THE TAMMANY SOCIETY
IN OHIO.
SAMUEL W. WILLIAMS.
ORIGIN AND HISTORY.
The Tammany Society was organized in the
City of New
York in the year 1789, and was designed
to counteract the com-
bined influence of the Federalists and
the Society of Cincinnati.
The latter was looked upon as a species
of aristocracy and hos-
tile to democratic institutions. Fears
were entertained that its
members might consolidate power in their
own hands, though
they were certainly as loyal to the
infant republic as were their
opponents. That society was established
to promote the mutual
friendship of those who were associated
together as chief actors
in the American revolution, and to
perpetuate the remembrance
of their efforts to secure the
independence of the United States.
General Knox and Baron Steuben were its
earliest promoters;
and as such men as Washington, Lincoln,
Nathaniel Greene,
Arthur St. Clair, Moultrie, Gates, and
Alexander Hamilton were
its officers, no fears needed to have
been entertained of their
patriotism and loyalty.
As the Society of Cincinnati sprang from
the officers of the
army, so the Tammany Society sprang from
the people. The
credit for its foundation is due to a
citizen of Irish extraction,
William Mooney by name, who belonged to
the Whig school of
politics, and was one of the "Sons
of Liberty," or "Liberty
Boys," as the rebels and rebel
sympathizers were called, as dis-
tinguished from the Tories. After the
war he was an uphols-
terer in New York city-first on Nassau
street, afterward on
Maiden Lane, and then on Chatham street.
He finally became
keeper of the Alms House, in which
office he died. Mooney was
not a man of high position in the
community, nor did this society
at first attract men of influence and
standing. It soon gained
favor, however, and many rising
politicians were glad to be-
(349)
350 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications.
come members. It has been thought that
Aaron Burr was the
leading spirit of the new order, and was
its real founder. Cer-
tain it is that he was on terms of
intimacy with Mooney, and
owed him large bills for upholstery; but
he does not seem to
have become an open member, though he
may have been a coun-
selor and confidant.
The organization was first called the
"St. Tammany So-
ciety, or Independent Order of
Liberty." This name was de-
rived from an Indian chieftain who was
held in the highest
repute by the earlier American
Colonists. He belonged to the
tribe of Delawares, and was famous for
his wisdom, prudence,
virtue, hospitality and humanity. He was
distinguished no less
for his endurance in the chase than for
his bravery in battle.
He was known to the white settlers as
Tameud or Tameneud;
and in 1776, when Major George Morgan
was sent from Prince-
ton to treat with the Western Indians,
they admired hill so
much that they conferred upon him the
name of their great war-
rior, knowing no greater honor to
bestow. Many legends gath-
ered around the history of Tameneud, and
by the superstitious
he was supposed to have had communion
and intercourse with
the Great Spirit. Indeed, there was a
tradition that he had per-
sonal conflicts with the Evil One; and
the story goes that in one
of these, which lasted for several days,
our own Sandusky plains
were despoiled of their timber by his
Satanic Majesty, in his
efforts to escape the blows of the dusky
saint. His appellation
of "Saint" is said to have
originated with John Trumbull, the
author of "McFingall," to
ridicule the propensity of the people
for calling their social clubs after St.
George, St. Andrew, St.
David, and other foreign saints, in this
new land of liberty. The
title took; and "Saint
Tammany" was inscribed by the Pennsyl-
vania troops upon their revolutionary
banners in opposition to
those of the royal line, which bore the
name of their patron
saint, the hero of the dragon,
"Saint George" of Cappadocia.
The society in the second year of its
existence dropped the
title, "Independent Order of
Liberty"; and instead it was pro-
posed to substitute "Order of St.
Columbus." Here was still
a hankering after the word
"Saint." But to this
suggestion it
was replied that Columbus was a foreign
adventurer, and repre-
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 351
sented foreign ideas, while they were
Americans. Not long
after the appellation of
"Saint" was omitted from the name,
and when the society was incorporated by
the State of New
York in 1805, it was designated as
"The Tammany Society,
or Columbian Order."
Though it admitted all ranks to
membership, only native
born citizens were eligible to its
offices. It soon attracted to its
membership such men as Josiah Ogden
Hoffman, Cadwallader
C. Colden, John and Robert Swartwout,
Benjamin Romaine,
Stephen Allen, John D. Broome, Daniel D.
Tompkins, and others
of political note. Its affairs were
managed by the most astute
and capable politicians, and it was thus
able to capture the
shrewdest found outside of its own
organization. The chief
power was confined to a small circle,
however; for though it was
democratic in its principles, it was
eminently aristocratic in its
practices. To its inner councils only a
trusted few were ad-
mitted. They constituted its advisers
and directors; they dic-
tated its policy, prescribed its action,
and were "'a wheel within
a wheel," giving motion to all its
machinery. Thus the power
was retained in the hands of a
"ring"-and Tammany has been
essentially a ring in all of its
political maneuvers. The most
capable politicians of any party have
been members of Tam-
many; and it is no small compliment to
say that when Tam-
many smiled, victory was certain, when
it frowned, defeat was
sure.
