity? Gallileo
proclaiming to the Prelates.
that the world was round, or Columbus
announcing to the Court
of Ferdinand and Isabella that he
discovered a new world, could
not have produced a more profound
sensation than this statement
of our trapper friend. Accordingly, the
convention arranged
the boundary of the State in conformity
with the provision of
Congress with this proviso: "
Provided always, and it is hereby
fully understood and declared by this
convention, that if the
southern boundary or extremity of Lake
Michigan should extend
so far south that a line drawn due east
from it should not inter-
sect Lake Erie, or if it should
intersect the said Lake Erie east
of the mouth of the Miami River of the
lake, then, and in that
case, with the assent of Congress of the United States, the
northern boundary of this State shall be
established by and
extended to a direct line running from
the southern extremity
of Lake Michigan to the most northerly
cape of the Miami Bay,
after intersecting the due north line
from the mouth of the
Great Miami, thence northeast to the
territorial line, and by the
said territorial line to the said
Pennsylvania line."
Some of the members of the convention
were so anxious to
establish a State government as soon as
possible, that they
hesitated lest this proviso might cause
delay; but it was however,
adopted by the convention.
When this constitution was submitted to
Congress, this
proviso was never directly rejected nor
ratified. Ohio always
claimed that the acceptance by Congress
of this constitution was
a ratification of this proviso, while
Michigan thought from the
fact that Congress did not expressly
ratify the proviso, it was
void and without effect. Certain it was,
that Ohio herself never
seemed satisfied with her position, and
repeatedly attempted to
have Congress ratify the boundary which
terminated at the
mouth of Maumee Bay, while Michigan
exercised territorial
jurisdiction over the disputed piece of
ground, which was about
360 square miles, on the ground that
under the Ordinance
of 1787, they had a vested right to all
the territory north of an
206 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 4
east and west line, drawn from the
southern end of Lake
Michigan; and these territorial
authorities appointed officers,
collected taxes, granted charters to corporations, who continued
without contention to exercise their
corporate functions. The
disputed territory running along the
north of Ohio was eight
miles wide in the east, diminishing to
five miles in the west.
The land included some of the
Connecticut Reserve. It was
farming land, and was destined to
command much of the com-
merce of Lake Erie. It was particularly
important as containing
the valuable harbor of Maumee Bay.
Over nine years after the admission of
Ohio as a State, in
January, 1812, we find the then
collector of the Port of Miami
addressed a letter to Return Jonathan
Meigs, Governor of Ohio,
on behalf of the fifty families
comprising the population of that
district, urging him to give an opinion
upon the position of the
boundary line, and asking for a speedy
settlement of the ques-
tion. At that time the United States was
on the verge of a war
with Great Britain, and it so quickly
followed that the boundary
line question was wholly lost sight of
in the more serious
problem of preserving our national
existence; and this was par-
ticularly true in the northern part of
Ohio and in the vicinity of
Detroit, on account of their proximity
to the territory of the
common enemy. However, after being
repeatedly urged by
Ohio, through its representatives,
Congress appointed a com-
mittee on January 4, 1812, to examine
into the expediency of
approving the northern boundary of Ohio,
as set forth in the
proviso to its constitution, which shows
conclusively that Ohio
did not feel that the ratification in
1803, by Congress, of her
constitution had been a ratification of
her proviso on the boundary
matter. Accordingly, Congress by law
directed the Surveyor-
General to have surveyed, marked and
designated a line agree-
ably to the line established by Ohio's
proviso of her constitution
in 1802, and to have a plan of the same
returned to Congress.
On account of the intervention of the
war of 1812, this survey
was not made until 1817. At that time
William Harris was
directed by the Surveyor-General to make
the survey, which he
did, and the line was known as Harris'
line. At the same time,
through the influence of General Lewis
Cass, Territorial Governor
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 207
of Michigan, who was a close political
and personal friend of the
President, another survey was made for
the government by John
A. Fulton, which was known as Fulton's
line. This line con-
formed to the claims of Michigan.
On the 29th of January, 1818, the
General Assembly of
Ohio declared they would consider
Harris' line as the boundary.
But as Congress, for some inexplicable
reason, did not confirm
either Harris' or Fulton's lines, this
declaration on the part of
our legislature did not have much
weight.
When this controversy began, the
disputed territory was oc-
cupied chiefly by Indians, and naturally
the solution of the ques-
tion was not one of much moment; but
after the war of 1812,
when the territory began to be occupied
by the whites, these in-
habitants of the infant settlement
became quite anxious for a
decision. In 1823, Horatio Conant, on
behalf of the residents
of the disputed strip, addressed a
letter to Hon Ethan A. Brown,
Ohio's Senator, begging for a speedy
decision. Nevertheless,
nothing seems to have been done until it
became known that
Michigan was about to apply for
admission into the Union. On
December 14, 1831, the Legislature of
Ohio addressed a memorial
to Congress, praying that measures might
be adopted for a speedy
and final establishment of the dividing
line. Accordingly, on
July 14, the President by law was
directed to have a third survey
made to find the exact longitude and
latitude of the southern ex-
tremity of Lake Michigan, the same of
the north cape on
Maumee Bay, and also where a direct line
from the southern ex-
tremity of Lake Michigan would intersect
Lake Erie. This was
done, and that is all that was done.
Congress having not yet
ratified either the Harris or Fulton
line.
In 1835, matters reached a crisis. Owing
to the growth of
the State of Ohio, it was found
imperative to build a canal con-
necting the Miami of the South with the
Maumee River, or, as it
was then known, the Miami of the North.
The citizens of the
rapidly growing village of Toledo, by
their urgent demands, in-
duced Governor Lucas to bring the matter
before our Legislature
by a special message, and on February
23, 1835, the Legislature
passed an act extending the northern
boundaries of the counties
208 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 4
of Wood, Henry and Williams to the
Harris line. This act read
as follows:
"That such part of the territory
declared by this act as be-
ing attached to the county of Wood,
shall be erected into town-
ships, as follows, to-wit: Such part of
ranges five and six as lies
between the line run due east from the
southern extremity of
Lake Michigan and the line run from the
said southern extremity
to the most northern cape of the Maumee
Bay, be and the same
is hereby erected into a separate and
distinct township by the
name of Sylvania; and that all such
parts of ranges seven and
eight, together with the territory east
of the Maumee River, as
lies between the line run from the
southerly extremity of Lake
Michigan to the most northerly cape of
the Maumee Bay, and
between Lake Erie and the line run due
east from the southern
extremity of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie,
be and the same is
hereby erected into a separate and
distinct township, by the
name of Port Lawrence;" and further
authorized and directed
those townships to hold elections for
township officers on the
first Monday in April next, and provided
for their complete or-
ganization. The Governor appointed three
commissioners to run
and re-mark the line, and the date of
April 1 was fixed as the
time to commence the survey. I cannot
refrain from reading the
following letter, as showing the
disposition of the citizens of
Toledo and the attitude of the Michigan
authorities at that time:
TOLEDO, WOOD COUNTY, OHIO, March 1,
1835.
