A VANISHING RACE.
MRS. JENNIE C. MORTON.
Frankfort, Ky.
Read by the author before the Ohio
Valley Historical Association, at their
meeting with the Kentucky State
Historical Society in
the New Capitol, October 16th, 1909.
Whether we call the Indian, North
American or South
American, we know the Indian race
historically as a peculiar and
distinctly marked people-disappearing
gradually into oblivion.
An authentic history of the race has not
been written, but
the traditions concerning it, tinged
with probability, is that the
race is descended from those fierce and
terrible Asiatics, the
Tartars.
The pathways of the Indian, unlike any
other nation of equal
intelligence wandering down through the
ages, are reddened
with the blood of the slain, or they are
smoking with human
sacrifices, to gratify their horrible
thirst for capture or revenge,
and barbaric amusement. Students of
Ethnology are agreed upon
the origin of the Indian as a branch of
the Asiatic people we
have mentioned, because of the
resemblance of some tribes on
our Continent, to the Japanese in cast
of feature; but the stern
and forbidding statures and smileless
faces of the Indian limit
the resemblance, if indeed it exists.
This article is not written to reproduce
in history an account
of the revolting habits, customs,
manners, arts and language of
this strange race. Only that which
arrests the attention now of
civilized people in their efforts to
train, control, civilize and
educate it, should be dwelt upon.
However senseless to us-their arts and
their ideas, their
weird and wonderful fables-yet they are
above our contempt,
and beyond our ridicule, these brown
simoons of humanity-the
Indians. They have been driven from
every country and every
(48)
A Vanishing Race. 49
island they have possessed-never
subjugated, rarely civilized-
their beginning lost in antiquity-and
their end as a race so
nigh, that it is reckoned by scientists
and ethnologists today as
they reckon an eclipse.
The genius of the twentieth century in
descriptive power and
picture illumination and illustration of
the Indian (Edward S.
Curtis), gives in his series of the
North American Indian a thrill-
ing and pathetic picture of the passing
of the Indian. It is called
"The Vanishing Race." In
Indian file they are marching through
a treeless land toward illimitable
space, where the darkness
deepens into blackness.
"In their faces stern defiance
In their hearts the feuds of ages
The hereditary hatred
The ancestral thirst for
vengeance."
- Longfellow.
The leader of the solemn file seems only
a shadow as he
steps into the awful gloom, and the
others follow one by one to
vanish like their leader, in the smoke
of oblivion, and all-con-
quering silence of "the bourne from
which no traveler returns."
We learn from historians of the race
that it is gradually
disappearing toward the setting sun. The
tribes that remain,
we are told, are being educated and
civilized. The far west
Indians in some instances adopt the
American dress, cultivate
the habits of the white man become
polite and polished, and a
few marry Americans and are apparently
christianized.
But above and around them seems to hang
the shadow of the
curse of hatred. There are memories they
never escape from,
no matter for their oft-times poetic
natures, that find in nature
their kindred tastes in thought and
color. The Indian chief of
other times painted himself in colors of
the autumn leaves.
Longfellow more than a half century ago
decorated the Indians
of the northwest with the jewels of his
fancy in prodigal splendor
in that wonderful poetic history and
charming love story that he
read so much real history to produce;
along with personal ac-
quaintance with the Indian:
Vol. XX.-4.
50 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
"He who builds his birch canoe-
By the river
In the bosom of the forest -
And it floated on the river
Like a yellow leaf in Autumn
Like a yellow water-lily -
Paddles none had Hiawatha,
Paddles none he had or needed
For his thoughts as paddles served him
And his wishes served to guide him
Swift or slow at will he glided
Veered to right or left at
pleasure."
Hiawatha was given as a model Indian, as
his Princess, Min-
nehaha was given as a model woman of her
race, queen of the
Dacotahs, but those who have lived among
the North American
Indians, beyond the Mississippi and the
Yukon, fail to find rep-
resentatives of these two splendid
barbaric figures in poetical lit-
erature there.