The object of the society, as expressed
in its constitution,
was to "connect in the indissoluble
bonds of patriotic friendship
citizens of known attachment to the
political rights of human
nature and to the liberties of this
country." The society early
espoused democratic principles, and of
course antagonized Ham-
ilton and the Federalists. In 1800 Purr and
Jefferson were both
candidates for the presidency. Only the
year before, the Feder-
alists had carried the State of New
York; this year Tammany
went in strong for Burr and secured the
State for him, thus
producing a tie in the electoral college
between Burr and Jeffer-
son. Through the influence of the
latter, branch societies of
Tammany
were established in all or most of the original states,
but its headquarters were in New York.
Here its meetings were
352 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications.
first held in Barden's City Tavern on
Broadway; then in Mant-
ling's "Long Room" in an old
wooden building on the corner of
Nassau and Spruce streets, where the
Tract house now stands-
a place contemptuously called "The
Pig-pen.'
The first Tammany Hall was built in
1811, where the office
of THE SUN now stands, corner of
Frankfort and Nassau
streets. It was a plain brick building,
three stories high, with a
steep roof. Subsequently a fourth story
was added, and the roof
built flat. The cornerstone was laid on
Monday, the 13th of
May in that year, with imposing
ceremonies, by the Grand
Sachem, Clarkson Crolins. In this hall
the Sons of Tammany
met for nearly fifty years, and vacated
it only in 1860 to occupy
larger quarters farther up town. This
was the scene of many
a wrangle, and witnessed many a stormy
debate. Here candi-
dates were made and unmade; elections
were determined, tickets
nominated, votes arranged for, and
spoils of office distributed in
advance among the faithful.
In promotion to place, Tammany was once
almost omnipo-
tent; it put down one man and set up
another. Of late years
its power has somewhat waned, though it
is still an important
factor in state, and especially city,
elections. Tweed was a heavy
weight for it to carry. Mozart and
Irving Hall compelled it to
divide its honors, and the breach
between rival factions was
not entirely healed; but as it survived
the feuds of the anti-Ma-
sons, the Know-Nothings, the
Old Hunkers and Barn-burners,
the Hards and the Softs, we are not yet
ready to pronounce its
funeral oration. Its later movements
indicate a strong vitality,
even with Croker at a distance.
In the constitution of the society,
there was preserved a
little Indian sentiment, and a few of
the Indian characteristics.
Thus it was divided into as many tribes
as there were states,
and each of the state tribes was named
after some animal. New
York was the Eagle tribe; New Hampshire,
the Otter; Massa-
chusetts, the Panther; Rhode Island, the
Beaver; Connecticut,
the Bear; New Jersey, the Tortoise;
Pennsylvania, the Rattle-
snake; Delaware, the Tiger; Maryland,
the Fox; Virginia, the
Deer; North Carolina, the Buffalo; South
Carolina, the Rac-
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 353
coon; and Georgia, the Wolf. We fail to
see the significance of
some of these names, though there is a
reason for calling Michi-
gan the Wolverine State and Wisconsin
the Badger State.
When a member was initiated into the
society, he indicated
what tribe he would join. In public
parades, each of the tribes
carried its own banner, preceded by its
own sachem. The halls
of the several branches were called
"wigwams," and their calen-
dar began with the "Year of
Discovery," 1492, when Columbus
first set his foot on American soil.
Their year also began with
the 12th of October, which was
denominated the month of
"Traveling"; and the
successive months thereafter were named
"Beavers, Games, Colds, Snows,
Worms, Plants, Flowers,
Heats, Horns, Fishes, and Corn."
INTRODUCTION INTO THE STATE.
The first wigwam of the Tammany Society
in the State of
Ohio was established at Chillicothe, on
a dispensation sent from
the Grand Sachem of Pennsylvania to
Thomas Lloyd, empow-
ering him to build it. Mr. Lloyd called
together a few of the
citizens known to be of the same
political principles as himself,
and duly initiated them into the
mysteries of the order, agree-
ably with the constitution thereof. We
give the names of those
who, with Mr. Lloyd, founded the first
wigwam of the Ohio
tribe, as several of them are well known
in our state history:-
Thomas Scott, John Hamm, William
Williams, Samuel Swear-
ingen, David Kinkead, William S. Hutt,
Nimrod Hutt, Carlos A.
Norton, Samuel Williams, John Hutt, John
Thompson, Joseph
S. Collins, John Wiley, John Wood, James
T. Crockwell, John
Pickens, Edward Scott and Benjamin
Hough. After organiza-
tion the order increased rapidly and
included among its members
Thomas Worthington, Edward Tiffin, Ethan
Allen Brown, Winn
Winship, Preslay Morris, Jesse Spencer,
and others of the high-
est standing in society and leaders of
public opinion both in
State and National politics.
The dispensation granted for the purpose
of erecting the
new wigwam runs as follows:-
Vol. XXII-23.
354 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
"In the name of the Spirit of
Tammany, to you, Health and Pros-
perity :-Sago, sago, sago.
"To THOMAS LLOYD at
Chillicothe in the State of Ohio:
"I, Michael Leib, Grand Sachem of
the Tammany Society, or Co-
lumbian Order, No. One, in the State of
Pennsylvania, do by these pres-
ents, in pursuance of the power in me
vested by the Constitution, and in
conformity to a resolve of the said
society passed on the fourth day of
the month of Colds in the year of
Discovery Three Hundred and eighteen
[January 4, 1810], authorize and empower
you, the said Thomas Lloyd,
to build up and open a Wigwam at
Chillicothe, in the State of Ohio, to
be governed by our Tammanial
Constitutions, and to be invested with all
the same and equal powers and privileges
of initiating sons of freedom
into this illustrious Order, and to
grant dispensations for extending the
chain of amity throughout your State.