His Excellency, ROBERT LUCAS, Governor of Ohio:
SIR: At the request of a large number of
my fellow citizens, I
hasten to advise you of the aspect of
our affairs in this quarter of the
State, that your Excellency may adopt
such measures to protect their
rights and maintain the laws of the
State, as under existing circumstances
may be deemed necessary.
A notice was last week issued, calling a
meeting at Tremainsville of
the citizens of that portion of the
State of Ohio lying north of an east and
west line drawn through the southern
extreme or bend of Lake Michigan,
and which had heretofore been under the
temporary jurisdiction of the
territorial government of Michigan. The
object of this meeting was to
spread intelligence among the people,
and to prepare them for the exten-
sion of the jurisdiction of the State to
its entire constitutional limits, and
to guard against any chance of division
by the industrious efforts of cer-
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 209
tain emmissaries, who had been sent out
by the acting Governor of Michi-
gan to create an interest in favor of
the territory, and to prevent the
operation of the laws of Ohio. The
meeting assembled yesterday after-
noon to the number of some three hundred
persons. A deputation was
sent out from Michigan consisting of
General Brown, of Lenawee county;
General Humphrey, of Monroe; Mr. Bacon,
of the Legislative Council, and
a number of the judicial and military
officers of Monroe county, ostensi-
bly to confer and consult with our
citizens, but whose real object was to
overawe and divide our meeting. As the
nature of their visit was under-
stood, a resolution was unanimously
passed, at the commencement of the
meeting, inviting all strangers who
might feel any interest in its proceed-
ings to attend, but declaring it
'indecorous, improper and out of order' for
any person to take part in its
deliberations who was not interested as a
resident of Ohio, or called by the language of the notice under
which we
had assembled.
Notwithstanding this decisive and
unanimous resolution of our citi-
zens, repeated efforts were made by
General Brown, through his associates,
to get a hearing from our audience, and
to procure the reading of an order
from the acting Governor of Michigan. It
at length came into the hands
of a citizen, who happened to be in the
Michigan interest, and who had
just received a commission from Governor
Mason, and the order was by
him offered to the meeting, and
permission asked to read it aloud; but as
soon as the signature was
discovered, it was indignantly rejected by the
meeting, and its reading declared out of
order, according to the spirit of
our first resolution. The purport of
this order, as I afterwards learned
was certain instructions from acting
Governor Mason to General Brown, to
proceed forthwith to this place, and
other towns in the northwestern part
of Ohio, and to ascertain what public
officers were in the interest of the
State, for the purpose of having them
removed, and replaced by others
more loyal to the cause of Michigan. And
if, after all his efforts, he could
not create a division, or raise a party
among our citizens sufficiently strong
to maintain the laws of Michigan, then
to raise a posse and proceed forth-
with with the public authorities of the
adjacent counties, and forcibly sup-
port the jurisdiction of Michigan, and,
particularly, to put into effect the
late unconstitutional and unprecedented
enactment of the Legislative
Council of the territory, subjecting our
citizens to a fine of one thousand
dollars and imprisonment at hard labor
for a term of five years, if they
should so far assert their rights as to
receive or hold a commission under
the State, from whose constitution they
had a right to claim protection.
But notwithstanding all this, and in the
very presence of these very gentle-
men who had come to promulgate these
mandates -to put into execution
these instructions, and to overawe the
populace when the special message
of your Excellency, and the resolutions
and enactments of the General
Assembly of Ohio, extending to them
their rights as citizens of the State,
and the protection of its laws were
read, the meeting strongly and firmly
Vol. IV-14
210 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VoL. 4
resolved to support the laws and
constitution of Ohio. To this resolution
there were but four or five voices in
the negative.
After the meeting had adjourned, General
Brown read his order to the
populace, and assured them that the laws
of Michigan should be enforced,
and that before the State of Ohio should
extend her jurisdiction over this
part of her constitutional limits, she
would have to march over the dead
bodies of that portion of her
citizens who had heretofore been under the
jurisdiction of Michigan.
Every effort has been made by General
Brown and his emissaries to
create divisions and intimidate our
citizens. For this purpose threats were
used-the aid of the General Government
was freely pledged to those
who would come out on the side of
Michigan -and where intimidation
and threats failed to produce the
effect, commissions were freely offered
and granted.
I herewith send you the last number of
the Michigan Sentinel, from
which your Excellency will be able to
gather the feelings and sentiments
of the citizens of that part of the
territory upon the subject, which, from
its immediate vicinity and from its
former relations to us, has in its power
materially to harass and oppress our
citizens.
With sentiments of deepest respect, I
am, sir, your Excellency's
obedient servant, ANDREW PALMER.
Can we not, in our mind's eye, fancy the
excitement that
the receipt of this and other such
letters produced in this
burough of Columbus during the sitting
of the legislature, just
sixty years ago last month? For at that
time Columbus had
evoluted from the village moth into the
butterfly borough.
When the tri-weekly stage from the North
would arrive at Col.
Noble's pretentious National Hotel, the
lineal ancestor of the
Neil House, can we not picture the eager
gathering of loyal
Buckeyes to ascertain the latest news
from the seat of war; and
what arguments among the members of the
General Assembly
over their hot toddies in the genial
bar-rooms of the Red Lion,
the White Horse Tavern, and particularly
at the Swan Tavern,
where the legislators were extremely
fond of stopping with mine
host, Mr. Heyl?
The acting Governor and Secretary of the
Territory of
Michigan at this time was Stevens T.
Mason, a very young
Virginian.
We must remember that this was the
period in our National
history when Andrew Jackson had
introduced the idea that
The Ohio-Michigan
Boundary Line Dispute. 211
"to the victor belongs the
spoils"; and this principle was to and
did actuate and control all
appointments. As Hon. Thomas
Cooley says, in his excellent history of
Michigan:
"As the people of the territories
had no vote, they consti-
tuted no part of the victors who had
captured and taken posses-
sion of the general government, and
were, therefore, entitled to
no consideration in the distribution of
rewards. These must go
to Virginia, Pennsylvania and other
States, where many citizens
who had shown their patriotism by their
labors in electing the
president were now waiting in
expectation of receiving their share
in the division of what had been won at
that election. Personal
fitness for office was found in the fact
that claims had been
established by labors in securing the
election of the presidential
incumbent, and this, if not sufficient
for all cases, would seem to
have been thought ample in the case of a
merely territorial
position. But circumstances of a more
personal nature might
also have some influence, and it
therefore caused no surprise
when Mr. John T. Mason, of Virginia,
brother-in-law to the late
Postmaster-General Barry, but wholly
ignorant of the territory
and its people, was appointed
territorial secretary. What fitness
he might have developed for the office,
no one can tell, as he
soon elected not to discharge its
duties, and went abroad on an
enterprise for private parties. The
president thereupon trans-
ferred the appointment to Stevens T.