The white man can not trust the Indian,
no matter for his
seeming friendliness and kindness. Their
frequent outbreaks of
hostility, disregarding all the laws of
the government and hu-
manity, show too plainly they, as a
race, are the white man's
never forgiven enemy.
If we were writing a monograph, purely
historical and eth-
nological of the Indian, we should go
back to the earliest author-
ities upon these subjects, but this is
unnecessary, in view of the
splendid history of Edward S. Curtis, to
whose picture we have
alluded in the foregoing pages and whose
history of this race
is said to be the most wonderful triumph
in historic, as well as
pictorial art. We give his own words in
the "General Introduc-
tion" to his marvelous work.
"The value of such a work in great
measure will lie in breadth
of its treatment, in its wealth of
illustration, and in the fact that
it represents the result of personal
study of a people who are
rapidly losing the traces of their
aboriginal character, and who
are destined ultimately to become
assimilated with the superior
race."
"The task has not been an easy one,
for, although enlight-
ened at times by the readiness of the
Indians to impart their
A Vanishing Race. 51
knowledge, it more often required days
and weeks of patient
endeavor before my assistants and I
succeeded in overcoming
the deep-rooted superstition,
conservatism, and secretiveness so
characteristic of primitive people who
are ever loath to afford a
glimpse of their inner life to those who
are not of their own.
Once the confidence of the Indian
gained, the way led gradually
through the difficulties, but long and
serious study was necessary
before the knowledge of the esoteric
rites and ceremonies could
be gleaned."
The author has given study to his
subject, and he has given
to the world a beautiful and deeply
interesting illustrated history
of "The Vanishing Race."
The deer has fled, the buffaloes are
gone, the bear and the
panther no longer roam unchallenged the
field and forest, and it
is meet that the Indian should follow
his companions into the
wilds of oblivion, and the dark and
forbidding mountain silences
of nature.
It is from Washington Irving's Life of
Christopher Columbus
that we learn the origin of the name
Indian. He says, on page
three of the book: "As Columbus
supposed himself to have
landed on an Island at the extremity of
India, he called the na-
tives by the general appellation of
Indians, which name was uni-
versally adopted before the true nature
of his discovery was
known, and has since been extended to
all the aboriginals of the
new world. He found the Indians living
upon the sunny islands
in a state of nature, like unto the
beasts of the forest, and the
inhabitants of the sea. Columbus
imagined that the Indians had
no system of religion, but a disposition
to receive its impression,
as they regarded with great reverence
and attention the religious
ceremonies of the Spaniards, soon
repeating by rote any prayer
taught them, and making the sign of the
cross with the most
edifying devotion. They had an idea of a
future state, but lim-
ited and confused. They confess the soul
to be immortal, says
Peter Martyr, and having put off the
bodily clothing they im-
agine it goes forth to the woods and the
mountains, and that it
lives there perpetually in caves; nor do
they exempt it from eating
and drinking, but that it should be fed
there.
52
Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
"The answering voices heard from
caves and hollows, which
the Latins call echoes, they suppose to
be the souls of the departed
wandering through those places." To
this day there are Indians
who believe this delusion.
We remember one summer while in
Waukesha, Wis., we
visited the grave mound of the Chief
Waukesha, in Cutler Park,
and wrote some verses concerning him and
his grave. They were
published and republished in the
northwest, and republished in
a Waukesha newspaper, "The
Freeman," the following summer
when we returned there for an outing. In
this way a grandson
and a nephew of the dead chief, for whom
Waukesha was called
heard of his grave and made a pilgrimage
to it, and placed upon
the old warrior's breast a pipe and
tobacco for him to smoke
when his soul wandered back to the
grave, a mound of eight or
ten feet in height.
In the September Register of 1905 is a
history of the Indian
school in Kentucky, at old White Sulphur
Springs, of Scott
county. It is said it was the first
government school established
in America for the benefit of the
Indian. It was placed under
the care and superintendence of Richard
M. Johnson, first Con-
gressman, and afterwards Vice-President
of the United States.