"I have to recommend to you an
attachment to and uniformity with
your elder brothers in your language,
ceremonies and laws, a sacred re-
membrance of the cement, and a burial of
the tomahawk.
"Given under my hand this fourth
day of the month of Snows, in
the year of Discovery, Three hundred and
eighteen [Feb. 4, 1810.]
"M. LEIB, Grand
Sachem.
"Attest: JOHN L. BAKER, Secretary."
At the time of granting this
dispensation, Dr. Leib was
United States Senator from Pennsylvania.
The society in Ohio drew to itself
attention from the char-
acter and influence of the men composing
it, and being a secret
organization it was very cautious in the
admission of new mem-
bers. It was provided in the
Constitution that if any person
wished to unite with the society, he
must signify his desire in a
letter, and be recommended by two
members. In that case the
Grand Sachem appointed a committee of
three other members
to make all needful inquiries into the
morals and political senti-
ments of the applicant, and to report at
the next meeting. If
the report was favorable, the society
proceeded to ballot for the
candidate; and if, on counting the
ballots, it was found that
there were two black balls to every
sixteen white ones, the
Grand Sachem pronounced him not elected.
But if otherwise,
he was declared elected, and was
eligible to be admitted the
same evening. If any member elect did not claim his right
within six months, he was not admitted
without a new vote in
his favor.
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 355
If any person was wrongfully rejected on
account of false-
hoods maliciously circulated, or through
any mistake in the com-
mittee reporting, he might be brought
again to the notice of the
society and balloted for anew; but one
who in the judgment of
the society was rejected was rejected on
good, clear and satis-
factory evidence could never be balloted
for a second time.
In matters political the society made
itself felt at the public
elections in towns where a wigwam was
established, but else-
where in the State it does not seem to
have had much influence.
Partisan rancor was as bitter then as
now, and the issues that
divided the Republicans and Federalists
were as sharply defined
as any of later days. It is amusing to
read in the journals of
the period the charges and rejoinders of
political opponents;
and if we may believe half that was
said, we must come to the
conclusion that
"Corruption boiled and bubbled
Till it o'erran the stew,"
as it erst did in Vienna. Those who
quote with admiration the
good old days when men were honest
should read the papers.
The society was accused, perhaps justly,
of holding secret
caucuses and deciding what was to be
done in the ensuing elec-
tions. In this they only imitated their
elder brothers in New
York and elsewhere. They used circulars
and employed run-
ners, had their heelers at all the
polls, kept up a system of
espionage, and conducted an extensive
correspondence. In the
general election of 1810, their
candidate for governor was
Thomas Worthington. In the opposition
was Return J. Meigs.
Both were worthy citizens, and both
deserved well of the people.
Charges of corruption were freely
brought against the candi-
dates on both tickets by their
opponents. Mr. Meigs was de-
nounced as a Federalist, even by men who
had sustained him
in a previous political contest as a
Republican. He had received
three years before a majority of the
popular vote for governor,
but was debarred from assuming office on
account of an alleged
incapacity-he had not been a resident of
the State, as required
by law, four years next preceding his
election. Possibly the
voters of Ohio now generally deemed this
a mere technicality;
356 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
for he was elected, by a decisive vote
over his popular opponent.
The canvass of the State was a heated
one, and there was no
end of crimination and recrimination.
Governor Meigs made a
gallant and patriotic executive, and his
services in the war with
England received from the general
government substantial rec-
ognition.
So bitter were the animosities between
the two leading
parties that members of the same
religious communion some-
times became alienated, while one
portion endeavored to disfel-
lowship the other. A notable instance of
this occurred at Chilli-
cothe, the headquarters of the Tammany
Society in Ohio. Being
the seat of government, the contentions
of political partisans
were unstinted. Many aspirants for official position resided
there, and mutual jealousies begot
mutual strife. In the Metho-
dist Church the leading spirit in 1811
was a Federalist. He was
a genuine ascetic, and had gathered
about him a coterie of
kindred spirits who dominated both the
spiritual and temporal
concerns of the pastoral charge to which
they belonged. Even
the preacher was under their influence,
and what they dictated
was the law which he was bound to
execute. Like Diotrephes
in the New Testament, they desired in
all things "to have the
pre-eminence." These men can not be
charged with ungodliness
or lack of piety, but their zeal ran
away with their judgment.
They were particularly opposed to their
Tammany brethren,
against whom they entertained strong
prejudices on account of
their political preferences. It was not
contrary to church order
and discipline, however, to vote the
Tammany ticket, and the
Tammany brethren could not be called to
an account on that
ground. But an occasion came at last. In
this year, 1811, the so-
ciety celebrated its anniversary with a
parades a "long talk" by
Governor Tiffin the Grand Sachem, and a
banquet. Immediately
an accusation was laid against the
Tammany Methodists by some
of the Federalist clique, for violating
the rules of the church and
for sinful practices; and a committee
was appointed by the
preacher having charge of the circuit
embracing Chillicothe, to
examine into and try the case. Whether
through accident or
design the persons appointed on the
trial committee were men
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 357
whose prejudice against the Tammany
Society was known to be
unrelenting.