Mason, his son. The
only reason ever advanced for this
selection, and the only one
that could have existed, was that the
father requested it.
"The appointment of a successor to
Governor Cass had not
as yet been made, and by law the new
secretary would be acting
governor and also acting superintendent
of Indian affairs. A
rumor soon spread that young Mason was
under the age of legal
majority; that, in fact, he was but
nineteen years of age; and
his personal appearance indicated the
truth of the rumor. A
committee of citizens was thereupon
appointed to inquire into
the facts; and on calling upon him was
frankly told by the
young gentlemen that he was indeed under
age, but he added
that the President very well knew the
fact when he made the
appointment. Young as the secretary was,
he had not failed to
imbibe the spirit which was dictating
the distribution of political
212
Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VoL. 4
favors; and he justified the appointment
to the committee on the
ground that the emoluments of the office
were needed for the
support of his father's family while the
father was absent from
the country. To a committee, some of
whose members had the
old-fashioned notion that offices were
to be created and filled on
public, not on private considerations,
the reason assigned seemed
only an aggravation of the original
wrong. The papers of the
day declared that the people of the
territory were outraged by
this attempt to place a boy in authority
over gray heads. Even
the Indians, it was said, would know
better than this. 'They
know, if we do not, that age and talents
are to be treated with
respect, and that boys are not to mingle
in the councils of the
elders, much less to assume authority
over them.' But the
people wasted breath and the editors
their ink. The President
was taking care of his friends, and was
making precedents to be
followed and enjoyed by many successors.
If it pleased him to
send a boy to sit in the seat of Cass
and play governor, com-
plaints of the people concerned would no
more move him than
the howling of wild beasts in their
forests. The official organ at
Washington, a large part of whose
business it was to defend
removals made at the mere will of the
President, did indeed take
notice of the complaints, but only to
advance, with assumed
gravity in reply to their protests, that
as young Mason, whether
properly appointed or not, was now in
office, he could not, with
propriety, be removed so long as he was
not guilty of official
misconduct; and with this answer the
people were forced to con-
tent themselves as best they
might."
Accordingly, the warm blood of the young
Southerner was
fired, and he promptly proceeded to
anticipate the action of the
Ohio Legislature. He sent a special
message to the Legislative
Council of Michigan, informing them of
the special message of
Governor Lucas, and advising the passage
of an act to counteract
the actions of Ohio, which as we learn
from the Toledo letter we
read, was done 11 days before Governor
Lucas sent his special
message to the General Assembly of Ohio.
Ohio evidently had
an enemy in her own camp, as the
following letter of Governor
Mason to General Brown, commanding the
third division of
Michigan militia, shows:
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line
Dispute. 213
"EXECUTIVE OFFICE, Detroit,
March 9, 1835.
"SIR: YOU will herewith receive a
copy of a letter just received from
Columbus. You now perceive that a
collision between Ohio and Michigan
is inevitable, and will therefore be
prepared to meet the crisis. The Gov-
ernor of Ohio has issued a proclamation,
but I have neither received it nor
have I ever been able to learn its
tendency. You will use every exertion to
obtain the earliest information of the
military movements of our adversary,
as I shall assume the responsibility of
sending you such arms, etc., as may
be necessary for your successful
operation, without waiting for an order
from the Secretary of War, so soon as
Ohio is properly in the field. Till
then I am compelled to await the
direction of the War Department.
"Very respectfully your obedient
servant,
STEVENS T. MASON.
GENERAL Jos. W. BROWN."
But we must change our point of
observation and move to
the front with the troops. On March 31,
Governor Lucas, with
his staff and his recently appointed
boundary commissioners,
arrived at Perryville to re-mark the
Harris line, in conformity
with the law passed February 3. At the
same time arrived there
General John Bell, in command of a
volunteer force of about
six hundred men, fully equipped with the
sinews of war. These
troops went into camp at old Fort Miami,
awaiting the orders of
General Lucas, as Commander-in-Chief of
Ohio's militia.
In the meantime, the young Acting
Governor of Michigan,
with his chief of staff and a force
estimated between eight and
twelve hundred, arrived at Toledo and
went into camp, prepared
to resist to the bitter end any attempt
of Ohio's force to invade
the disputed territory.
It is quite unnecessary to add that the
inhabitats of both
States were wild with excitement. The
two governors had, by
special messages to their respective
legislatures, so committed
themselves that a trial by battle seemed
the only alternative; and
Governor Lucas determined to move upon
Toledo with all his
force at once.
Columbus was not without its
participants in this cruel war.
This village was stirred to its young
foundations with excitement,
and the young men of that time, clerks,
lawyers, doctors-every-
body was enthused with the gory
intention of wiping out the blot
on the fair escutcheon of Ohio. Among
others of that time,
214 Ohio Arch. and His.
Society Publications. [VOL. 4
when Governor Lucas was about to set out
for the seat of war,
Mr. Frank Work, now of New York City,
and the late John G.
Deshler, both then of this city,
volunteered as aids to the Gov-
ernor. When arrayed in the full panoply
of war, while in camp
at Fort Miami, they undertook to forage
for supplies for Ohio's
brave defenders. They set out one
afternoon well supplied with
flasks of corn juice as distilled in
those days, and after a success-
ful expedition, were returning home to
camp, the saddles well
hung with chickens, fruit and other
provender, when to their
horror and dismay they were captured by
an equally hungry set
of Michiganders. Appreciating their position, Messrs. Work
and Deshler wisely determined to make
the best of the situation
and proposed that they all join in a
feast off of the foraged goods,
and saying at the same time that they
would furnish the liquid
refreshments. The plan was received with
shouts of joy, and
soon the captors and captives were
enjoying the toothsome
chicken and succulent roasting ears, to
say nothing of the black
bottle. However, the Columbus youths,
while liberally sup-
plying the enemy with whisky, took but
little themselves. After
awhile, the rich dinner and the liberal
potations before the warm
camp fire proved too much for the
captors and they were lulled
to sleep under the combined soothing
influences, whereupon
Messrs. Work and Deshler sprang to their
horses and were soon
within the camp of their friends.
Realizing that serious consequences
would result unless
something was speedily done, the
President called upon his
Attorney-General, Benjamin F. Butler, of
New York, for his
legal opinion, and he responded that
until Congress gave express
assent to the Ohio boundary, the
disputed territory must be con-
sidered as belonging to Michigan. This
reply embarrassed the
President exceedingly. It was his duty, having asked the
Attorney-General for his opinion, to
follow it, and, in the
expression of to-day, "call
Governor Lucas down." But Ohio
was a great State. It was, as it has
since been, and certainly
will be in '96, an important factor in
the presidential election.