We learn from the history of Scott
county that it flourished for
a number of years, but finally was
abandoned, and the Indians
were sent with the Cherokees and
Choctaws of Mississippi across
the great divide. A son, now an Indian
chief, wrote to us that
his father cherished the recollection of
his school days at White
Sulphur, and that he loved Col. Richard
M. Johnson, and had
a son called for him, Richard Johnson
Ross, who, he writes, was
a major in the Confederate Army in 1864,
and died at Carriage
Point, in Chickasaw Nation. We give his
eulogy upon Col. Dick
Johnson, as the people of Scott county
called him:
Richard Johnson was a popular man among
Southern In-
dians after he started and opened his
Indian school in Kentucky.
He had a noble impulse, his heart was
big, and he called Indian
boys to the paths of peace and learning.
Returning to their In-
dian homes they were stars in a dark
night. Their influence
was mild and always good among their
people. There is a clock
in the Kentucky State Historical
Society, presented by Judge and
A Vanishing Race. 53
Mrs. William Lindsay, of Frankfort, once
used in the Indian
school at White Sulphur.
From this school sprang the missionary
spirit that since has
striven to win the Indian to the paths
of learning, peace and
prosperity. We are told by teachers in
the Indian schools that
many of them are men of bright minds.
When they do not learn
it is indifference, and not want of
capacity to understand that
prevents them from becoming scholars.
They are naturally
averse to restraint, and concentration
of thought upon the learn-
ing of unknown tongues. Their teachers
for ages have been their
fine eyes and well trained ears. They
look and listen.
"They who love the haunts of Nature
Love the sunshine of the meadow,
Love the shadow of the forest,
Love the wind among the branches
And the rain-shower and the snowstorm
And the rushing of great rivers."
We should think the heart of a race that
appreciates all
Nature's secrets and treasures would be
subdued and gentled by
the sweetness all around them. Not so.
The spirit of evil tri-
umphs over Nature-and the Indian's sign
and symbol, are said
to be
"Bloody hands with palms
uplifted."
They leave the world their pretty
conceits in regard to
certain products of agriculture, for
instance the Indian corn.
We are told by one historian, that this
maize is held in
great veneration, as a special gift from
the Great Spirit.
It is well known that corn planting and
corn gathering among
some tribes are left entirely to the
women and children, and a
few old men. It is not generally known
perhaps that this labor
is not compulsory. A good Indian
housewife deems this a part of
her prerogative, and prides herself to
have a store of corn to
exercise her hospitality in the
entertainment of the lodge guests.
Schoolcraft rescued from oblivion much
of the legendary lore
of the Indian. Upon this lore and
kindred traditions much of
the poetry and literature concerning the
Indian has been founded.
But after all they leave the land they
knew not how to keep,
without cities of splendid structure,
magnificent monuments, or
54 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
historical literature, to tell the world
of their existence. Instead
we have the dressed skin of wild
animals, their beadwork, and
their basketry, their blankets, bows and
arrows, stone hatchets
and tomahawks, scalping knives and
mounds, in which their peo-
ple are buried, and last their tents and
totem poles.
We can not better conclude their
melancholy and pathetic
passing away than by quoting again from
Hiawatha:
"Lo' how all things fade and perish
From the memory of the old men
Pass away the great traditions,
The achievements of the Warriors
The adventures of the hunters--
All the marvelous dreams and visions
Of the Jossakoeds and Prophets--
"Great men die and are forgotten
Wise men speak their words of wisdom
Perish in the ears that hear them
Do not reach the generations
That as yet unborn are waiting
In the great mysterious darkness
Of the speechless days that shall be.
"Behold your grave-posts
Have no mark, no sign, no symbol
Go and paint them all with figures
Each one with its household symbol,
With its own ancestral totem;
So that those that follow after
May distinguish them and know
them."
"And they painted on the grave
posts
Of the graves yet unforgotten
Each his own ancestral totem
Each the symbol of his household."
"Figures of the bear and reindeer
Of the turtle, crane and beaver
Each inverted as a token
That the owner was departed
That the Chief who bore the symbol
Lay beneath in dust and ashes."