Among those arraigned for trial was
Governor Tiffin, who
was at the same time a local preacher.
Seven or eight others
were also brought to trial, and the
principal crime alleged against
them was "Idolatry"-a crime
expressly forbidden by the word
of God. The specification under this
head was, "In being mem-
bers of a society designated by the name
of a heathen, and cele-
brating the anniversary of an Indian
chief, Tammany, on the
13th day of May last!" How the specification justified the
charge, or how the testimony proved it,
we can not tell, but the
committee decided that an act of
idolatry had been committed,
and the result was that the offending
members were expelled
from the communion of the Church! To
such a length did polit-
ical differences carry good men. It is
pleasing to know that a
higher ecclesiastical authority reversed
the decision of the com-
mittee which tried the case, and
restored the expelled members
to the Church. For the sake of peace
several of the Tammany
members then quietly withdrew from that
order, or ceased to at-
tend its meetings; but they did not give
up their principles, and
continued to vote the Tammany ticket so
long as the society had
an existence.
ORGANIZATION AND METHODS.
The officers of the society consisted of
a Grand Sachem who
acted as president, and as many sachems
as there were states
in the Union; who, exclusive of the
Grand Sachem, formed a
council and appointed one of their
number as "Father" of the
council; a secretary and a treasurer.
These officers were elected
annually by ballot on the first
Wednesday in May. In addition,
there were appointed to serve for three
months two introducing
and one initiating sagamore, and a
Wiskinki who acted as door-
keeper. The duties of the Grand Sachem
were such as usually
pertain to the office of a president;
and in case of an application
from any number of citizens, not less
than the number of States
in the Union, for permission to build up
for themselves a Wig-
wam, it was his duty, with the consent
of a majority of the
Council, to grant a dispensation for
that purpose.
358 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications.
The word sachem, in the Indian language
from which we
have adopted it, signifies "old
man," senator or councilor. Saga-
more designated a tribal chief of
secondary rank, and Wis-
kinki means a servant or attendant. As
such these terms were
employed in Tammanial history.
When the society held its sessions,
after the Grand Sachem
had called the members to order, the
secretary opened the busi-
ness of the meeting by repeating the
following invocation to the
Great Spirit, the members all standing:
"The sun having, by
command of the Great Spirit who rules
and reigns the monarch
of the world, retired from our horizon,
and having finished the
private cares of the day, the Sons of
Tammany, assembled by
special agreement in this their great
wigwam to deliberate upon
the state of their affairs, having
formed the grand chain of union
[by standing in a circle] in peace and
brotherly love, implore
the Great Spirit to preserve amongst
them that harmony and
decorum worthy brothers of their
Order." Then giving a signal
with a tomahawk, each member stamped
with his left foot once,
resumed his seat, and the business
proceeded.
After the work of the evening was
concluded, and an ad-
journment ordered, the secretary
dismissed the society with
these words: "Having finished the
deliberations of the wig-
wam, and again formed the grand chain of
union, the Sons of
Tammany implore the protection of the
Great Spirit until he
shall next favor them with a meeting;
and the Grand Sachem is
pleased to allow every brother to retire
to his own wigwam,
severally to give his attendance at
this, our Great Wigwam, on
the [first] Wednesday of the month of --
, year of Discovery,
three hundred and - ."
The "state of their affairs"
upon which the society was ac-
customed to debate was not of matters
solely connected with
their own order. Questions of public
interest were discussed,
and speeches were made by the members
upon the attitude of the
government toward foreign powers,
internal improvements, do-
mestic manufactures, tariff, tax, and
the interminable subject of
finance and banking. As some index of
the sentiments enter-
tained by the Tammany Society in the
first decade of the century
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 359
we give the following resolutions which
were considered in one
of their meetings:
"Resolved, That we view with sensations of heartfelt pleasure the
rapid progress and improvement made by
the United States in domestic
manufacture, and the flattering prospect
before us that at no distant period
this Nation [they spelled nation with a
capital N] will become in the
fullest sense of the word really independent.
"Resolved, That we will give every encouragement and support in
our power to the manufacturers of our
own country, and will also dis-
courage by precept and example the
purchase, use or wear of any article
that is not the growth, produce or
manufacture of the United States.
"Resolved, That at the approaching anniversary of our National
inde-
pendence, each member of this Society
shall appear dressed in clothing
altogether the growth and manufacture of
the United States, and in the
making and trimming of which no one
article or part whatsoever shall be
of foreign importation."
In this last particular the society
resolved to copy after the
example of Washington who was
inaugurated as president in
homespun clothes. Many of the fathers of
the republic followed
the same fashion, and the members of
Tammany at that period
were, during their childhood and youth,
their contemporaries.
From them they learned patriotism; some
of them had formed
their personal acquaintance; and the
lessons taught them by the
venerable Revolutionary fathers were not
lost on them or their
children.