The President realized that at the same
time in losing the electo-
ral vote of Ohio in the next election,
he would likewise alienate
Illinois and Indiana, who were also
interested in the boundary
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 215
question adversely to Michigan. Accordingly, to relieve himself from his embarrassment, the President attempted to temporize. He intervened just at this juncture, when excitement was at its highest, before Lucas had completed his plan of attack, and sent Hon. Richard Rush, of Philadelphia, and Colonel Howard, of Baltimore, to act as commissioners from the President of the United States to prevent this fratracidal war. Hon. Elisha |
|
216 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 4
Whittlesey, of Ohio, accompanied the
commissioners as a sort
of assistant peacemaker.
These commissioners and the billigerent
governors had
several conferences. Finally, on April 7, Governor Lucas
assented to the following proposition,
and then only at the
urgent request of the commissioners:
"First. That the Harris line should be run and re-marked
pursuant to the act of the last session
of the Legislature of Ohio
without interruption.
"Second. The civil elections under the laws of Ohio having
taken place throughout the disputed
territory, that the people
residing upon should be left to their
own government, obeying
the one jurisdiction or the other, as
they may prefer, without
molestation from the authorities of Ohio
or Michigan until the
close of the next session of
Congress."
This, as you can see, left the
inhabitants in the delightful
situation of selecting whatever
government they chose to obey
until the close of the next session of
Congress. Governor Mason
rejected these proposals. Governor
Lucas, regarding the com-
missioners direct from the President as
of higher authority than
an Acting Governor of a territory,
disbanded his armed force.
It can be seen that our present
President had something of a
precedent in his appointment of a paramount
commissioner.
It never was contended that the Michigan
authorities ever
consented to these arrangements; and if
the commissioners had
possessed the paramount authority, which
the Secretary of State
afterwards expressly denied had been
attempted to be bestowed
upon them, the situation resulting from
such a decision would
have been simply anarchy.
Believing the matter settled for the
present, Governor Lucas
supposed, under the sanction obtained
from the commissioners,
he had a right to re- mark the Harris
line, and forthwith ordered
it done. A copy of the report of the
surveyor commissioners
tells the result of this attempt:
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line
Dispute. 217
PERRYSBURG, May 1, 1835.
To ROBERT LUCAS, ESQ., Governor of the State of Ohio.
SIR: In the discharge of the duties
which devolve upon us as com-
missioners appointed by your Excellency
for re-marking the northern
boundary line of this State, which is
known and distinguished as Harris's
line, we met at Perrysburg on Wednesday,
April 1, last, and after complet-
ing the necessary arrangements, proceeded
to the northwest corner of the
State, and there succeeded in finding
the corner as described in the field
notes of the Surveyor Harris, a copy of
which we had procured from the
Surveyor-General's office. Thence your
commissioners proceeded east-
wardly along said line, which they found
with little difficulty, and re-
marked the same as directed by law in a
plain and visible manner, to the
distance of thirty-eight miles and a
half, being more than half the length
of the whole line.
During our progress we had been
constantly threatened by the
authorities of Michigan, and spies from
the territory, for the purpose of
watching our movements and ascertaining
our actual strength, were almost
daily among us.
On Saturday evening, the 25th ult.,
after having performed a laborious
day's service, your commissioners,
together with their party, retired to the
distance of about one mile south of the
line, in Henry county, within the
State of Ohio, where we thought to have
rested quietly and peacefully en-
joy the blessings of the Sabbath-and
especially not being engaged on
the line, we thought ourselves secure
for the day. But contrary to our ex-
pectations, at about twelve o'clock in
the day an armed force of about fifty
or sixty men hove in sight, within
musket-shot of us, all mounted upon
horses, well armed with muskets and
under the command of General
Brown, of Michigan. Your commissioners,
observing the great superiority
of force, having but five armed men
among us, who had been employed to
keep a lookout and as hunters for the
party, thought it prudent to retire,
and so advised our men. Your
commissioners, with several of their party,
made good their retreat to this place.
But, sir, we are under the painful
necessity of relating that nine of our
men, who did not leave the ground
in time after being fired upon by the
enemy, from thirty to fifty shots,
were taken prisoners and carried away
into the interior of the country.
Those who were taken were as follows,
to-wit: Colonels Hawkins, Scott
and Gould, Major Rice, Captain
Biggerstaff, and Messrs. Elsworth,
Fletcher, Moale and Rickets.
We are happy to learn that our party did
not fire a gun in turn, and
that no one was wounded, although a ball
from the enemy passed through
the clothing of one of our men.
We have this day learned by some of the
men who were arrested and
have just returned, that they were taken
to Tecumseh under the escort of
the armed force, were there brought
before a magistrate for examination,
218 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 4
that they denied the jurisdiction; but
that six entered bail for their ap-
pearance; two were released as not
guilty, and one, to- wit: Mr. Fletcher,
refused to give bail and is retained in
custody.
We are also further informed, by
unquestionable authority, that on
the Sabbath day an armed force of
several hundred men were stretched
along the line to the east of us, with a
view to intercept us on our way.
Under existing circumstances and in the
present threatening attitude
of affairs, your commissioners have
thought it prudent, for the interest of
the State, as also for the safety of her
citizens and to prevent the threat-
ened effusion of blood, to withdraw from
the line at present and suspend
the further prosecution of the work,
until some efficient preparatory meas-
ures can be taken which will insure the
completion of the undertaking.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
[Signed] JONATHAN TAYLOR,
J. PATTERSON,
URI SEELEY,
Commissioners.
This report was forwarded by Governor
Lucas to the Presi-
dent, who, in turn, ordered Governor
Mason to send him a state-
ment of the outrages which had been
committed.
Among other sufferers from these assaults
was one of the
most interesting characters in the early
history of the Maumee
Valley-Major Stickney. He had long been
a ruling spirit at
Swan Creek, afterward Toledo. It was a
fad of his to be and do
everything different from everybody
else. His very accomplished
wife, who, by the way, was a daughter of
the celebrated General
and Molly Stark, of revolutionary fame,
could not restrain his
eccentricities. For example, he named his boys after the
numerals and his girls after the States.
The boys were One,
Two, etc., and, with the exception of
his oldest daughter, named
for his wife, the girls were Indiana,
Michigan, Ohio, etc. It is
related that on one occasion Mrs.
Stickney came to the piazza in
front of their house, opposite a vessel
which was lying at anchor
in the river, and calling her sons, she
said: "Two call One to
breakfast." A sailor aboard the
boat looked up and said: " Is
this the Maumee? It must be a terrible hard country, if it
takes
two to call one to breakfast."
In 1821, when Wood county attempted to
assume jurisdic-
tion over Swan Creek, the brave Major
pursuaded his neighbors,
in convention assembled, that they were
under the jurisdiction of
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 219
Michigan and not Ohio at all.