A Vanishing Race. 55
We learn from Hiawatha the totem pole is
what, in our time,
is styled a family tree. We have not the
transformations repre-
sented in their figurative language, but
the meaning is the same.
The totem pole is the significant family
history, as interpreted by
the Indian tongue. There are three kinds
of totems. The mor-
tuary, historical and ancestral.
Even the Indian desires posthumous
history, and would not
have the chieftain, his ancestor, forgotten.
Hence on their totem
pole
"Figures mystical and awful
And each figure had its meaning."
Emmett Starr, of Chickasaw Nation, in
Indian Territory,
wrote us some years ago that he had
written the history of his
tribe, and he had their genealogy
running back two hundred
years. In the list of names he sent us
we were surprised to find
many Kentucky names familiar in our
histories.
But Kentucky, once "the dark and
bloody ground" of the
Indians, and her name interpreted to
mean this; with her his-
tory reddened with the dye of battles of
the Indians and pioneers
from 1769 until 1798, would be expected
here and there to find a
namesake among the better classes of
Indians. They sometimes
befriended the white pioneers, for whose
courage they had great
respect, and in whose humanity they are
said sometimes to have
reposed confidence.
Courage attracts the admiration and
respect of the world,
and it appeals to the heroic instinct of
the Indian, who admires
and envies it beyond every other quality
of man or woman.
O. G. Wall, of Friday Harbor,
Washington, has just pub-
lished a deeply interesting history of
the "Sioux Massacre" of
1862. He was a member of Captain Marsh's
company, stationed
at Fort Ridgely at the time, and was an
eye witness of the thrill-
ing scenes he describes.
"But," he says, "even these facts were
but a slight incentive to assume the
arduous task of preserving
the Northwestern Annals, many incidents
forever lost, unless
passed to the pages of history ere the
final departure of the rap-
idly vanishing (Indian), participants in
these scenes of nearly
fifty years ago; for assuredly the waves
of time must soon for-
ever close over the unspoken and
unwritten of that tragic period."
56 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
The stories of the merciless carnage of the Indians, their provocations to massacre, the rights and the wrongs of the In- dian, are given with the skill of free hand drawing. But the Indian himself, though vanishing before the white man's power and progress, also speaks in this interesting book in his eloquent way of his fruitless history, of great deeds, grand works, such as the white man has. Thus we see in this Vanishing Race, as in every other people, a desire to be remembered historically, and that the world should know "From what old ancestral Totem They descended- what their legends - And the story of their valor - As they travel toward the sunset." |
|
A VANISHING RACE.
MRS. JENNIE C. MORTON.
Frankfort, Ky.
Read by the author before the Ohio
Valley Historical Association, at their
meeting with the Kentucky State
Historical Society in
the New Capitol, October 16th, 1909.
Whether we call the Indian, North
American or South
American, we know the Indian race
historically as a peculiar and
distinctly marked people-disappearing
gradually into oblivion.
An authentic history of the race has not
been written, but
the traditions concerning it, tinged
with probability, is that the
race is descended from those fierce and
terrible Asiatics, the
Tartars.
The pathways of the Indian, unlike any
other nation of equal
intelligence wandering down through the
ages, are reddened
with the blood of the slain, or they are
smoking with human
sacrifices, to gratify their horrible
thirst for capture or revenge,
and barbaric amusement. Students of
Ethnology are agreed upon
the origin of the Indian as a branch of
the Asiatic people we
have mentioned, because of the
resemblance of some tribes on
our Continent, to the Japanese in cast
of feature; but the stern
and forbidding statures and smileless
faces of the Indian limit
the resemblance, if indeed it exists.
This article is not written to reproduce
in history an account
of the revolting habits, customs,
manners, arts and language of
this strange race. Only that which
arrests the attention now of
civilized people in their efforts to
train, control, civilize and
educate it, should be dwelt upon.
However senseless to us-their arts and
their ideas, their
weird and wonderful fables-yet they are
above our contempt,
and beyond our ridicule, these brown
simoons of humanity-the
Indians. They have been driven from
every country and every
(48)