The mode of initiation into the society
was simple, and the
ceremonies were, according to our
apprehension, somewhat
childish. On the evening appointed, the
Grand Sachem presid-
ing over the Wigwam, directed the
Introducing Sagamores to
bring the candidate in. They accordingly
went to an ante-room
for that purpose, and having brought him
to the door of the
Wigwam, one of them put to him this
question: "Will you
give us your solemn promise to support
the constitution, reputa-
tion and harmony of this society, and to
preserve inviolably all
its secrets?" On receiving an answer in the affirmative,
the
other Sagamore then gave three loud raps
upon the door, which
were repeated on the inside by the
Wiskinki, and the door was
opened. The first Sagamore gave the sign
and passwords and all
360 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society
Publications.
three entered. The Wiskinki thereupon
announced to the so-
ciety, "A stranger"; upon
which all the members arose to their
feet, and remained standing, with the
exception of the Grand
Sachem, until the ceremonies of
initiation were completed.
The two Sagamores then advanced, with
the candidate be-
tween them, a certain distance, where
they were met by the Ini-
tiating Sagamore who approached from a
table by the side of
the Grand Sachem, holding an uplifted
tomahawk. With a
menacing voice and a stern countenance,
and brandishing his
weapon as if aiming a blow at the
stranger, he cried out "Sago,
sago, ailo." The following colloquy
was then had:
Initiating Sagamore. "Does this man love freedom?"
Introducing Sagamore. "Et-hoh" [yes], in a guttural voice.
Init. Sag. "Can he bear fortune and adversity like a true
born American?"
Introd. Sag. "Et-hoh."
Init. Sag. "Will he unbury the tomahawk hid under this
our great wigwam before his country's
good requires it?"
Introd. Sag. "Raugh-taw" [no].
Init. Sag. "Advance."
Thereupon the candidate led by the two
Sagamores ap-
proached to within a short distance from
the table, when the
initiating sagamore thus addressed the
Grand Sachen: "This
stranger has given us full assurance of
his sincere intention to
support the constitution, harmony and
reputation of this so-
ciety."
Grand Sachem. "Initiate him, brother."
One of the Introducing Sagamores now
placed on the head
of the candidate a cap of liberty made
of red velvet or flannel,
and the initiating sagamore turned to
him and said: "Friend,
the favorable report given us of your
character and intentions
has recommended you to the acceptance of
this society. There-
fore, bearing this cap of liberty, you
will diligently attend while
I repeat to you the solemn obligation
which cements our grand
chain of union. What is your name?"
Candidate. "A. B." (giving his name).
Sagamore. "Repeat after me: 'I, A. B., do most solemnly
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 361
declare that I am not a member of any
other Tammany society
in the State of Ohio; also, that I will
support the constitution
and laws, reputation and harmony of this
society, and preserve
inviolably all its secrets. For my
sincerity in this, I call to wit-
ness the guardian genius of Freedom, my
country's truth and
justice, and these my countrymen,
friends and brethren; and
finally for my true performance of this,
I pledge my most sacred
honor.' "
This done, the Sagamore resumed:
"It now remains for me
to disclose to you the sign and grip,
without the knowledge of
which you can not gain admittance into
this or any other Wig-
wam established upon the same
principles. First, when you
come to the door of a wigwam, which is
kept by an officer whom
we term Wiskinki, you will give three
loud and distinct raps,
which will be answered from within. The
door will then be
opened, when, laying your left hand on
your left breast, you will
say, 'Liberty is our life.' The Wiskinki
responds, 'May you
ever enjoy it,' and you will then be
allowed to enter. You will
know a brother by your shaking each
other with the left hand,
forming this grip," showing him the
grip by holding the hand
something like a reversed J.
Turning to the members of the society,
the Sagamore asked,
"Are you willing to lose this
brother?" To this they all re-
sponded, "Raugh-taw." Then the
Sagamore again addressed the
new member thus: "I now pronounce
you a Son of Tammany,
a member of the Columbian Order; and may
you in peace and
harmony ever enjoy so honorable a
station. You are our brother,
and the Grand Sachem will congratulate
you on behalf of the
society." He was then conducted to
the Grand Sachem who
rose from his seat and took him by the
hand, saying, "I con-
gratulate you, brother, as a member of
the Tammany Society or
Columbian Order." The cap of
liberty was now removed from
his head, the society formed a
"chain" by standing in a circle
around the room, and on a signal by the
initiating sagamore, each
member stamped three times with his left
foot.
The ceremony was concluded by the
members resuming
their seats, and the new member affixing
his name to the Consti-
tution, which was enrolled on parchment
or a large sheet of
362 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
heavy paper, and paying the required fee
to the secretary. This
fee was never less than two dollars, nor
more than ten.
ITS ANNIVERSARIES, AND SENTIMENTS.
The Tammany Society celebrated its
anniversaries on the
12th day of May, or on the day following
if the 12th fell on
Sunday, this being regarded as the
birthday of their patron saint.
The festivities usually consisted of a
parade, a "long talk" de-
livered by one of the members, and a
banquet. On the morning
of that day the society met at their
wigwam where they were
formed into a marching procession by one
of the sagamores.
At the head of the column was placed a
brother lifting the cap
of liberty on a wand, and immediately in
his rear was the Grand
Sachem, attended by the secretary
bearing a scroll. Behind
these officers marched a sagamore
bearing the calumet. The
other sagamore who acted as marshal had
for his badge of office
a brandished tomahawk.
Following the officers enumerated
marched the members of
the society divided into their several
tribes, beginning with New
Hampshire, and so proceeding from East
to South and West.
At the time when the order flourished in
this State, Maine had
not been admitted into the Union. Each
tribe was headed by
its own sachem, bearing the tribal flag.