Afterwards, when the great ques-
tion arose as to where the Maumee and
Miami canal was to
terminate, the Major saw that the future
of Swan Creek, or To-
ledo, depended upon having the canal
terminate there. Accord-
ingly, he called another public meeting
and represented to his
neighbors that they were all wrong in
seceding from Ohio to
Michigan; they would have to rebel all
over again, and re-secede
once more from Michigan back again to
Ohio; that Ohio was,
after all, the only State, and
they would be true to her, though
the heavens fell. It was but natural,
therefore, especially as
Stickney had been particularly active in
stirring up Ohio's Gov-
ernor in the matter, that he should have
been an especial object
of ill-treatment. His own vigorous letter shows the spirit of
the man:
MONROE PRISON, May 6, 1835.
DEAR SIR: Here I am, peeping through the
grates of a loathsome
prison, for the monstrous
crime of having acted as the Judge of an election
within the State of Ohio.
From what took place the other day at
Port Miami, at a conference
between yourself and the Commissioners
of the United States, wherein we
had the honor of being present, we were
led to believe that a truce at least
would be the result. In this way we were
again deceived. I left my resi-
dence in Toledo in company with a lady
and gentleman from the interior
of Ohio, to visit my friend, A. E. Wing,
of Monroe, and others, conceiving
that respect for the ordinary visits of
hospitality would have been sufficient
for my protection under such
circumstances. But vindictiveness is carried
to such extremes, that all the better
feelings of man are buried in the
common rubbish. The officer who first
took me, treated me in a very
uncivil manner; dragging me about as a
criminal through the streets of
Monroe, notwithstanding there are a
number of exceptions to this virulent
mass.
On board the boat we took passage from
Toledo to Monroe, were
Messrs. Rush and Howard on their way to
Washington. They will make
favorable mention of the extreme
forbearance of Ohio. At eight o'clock
this morning we saw and shook hands with
the governor of these move-
ments (Mason), and his general (Brown)
in Monroe, just leaving for
Detroit. It is presumable that they
directed those outrageous trans-
actions.
Seventh, 7 o'clock A. M.-Have been here
fourteen hours and no re-
freshments of any kind yet furnished. It
appears probable that it is
intended to soften us by starvation.
Those bands of ruffians of the United
States, hanging upon the
220 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 4
northern border of Ohio, require
chastisement. It is to be hoped that the
United States will take speedy measures
to reduce them to submission.
They have become very troublesome to the
Western States, as you are fully
aware, and the State of Ohio
particularly, making inroads by night and by
day in large gangs, and committing
depredations upon the peaceable popu-
lation - kidnapping and abducting individuals
who have become offensive
to them. Whether the United States
undertakes the subduing of these law-
less desperadoes or leave the State
individually to defend themselves,
it will require a large force. We cannot
but hope that the United States or
the State to which I belong, will not
permit our individual sufferings
to urge them to any measures that may
not be consistent with an enlarged
view of the rights of the United States
or the individual states. I have the
honor to be, sir, your very obedient
servant,
B. F. STICKNEY.
His Excellency, ROBERT LUCAS, Governor of the State of Ohio.
As can readily be imagined, the breaking
up of the boundary
survey party and the various high-handed
outrages committed by
the Michigan troops, roused the people
of Ohio to a frenzy of
excitement. The newspapers teemed with
the "Desecration of
Ohio's Fair Soil," and other such
phrases.
It was not all one-sided, however, as
the Whig party, who
were opposed to Governor Lucas, ridiculed
his conduct as calcu-
lated to bring disgrace upon the State;
but these critics were
few in number.
The Governor finding it impracticable to
re-survey the Harris
line, determined upon more vigorous
efforts. He called an extra
session of the Legislature to meet June
8, a thing which, I believe,
has only been done twice in the history
of the State. The Legis-
lature was ready to assist the Governor.
It passed an act
erecting Lucas county in the disputed
territory, attaching the
new county to the Second Judicial
Disirict. It made Toledo
the temporary seat of justice and
directed "that the Court
of Common Pleas be held at Toledo on the
first Monday in
September next at the most convenient
house." The Legis-
lature further enacted a law to prevent
the forcible abduction of
the citizens of Ohio, and appropriated
three hundred thousand
dollars out of the treasury to carry
these laws into effect, while
the governor was authorized to borrow
three hundred thousand
dollars more on the credit of the State.
The division com-
manders of the militia were directed to
report the number of
The Ohio - Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 221
men who would volunteer to enforce by
arms the Ohio laws in the
disputed territory. Immediately over ten
thousand were re-
ported as ready to do or die.
These acts on the part of Ohio only
exasperated the Michi-
gan authorities to greater aggressions.
A system of desultory
arrests, imprisonments and petty
aggravations on the part of the
Michigan authorities continued all
during the summer of 1835,
involving much bitter conflict and many
humorous incidents.
Finally, on July 15, an attempt was made
to arrest Two
Stickney, an ardent Ohio partisan, who
had stabbed the deputy
sheriff and made his escape. This was
reported by Governor
Mason to President Jackson; and Governor
Lucas, perceiving
that something must be done to secure
peace, sent Noah H.
Swayne, William Allen and D. T. Disney
to confer with the
President, who promised these gentlemen
that nothing should
interfere with the establishment of the
Harris line as Ohio's
boundary. Jackson was looking after that
electoral vote. The
communication between the
representatives of Governor Lucas
and the President so fully present the
objects to be accomplished
by Ohio, and the points of difficulties,
that I quote them.
WASHINGTON, July 1, 1835.
SIR:
In accordance with the wish intimated by
the President, at the
close of our conversation this morning,
we proceed to commit to writing
the substance of the suggestions which
we then had the honor to submit.
Before we do so, permit us to repeat
that, although we have repaired
to Washington at the instance of the
Governor of Ohio, as indicated in his
letter of which we were the bearers, we
appear in the character of private
citizens, none other.
The purpose of our visit is expressed in
the letter referred to; it is to
bring about a more full and satisfactory
mutual understanding than is
believed at present to exist, and aid in
averting the unpleasant conse-
quences which might otherwise possibly
arise from the existing posture of
things.
The arrangements entered into at
Perrysburg with Messrs. Rush and
Howard on April 7, ultimo (vide
documents, page 30), provide:
First. That Harris' Line should be run and re-marked, pursuant
to
the act of the Legislature of Ohio,
without interruption.
Second. That both parties should abstain from forcible exercise
of
jurisdiction upon the disputed
territory, until after the close of the next
session of Congress.
222 Ohio Arch. and His.
Society Publications. [VOL. 4
The compromise bill of Ohio (as it is
termed) contemplates that this
arrangement should be carried out, and
that whatever has been done incon-
sistent with its provisions should be
undone, or in other words:
First. That the pending recognizances and prosecutions under
the
act of Michigan, of February 12,1835,
shall be discharged and discontinued.