These flags were of
white silk, usually about a yard square,
with simply the name of
the State painted or gilded upon it. The
wiskinki brought up
the rear of the procession, bearing a
large wooden key, gilt.
Upon arriving at the place of
celebration, the "council fire"
was kindled, and the society
"danced" around it. If the place
where the long talk was to be delivered
was a public hall, the
dance was omitted. The Grand Sachem
presided, assisted by
the Father of the Council. To the
banquet none were admitted
except members, and at its conclusion
they returned to their
wigwam where they were dismissed with
the usual formula.
In their public celebrations the members
were not clad in
uniform, but all were required to wear a
buck-tail on their hats.
It was with reference to this peculiar
badge that some of the
Pennsylvania troops during the late
civil war were denominated
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 363
"Bucktails"; and Fitz Greene
Halleck commemorates them in
one of his humorous effusions:
"There's a barrel of porter at
Tammany Hall,
And the Bucktails are swigging it all
the night long;
In the time of my boyhood 'twas pleasant
to call
For a seat and cigar 'mid the jovial
throng."
The Tammany Society heartily espoused
the Republican
cause, and had no sympathy with the
members of the "Hartford
Convention." Hence they co-operated
with Mr. Madison in his
administration of the government, and
gave him their cordial
support. In the war with Great Britain
they furnished a large
quota of troops for the defence of the
Western frontiers, and
favored the protection of the
manufacturing interests of the
country as against that power. Many of
them carried their senti-
ments into practice, and made use of
domestic goods only for
their clothing. In one of their public
anniversaries at Pittsburgh
it is mentioned with pride by the
society there established, that of
those who sat down to dinner-a company
of two hundred-
more than half were entirely clad in
homespun fabrics! When
Governor Tiffin was Grand Sachem of the
order in Ohio, he
addressed the following letter by
direction of the society to
the President. Carlos A. Norton was chairman of the com-
mittee appointed to prepare it, but as
the report is in the Gov-
ernor's own handwriting, he probably
wrote it himself with-
out suggestion or help from others:
"CHILLICOTHE, June 14th, 1811.
"To JAMES MADISON, President of the United States,
"SIR:-
"The Tammany Society, or Columbian
Order of Wigwam No. 1,
whence the other four branches in the
State of Ohio have originated,
unanimously request leave to address you
at the present momentous crisis
of our public affairs. They have not
been indifferent spectators of the
trying and difficult scenes through
which you have had to pass as execu-
tive of the National government. The unjust
and destructive edicts passed
by the two great belligerent powers of
Europe against our neutral com-
merce and rights; the repeated insulting
aggressions committed on our
coasts, and even in our own waters; the
diplomatic finesse practised by
364 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications.
accredited ministers, and the apologists
for such outrages in our own
country, have all tended to make your
situation peculiarly embarrassing;
but this numerous society of democratic
Republicans have viewed with the
sincerest pleasure the promptness with
which you have met pacific over-
tures, the firmness with which you have
contended for the rights of your
countrymen, and the forbearance which the
spirit and genius of our
government dictated.
"Judging from the past they are
impelled to express their entire con-
fidence in, and reliance upon, your
wisdom, firmness and patriotism as
Executive of the United States in this
trying season; and they are firmly
determined to support with their lives
and fortunes such necessary meas-
ures as the government of their country
may adopt for the preservation of
their rights and liberties, and the
promotion of the National welfare.
"Signed in behalf of the Society,
"EDWARD TIFFIN,
"Grand Sachem."
To this patriotic and eloquent letter,
the President returned
the following answer:
"WASHINGTON, June 23, 1811.
"SIR:-
"I have received the letter of the
14th instant which you have ad-
dressed to me, in the name of the
Tammany Society of Wigwam No. 1 in
the State of Ohio.
"The circumstances in our national
situation, to which you refer,
could not but render it peculiarly
embarrassing to those entrusted with
the national rights and interests.
Whilst justice, however, continues to
be the basis of our policy, and the
great body of our fellow citizens re-
main firm in sentiments and
determinations such as are expressed by the
Society of which you are the organ, our
country will be found adequate
to every trial to which it may be
exposed. The approbation which the
society bestows on the share I have had
in the public transactions, and
its confidence in my further efforts for
the public good, are entitled to my
thankful acknowledgments; to which I add
a tender of my respects and
my friendly wishes.
"JAMES MADISON.
"EDWARD TIFFIN, ESQ.,
"Grand Sachem."
The Governor in his letter makes mention
of four ad-
ditional wigwams in the State, but there
were soon added three
others, making in all eight. Besides the
parent organization at
Chillicothe, wigwams were built up in
Zanesville, Cincinnati,
Xenia, Lancaster, Warren, Hamilton and
New Boston (Cham-
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 365
paign County). As a matter of local
interest we give the names
of those who signed the petition for a
dispensation to erect one
in Cincinnati. The petition, dated
September 25, 1810, was
written by Daniel Symmes, and is
signed by himself, Hugh
Moore, Elias Glover, Thomas Rawlins,
Thomas Henderson,
John O'Ferrall, Jacob Felter, Leonard
Sayre, James Matson,
John Riddle, C. Walker, John Shally,
James Conn, Jacob
Fowble, James Silvers, Stephen Wood and
John Cleves Symmes.