Second. That no new prosecutions under this act shall be
instituted,
Third. That Harris' Line shall be run and re-marked by the
author-
ities of Ohio, without interruption from
those of Michigan.
Fourth. That no forcible opposition be made by the authorities
of
Ohio or Michigan to the exercise of
jurisdiction by the other upon the
disputed territory within the time
specified, the citizens residing upon the
territory in question resorting to the
one jurisdiction or other, as they may
prefer.
What Ohio expects and desires, as
indicated by the bills referred to,
is as follows:
First. That the authorities of Michigan shall not interrupt
the run-
ning and re-marking of the Harris Line
by Ohio.
Second. That the authorities having charge of the prosecutions
under
the act of Michigan, above mentioned,
shall discontinue those prosecutions,
and discharge the recognizances taken
for the appearance of the defendants,
and that they abstain from instituting
any new prosecutions under that act
within the time stated.
The President remarked that he believed
advice from the proper
source, to the authorities of Michigan
upon those points, would prove
effectual.
In this opinion we concur undoubtingly.
The steps suggested would,
therefore, remove all practical
difficulty, and prevent the possibility of an
armed collision, growing out of the
subject.
Under such a state of things, we feel
authorized to say, that while the
authorities of Ohio would, as far as
possible, consistent with the arrange-
ment of April 7, exercise a peaceable
jurisdiction upon the disputed terri-
tory, she would do nothing to prevent
the exercise of a like jurisdiction by
the authorities of Michigan; and that
hereafter, as heretofore, she would
manifest a spirit of the utmost
forbearance, until Congress at its next
session shall have acted upon the
subject, and settled authoritatively the
contested question of right.
As respects the appointment of a
Commissioner on the part of the
United States to aid in re-marking the
line, that proposition was made by
the Legislature of Ohio in courtesy to
the General Government.
There is nothing in her legislation
which makes the appointment
material. We deem it unnecessary,
therefore, to remark further upon this
point.
In order to render this communication as
brief as possible, we have
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 223
abstained from the discussion of all
considerations touching the merits of
the controversy.
With great respect, we are, sir,
Your most obedient servants,
N. H. SWAYNE,
D. T. DISNEY,
W. ALLEN.
HON. JOHN FORSYTH, Secretary
of State, U. S.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
WASHINGTON, July 3, 1835.
GENTLEMEN: Your letter of the 1st instant, written in your
character
of private citizens, was received
yesterday.
By the direction of the President, to
whom it has been submitted, I
now have the honor to reply.
In everything that has been done or
suggested by the President, or by
his authority, in regard to the question
of the northern boundary of Ohio,
he has been influenced solely by a
desire to prevent, without prejudice to
the rights of any one, collisions
between the authorities of the General,
State or Territorial Governments, that
would be destructive of the public
peace, and bring dishonor upon the
institutions of the country.
If his views and wishes have not been
correctly understood in Ohio
he is happy to believe that the free
communications which you have had
with him, and with the head of this
department, will enable you to correct
the misapprehensions that may exist upon
the subject in any quarter.
This department has never been advised
by Messrs. Rush and Howard
of the arrangements stated in page 30 of
the documents published at Co-
lumbus, by order of the State of Ohio,
to which you refer as having been
entered into by them at Perrysburg.
The President is, however, induced to
believe from the recent pro-
ceedings of the Legislature of Ohio, as
explained by your letter, and the
late resolutions of the Convention of
Michigan, that an informal under-
standing may be produced, through the
instrumentality of this depart-
ment, which will meet the wishes of all,
and effect the great object he has
been most anxious to promote, the mutual
suspension, until after the next
session of Congress, of all action that
would by possibility produce col-
lision. Supported in this belief by your
letter, which he understands to be
conformable to the wishes and
instructions of Governor Lucas, the Presi-
dent, without taking upon himself any
other character than that in which
he has heretofore acted, will cause an
earnest recommendation to be imme-
diately sent to the acting Governor of
Michigan, and the other authorities
of the Territory, whom he can rightfully
advise in the performance of
their duty, " that no obstruction
shall be interposed to the remarking of
'Harris's Line'; that all proceedings
already begun under the act of Feb-
ruary, shall be immediately
discontinued; that no prosecutions shall be
224 Ohio
Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VOL. 4
commenced for any subsequent violations
of that act, until after the next
session of Congress, and that all
questions about the disputed jurisdiction
shall be carefully avoided, and if
occurring inevitably, their discussion shall
be postponed until the same
period."
The President confidently trusts this
recommendation, which he be-
lieves required by a regard for the
public safety and honor, will be effectual
with the authorities of Michigan, and
will not fail to exercise all his con-
stitutional power in this, as in every
other instance, to preserve and main-
tain the public tranquility. I have the
honor to be, gentlemen,
Your obedient servant,
MESSRS. SWAYNE, ALLEN AND DISNEY. JOHN FORSYTH,
In the meantime, matters in
Michigan were becoming much
complicated. The Territory organized for
a State government
by adopting a constitution, electing
Mason as Governor of that
State, choosing United States senators,
etc. All this was done
under the Ordinance of 1787, which
provided that when the
population of a territory exceeded sixty
thousand (and Michigan
was nearly a hundred thousand by this
time) they had a right to
at once form a State government and
apply for admission to the
Union. So far, so good; but we know no
State has a right to
demand admission. It was therefore not
probable that Congress
would grant Michigan's request so long
as the boundary line
question was unsolved, particularly as
it was known that the
President was displeased with the action
of Governor Mason in
regard to the controversy. In August,
the President removed
Mason as Acting Governor, and appointed
John S. Horner to
supersede him. Horner was so unpopular
that his appointment
was in name only, as the inhabitants of
Michigan refused to let
him act. Mason continued in authority until the great and
glorious victory of Ohio in holding court in Toledo, by which
she definitely established her
jurisdiction over the newly formed
county of Lucas.
As it approached the time appointed to
hold court, the
judges began to quake and tremble.
Toledo was held by twelve
hundred bloodthirsty Michiganders. What
show would the ju-
diciary have against such an array with
its train of artillery?
Governor Lucas had sent one hundred men
under Colonel Van
Fleet to protect the court. The judges
were a trifle uncertain
about the odds in case of conflict, but
the valiant Colonel had
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 225
his plans perfected. Interrupting the
complaints of the judges,
he said: " If you are women, go
home; if you are men, do your
duty as judges of the court. I will do
mine. Leave the matter
entirely to me; I will be responsible
for your safety and insure
the accomplishment of your object. But
if otherwise, I can give
you no assurance." The judges,
overpowered by this martial
reply, placed their dignity and honor in
his keeping. I borrow
a vivid account of this most strategic
military movement from a
pamphlet by Hon. W. V. Way, of
Perrysburg, Ohio:
"He, Colonel Van Fleet, told the
judges that September 7
would commence immediately after
midnight, and that there
was no hour specified in the law when
the court should be
opened. Governor Lucas wants the court
held, so that by its
record he can show to the world that he
has executed the laws
of Ohio over the disputed territory, in
spite of the vapouring
threats of Governor Mason. If we furnish
him that record, we
shall accomplish all that is required.
Be prepared to mount your
horses to start for Toledo at precisely
one o'clock A. M. I will
be ready with an escort to protect
you."
"At the hour named, the judges and
officers of court were
promptly in the saddle. Colonel Van
Fleet was ready with his
twenty men, mounted and completely
armed. Each man had a
rifle in addition to his two cavalry
pistols. They proceeded to
Toledo,
reaching there about three o'clock A. M., and went to the
school house that stood near where
Washington street crosses
the canal, and opened court in due form
of law. Junius Flagg
acted as sheriff. The proceedings were
hastily written on loose
paper, and deposited in the clerk's hat.
When the court ad-
journed, the officers and escort went to
the tavern, then kept by
Munson H. Daniels, not far from where
the American House
now stands, kept by J. Langderfer,
registered their names and
took a drink all round; while filling
their glasses for a second
drink, a mischievious wag ran into the
tavern and reported that
a strong force of Michigan men were
close by, coming to arrest
them. They dropped their glasses,
spilling the liquor they in-
tended to have drunk, and sprang for
their horses with all possi-
ble haste, leaving bills to be settled
at a more leisure time. As
they had accomplished the work intended,
speed was of more
Vol. IV-15
226
Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications. [VoL. 4
importance than valor. A backward charge
from the enemy was
made at the top of the speed of their
horses.
"They took the train that led to
Maumee, by way of the
route nearest the river. They went at
such furious speed that,
if their charge had been made in the
opposite direction towards
the enemy, they would have pierced the
most solid columns.
When they arrived at the top of the
hill, near where the Oliver
House now stands, not discovering the
enemy in pursuit, they
came to a halt and faced about. It was
then discovered that the
clerk had lost his hat, and with it the
papers containing the
proceedings of the court, from which the
record was to be made
up. The clerk wore one of those high
bell-crowned hats, fash-
ionable in those days, and which he used
for carrying his papers
as well as covering his head. It was
then the custom in traveling
to carry everything in the top of hats,
from a spare collar and
dickey to court papers. The hat of the
clerk, reaching high
above his head, burdened with its load
of papers and other in-
cumbrances, was steadied on by the left
hand for greater safety,
while the right held the reins. But in
spite of this precaution,
it struck against an overhanging limb of
a tree with such vio-
lence, that it was knocked off and fell
to the ground. Having
succeeded in holding the court without
molestation or bloodshed,
and now losing the papers, would leave
them in as bad condition,
or worse, than if they had done nothing,
in case they should fall
into the hands of the enemy.
Notwithstanding, they all believed
they had been discovered and pursued,
and might be surrounded
by superior numbers and taken, if they
delayed; yet the import-
ance of recovering the papers was such
as to nerve them to the
boldest daring. Colonel Van Fleet's
courage and tact did not
desert him in this emergency. He had
succeeded in accomplish-
ing what had been contemplated; and now
their labor would be
lost, and the expedition be an entire
failure, without a recovery
of the papers. With him, to will, was to
do. He directed the
clerk and two of the guards to dismount,
and feel their way back
carefully in search of the papers, while
the balance of the posse
kept watch, to cover retreat. He
cautioned them to move with
as little noise as possible, and if
likely to be discovered by the
enemy, to conceal themselves, and watch
their movements so
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 227
that they could use the best possible
advantage to accomplish
their object. The orders were that
nothing but utter impossi-
bility would excuse a failure to recover them. The search
proved
safe and successful; the hat was found
and the papers recovered.
The party reported no enemy in sight.
The State of Ohio was
now triumphant; a record could be, and
was made up, and still
exists, to prove that the State of Ohio,
on September 7, 1835,
exercised jurisdiction over the disputed
territory, by holding a
Court of Common Pleas in due form of
law. Here is the record
made up from the recovered papers:
THE STATE OF OHIO, LUCAS COUNTY, ss.:
At a Court of Common Pleas, begun and
held at the Court House, in
Toledo, in said county, on Monday, the
7th day of September, Anno Domini
Eighteen Hundred and Thirty-five.
Present, the Honorable Jonathan H
Jerome, Senior Associate Judge, of said
county; their Honors, Baxter
Bowman and William Wilson, Associate
Judges. The court being opened
in due form by the Sheriff of said
county. Horatio Conant being appointed
Clerk of said court, exhibited his bond,
with sureties accepted by the court
agreeably to the statute in such case
made and provided. The court
appointed John Baldwin, Robert Gower and
Cyrus Holloway, Commis-
sioners for said county. No further
business appearing before said court,
the court adjourned without delay.
J. H. JEROME, Associate Judge.
"The feeling of joy at recovering
the papers was so great
that Colonel Van Fleet ordered two
salutes to be fired on the
spot. He well knew that the distance to
the line of the State,
where there was no dispute about
jurisdiction, was but small,
and that if pursued, they could reach
there before being over-
hauled. The party proceeded to Maumee at
a leisure pace,
reaching there a little after
daylight."
This successful effort of the twenty
Ohioans to achieve a
victory over twelve hundred men has rarely,
if ever, been
equaled. It was extremely mortifying to
Governor Mason and
he retreated with his force from the
sanguinary field of battle.
From this time on the people of the
disputed territory were
left to regulate their own affairs and
peace and quiet intervened.
The boundary commissioners resumed their
work of re-marking
their line and successfully accomplished
it in November.
Michigan was clamoring for admission
into the Union. Her
228 Ohio Arch.
and His. Society Publications. [VOL.
4
condition of admission plainly became
acquiescence in the claims
of Ohio. A full account of the claims of
Ohio and Michigan,
together with the report of the Senate
Judiciary Committee,
covering fifty pages, is found in the
Senate Documents of 1836.
Thomas Ewing presented the claims of
Ohio, and Messrs. Lyon,
Norvell and Crary, those of Michigan.
While in the reports of
House Committees, Volume II, 1836, are
also found all the
conflicting claims, maps, State papers
and correspondence relat-
ing to the controversy, covering 124
pages. If you, in making
your verdict, desire further facts, I
most respectfully refer you
to these tomes. I can assure you,
however, that if you care to
pursue this subject further you will be
deeply interested in these
reports.
Congress, to settle the matter, offered
to admit Michigan to
the Union on condition of her resigning
the disputed tract and
accepting in lieu thereof, a much larger
territory, the Upper
Peninsula, which included valuable iron
and copper mines and
immense forests. The belligerant feeling
in Michigan, however,
was too strong and the proposition was
rejected in convention,
held in September, 1836. Apparently,
settlement was as far off
as ever. But the President was strongly
in favor of this settle-
ment, and his party was growing in
power. A presidential
election was imminent and the would-be
office holders wanted to
take their seats in Congress and
elsewhere. They wanted their
share of the federal patronage, and as a
public distribution of
land was to take place, they wanted
Michigan to have her share.