The matter was acted on in the council
of Sachems, and a dis-
pensation was accordingly granted to the
first petitioner, January
16, 1811. How large a membership the
Order had in Cincinnati,
we do not know, nor are we informed
whether any of its records
are still preserved. From the names
attached to the petition it
may be inferred that some success
attended its establishment,
especially as Messrs. Symmes, Glover and
Moore traveled all
the way to Chillicothe, probably on
horseback, for the purpose
of being initiated.
That the order did not spread more
widely throughout the
State may be accounted for, partially,
by the triumph of the Re-
publican principles, and especially by
the breaking out of hos-
tilities with Great Britain. This was a
matter of deep concern
at the time, and party politics became
lost in patriotism. Be-
sides, it was expensive to keep up the
organization; and, as there
was no State charter incorporating the
society, there was noth-
ing to conjoin the members except
questions of public economy;
and these could just as easily be
advocated and voted for outside
of a secret society or party as in it.
Ohio soil did not then
seem congenial to "rings,"
whatever it may have been since;
there were but few whippers-in of voters
to carry the polls, and
the spoils of office were not given as a
reward for the dirty work
of roughs and bullies. There was
corruption enough, but it
developed itself in other forms. Graft
is not a new thing in
Ohio.
To show the state of feeling which
existed between the
Federalists and the democratic
Republicans of Ohio, we give
an extract from a letter written by the
builder of the Xenia
wigwam, Jacob Smith, to the parent
Wigwam, No. 1, at Chilli-
cothe. His letter is dated March 23,
1811. He says: "A few
366 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
of the Sons of Columbia met at Xenia and
kindled a fire in our
own wigwam, but we are not as yet
completely organized. Great
threats are thrown out against us by the
enemies of Columbia,
and they go so far as to say that they
will tar and feather all
of us at our next meeting. But we shall
not desist from as-
sembling on account of threats like
these."
In an address to the branch society at
Zanesville, the Chilli-
cothe Wigwam says: "Brothers, these
times are full of danger.
We have sat longer around our council
fire than you have, and
we will tell you our minds freely. We
will not say, beware of the
Federalists; for you know them of old.
But we will say, be-
ware of wolves in sheep's clothing;
beware of pretended Repub-
licans who act in the dark, who are
really Federalists, but have
not the courage or policy to avow it.
The intrigues of such
characters have bred much
confusion. They say they are
staunch Republicans; they speak well of
the general govern-
ment; they praise and flatter many of
our public characters;
"honey flows from their lips, but
deceit dwells on their tongues.'
Brothers, you little dream of the
hypocrisy and insatiable am-
bition which lie lurking under the
gravity of their long beards
and robes."
And then, after cautioning their younger
brethren not to
admit as members those of whom there was
any doubt, the
address thus continues: "Let us all
show, by the correctness of
our conduct, the purity of our hearts.
Can an impure fountain
send forth pure waters? If our
institution be fraught with dis-
organization and licentiousness, can we
be good husbands, fath-
ers and brothers, and patriotic
citizens? Or rather, would not
every action of ours prove us to be
incendiaries, defamers of
merit, and destitute of private and
public virtue? Let us all re-
member that the tree will be judged by
its fruit."
These words, though written early in the
nineteeth century,
and addressed to a Republican club, are
timely for our citi-
zens of today. Let us heed the counsels
of old.
POLITICAL PRINCIPLES.
Still further to illustrate the
sentiments and style of our
citizens a century ago, we quote some of
the toasts and addresses
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 367
given at the banquet of the Society in
Pittsburgh and Chillicothe
from 1807 to 1811. It may be well to
remark that in their anni-
versaries and banquets, wines and
liquors were strictly forbid-
den, nor was the smoking of cigars or
pipes allowed in their wig-
wams, though the calumet was one of
their symbols. In morals
the Tammany Society in this State was
exemplary, and proved
that ethical considerations can be
carried into politics. We
believe this order was the first
"Temperance" party in Ohio
without making temperance the sole
object of its existence or
mentioning it in its platform of
principles. But to the toasts,
drunk in cold water.
"The Embargo and Non-Intercourse
Act:-Measures which
if persevered in will secure to all
nations the freedom of the
great waters, and respect for their flags."-Song,
"O'er the
ocean that rolls his wild waves from
afar." [Pittsburgh, 1808.]
"The Constitution of the
Seventeen Tribes:-The late ac-
quittal of a traitor proved to have been
guilty of conspiring
against our peace and happiness, is a
convincing proof that the
aristocratic leaven of two-thirds should
be abolished." [Pitts-
burgh, 1808.]
This was radical democracy with a
vengeance!
"The United States:-May their boundaries be the oceans
and eternity their deviation." [Pittsburgh, 1807.]
"The Union:-Whenever its safety is menaced by a foreign
or domestic foe, the warriors of the
backwoods will be the
first in unfurling the banner of liberty,
and foremost in the
ranks on the day of battle"-Tune,
"Kentucky Volunteers."
[Chillicothe, 1811.]
"The American Canoe-men :-Their country is proud to ac-
knowledge them her sons. Her friends
will respect, her enemies
will dread them." Tune, "Columbia's
sons, arise." [Pittsburgh,
1809.]
The American canoe-men with Commodore
Perry on Lake
Erie, just a century ago, well justified
this sentiment, and proved
its truth.