Finally, a sort of rump convention,
purporting to represent
a majority of electors, was held at Ann
Arbor, December 6, 1836,
and this convention assumed sovereign
power and accepted the
proposition of Congress. People
ridiculed the convention, and
it received the appellation of the
"frost bitten convention." But
the President's influence with the
members of his own party in
Congress was such that they accepted the
action of this so-called
convention, and on January 26, 1837,
Michigan was solemnly
declared to have accepted the
proposition of Congress and was
admitted to the Union.
Campbell, in his "Outlines of the
Political History of Mich-
igan," says: "Many of the
reminiscences of the campaign par-
The Ohio-Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 229
take of the ludicrous. It is not
desirable nor necessary to regard
the many personal incidents and
misadventures. Michigan had
a skeleton in her own closet in the
shape of a claim of Lewis E.
Bailey, for a horse lost in the service
of the State in defending
the supremacy of its laws. Year after
year from 1836 to 1846,
this claim was regularly presented and
regularly rejected, until
in the latter year, it dawned upon the
minds of the legislators
that it was better to pay fifty dollars
and interest from January
1, 1836, than to waste time and printing
enough to have cost
more than a regiment of horses, and they
surrendered to a siege
that paralleled in duration that of
Troy. Time has healed the
other griefs, and if the historian is
compelled to discuss them, it
is not with the pathetic lament of Queen
Mary over the loss of
Calais, nor the hankering for territory
which has made Alsace
and Lorraine a debatable ground so long.
However doubtful
the bargain was originally by which Ohio
obtained the spoils, it
has been ratified too thoroughly to be
disputed, and our only
present emulation is friendly and
neighborly."
In February, 1846, eleven years after
this gory contest, the
Legislature of Ohio authorized the
payment of three hundred
dollars to our old friend, Major
Stickney, for damages to his
person and property on account of
depredations committed on
him during the war, and further
authorized the Auditor of State
to pay all costs and expenses incurred
by him on account of his
arrest and imprisonment spoken of
before. In present day
parlance, he must have had a
"pull" with the Legislature."
In looking back through the mist of
years, it is pleasant to
remember that only two lives were lost
in this conflict, those of
horses,-a valiant Ohio steed slain by
Major Stickney through
mistake, and one lost in some unknown
way, wandering forth in
the world, for which the State of
Michigan paid Mr. Bailey. The
Sheriff's officer stabbed by Two
Stickney recovered in the due
course of time, and I am quite sure that
those who suffered
personal grievances had in the after
years sufficient to repay
them in the happy consciousness of
having adventures to talk
about around the tavern fire.
I cannot close this paper without making
a quotation from
the witty book of our former townsman,
Hon. S. S. Cox,-"A
230 Ohio Arch. and His. Society
Publications. [VOL. 4
Search for Winter Sunbeams,"-in
which, while at Toledo in
Spain, he musingly draws a comparison
between that Toledo
and Toledo, Ohio.
"Old Toledo was the subject of many
a fray, bloody and
bitter as your Maumee Valley war, when
mad Anthony Wayne
waged his Indian warfare, and as New
Toledo was when as
disputed ground in the 'Wolvering War'
between Ohio and
Michigan, she witnessed the destruction
of watermelons and
corn whisky. The sweat which then
flowed, and the feathers
which were then ruined, are known to the
old inhabitants of
Ohio. Then I was a youth, but I have the
recollection of
hearing valiant colonels, in my own
native Muskingum hills,
addressing the militia drawn up around
them in hollow squares,
inspiring them to rescue the realm of
quinine and hoop-poles
from the grasp of the insatiate
Michiganders! The recollection
makes my heart tremble. Ah! That was a
war, whose adven-
tures no Cid has dared yet to celebrate!
The passions then
engendered even yet vibrate in the
cornstalks of the Maumee
Valley! A remarkable War! When soldiers
retreated before
a foe not pursuing and ran through
almost impassable swamps,
guided by the battle-fires of their own
flaming eyes. The dead
and wounded of that war were never
counted. Both sides fought
for a boundary line and both ran that
line with the same exacti-
tude and compass. Their lines were both
straight. I said I was
a boy then; but the tympanum of my ear
even now at this
distance and age echoes to the rataplan
of that sanguinary war."
Finally, we cannot but feel that the
solution of the boundary
question by Congress was a happy one, in
view of its later results.
Although when proposed, it most
obviously favored Ohio, yet
time in its changes has brought about an
equitable distribution
of spoils. Had Michigan's claims been
favored, she would have
lost that invaluable territory which has
become a great source of
wealth to her, and is destined in the
future to yield even an
hundred - fold more. Whether the beautiful city of Toledo
would have ever risen to her present
proud position, it is im-
possible to speculate upon; but looking
back over the actual
results of the Boundary War, Ohio and
Michigan can clasp
hands and say, "It has resulted
wisely for us both."
The Ohio- Michigan Boundary Line Dispute. 199
THE OHIO-MICHIGAN BOUNDARY LINE DISPUTE.
TOD B. GALLOWAY.
"Sing, 0, Goddess Muse,
From whence arose so fierce a strife."
In the examination of the questions involved in the Ohio-
Michigan boundary dispute, I find myself very much in the
position of the Justice of the Peace, who, after hearing the
plaintiff's side of the case, was ready to decide in his favor; but
upon the defendant having presented his argument, he exclaimed,
"You mix me up so, I don't know which way to decide."
Therefore, I appeal to you to be judge and jury in this case, and
upon hearing the facts and what law there is, which is very
little, I leave you to find the verdict as ye shall deem best.
The case is the State of Ohio vs. the United States. It can
not be the State of Ohio vs. Michigan, for at the time of this
controversy Michigan was but a territory, and therefore only a
ward of the general government. With this slight preliminary,
I shall plunge at once into the statement of the whole case.
In 1817, Lewis Cass wrote to Edward Tiffin, the United
States Surveyor-General, "A disputed jurisdiction is one of the
greatest evils that can happen to a country." This is eminently
true. All the great wars in history, aside from those involving
religious disputes, have been caused by boundary line contro-
versies or disputed jurisdictions.
In regard to the controvesy between Ohio and Michigan as
to the boundary line, but very little is known by this generation.
Few histories have more than a meagre account of it, generally
dismissing the subject with a few lines about "The Toledo War,"
by relating one or two of the humorous and ludicrous events in-
cident thereto, but failing wholly to give the subject the promi-
nence it deserves.
The contestants were not solely Governor Lucas, of Ohio,
and Governor Mason, of Michigan, nor, as I said before, was it
a question between the two States, or the State and the territory,