"No Separation of the
Tribes:-Divide and conquer is the
maxim of despots. He that would break
the grand chain of our
union is a foe and a traitor to his
country." [Pittsburgh, 1809.]
368 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
"Domestic Manufactures:-A free people to be really inde-
pendent should manufacture their own
clothing as well as make
their own laws." Tune, "The Dusty
Miller." [Chillicothe,
1811.]
"The Friends of Liberty in Every
Clime:-As brethren of
the same sentiments we embrace them, and
as free citizens of
the republic we give them a hearty
welcome to our soil." Song,
"Well met, fellow free
men." [Pittsburgh, 1808.]
As the country was but sparsely
populated, though there
was a continual flow of settlers from
the older States to the
Great West, emigrants from abroad were specially welcomed.
There were no large ocean steamers, and
sailing vessels were
sometimes several weeks in making the
trip from Belfast to
Philadelphia. The consequence was that
passengers were often
deterred from encountering the perils
and delays of the voyage.
Still, there was a continual influx of
persons from the British
isles, and very many Irish and
Scotch-Irish families purchased
lands in Pennsylvania. Their influence
already began to be felt
in the communities where they settled.
They were generally re-
ligious people, with Calvinistic views.
"The State of Ohio:-Only eight years old last November.
Her citizens are distinguished for
virtue, industry, and enter-
prise; schools and manufactures
flourish; the roads over the
mountains are filled with droves of her
cattle, and the Mississippi
is covered with her produce wafting to
market. How much
superior are these blessings to the
ambitions and wars, the pomp
and desolation which spread over
Europe!" Tune, "O'er
the
hills and far awa'." [Chillicothe, 1811.]
We next give an extract from Governor
Tiffin's "long talk"
before the Society in the year 1811.
After mentioning the bless-
ings secured to the American people by
the achievements of the
Revolutionary fathers, the Governor goes
on to say:
"Yet our principles and our
practices have been misrepresented, mis-
erably misrepresented. An honorable
Order of people have been indis-
criminately abused as a set of beings
unfit to enjoy the common elements
of air and water not denied to the most
inferior part of organic living
matter by the great and glorious Author
of universal existence; and our
practices have been described as fit
only for infernals. But while our sym-
The Tammany Society in Ohio. 369
pathies have been excited toward the
ignorant and deluded authors of
these persecutions, it has been a
distinguished trait in our character as a
people that when we were reviled we
reviled not again.
"When the great and glorious Author
of our blessed and benign
religion came upon His errand of love to
man, we all remember the treat-
ment He received, the life He lived, the
death He died, and the blessings
such life and such death procured for
even the authors of His sufferings
and His sorrows. We pretend not to such sacred views as
these;
we only mention them to show how far
political may keep pace with relig-
gious fanaticism; and how far ignorance
and prejudice may go towards
dethroning reason, and suffering all the
angry and turbulent passions to
usurp its seat. We doubt not but time
and a proper development of our
principles and practice will dispel the
gloom so artfully attempted to be
cast over the mind, and that the mantle
of charity will be thrown over
conduct manifested under the influence
of a mistaken and a misdirected
zeal . .
"The Tammany Society, or Columbian
Order, was not, nor is yet
known as an order of people anywhere
upon earth, but in the highly
favored land of Columbia. Here it was
first created and divided into
tribes under a common head, and inspired
by a common spirit. We are
democratic Republicans in heart and
practice. We are, as our Constitu-
tion expresses it, united in the indissoluble
bonds of patriotic friendship,
and no one obtains a place among us who
has not a well-known attach-
ment to the political rights of human
nature and the liberties of this
country. This indeed is our offence; but
in this we glory. Privileged
orders, aristocratical distinctions, and
whoever or whatever has a tendency
to injure or destroy the constitution or
union of the States, we will, we
do oppose.
"We support the Republican
administration of the Union. We wish
State rights to be kept inviolate, and
the good people of this country to
enjoy to the latest generations those
civil and religious rights which nature
and nature's God designed for their
enjoyment. Measures, not men, we
admire; measures, not men, we
support. Whenever men desert those
democratic Republican principles dear to
us, we desert them. And those
men who support those principles are
supported by us, let them be called
by what.name they may.....
"To be therefore a good democratic
Republican; to be obedient to
the laws; to fulfill the various duties
of our stations as brothers and
friends, is the same thing as to be a
member of the Tammany Society,
or Columbian Order. If we fail in these
respects we are liable to expul-
sion from the wigwam; but if we continue
to fulfill our various duties as
Christians and as men, we hope erelong
to be translated to that wigwam
where the Great Spirit will be as a
council fire, emitting light and love to
every son of Saint Tammany: where that
friendship and love begun on
earth will be happily perfected in
heaven, and where we will rejoice to
embrace in our patriotic and
philanthropic arms the whole human family."
Vol. XXII --24
370 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications. But enough. These sentiments show the temper of the Republicans of that day, and contrast strangely with the views entertained by the Tammanyites of New York in our own times. We have omitted all social and personal toasts, but of course "the fair" were not forgotten. Tammany was as loyal to the sex as it was to the country. The Tammany Society in Ohio did not survive the dissolu- tion of the old democratic Republican party. After the over- throw of the Federalists, and the "era of good feeling" suc- ceeded the animosities of the campaign in which James Monroe was chosen to the presidency, there was no longer any need of this political organization, and without formal vote the society became dissolved. The members naturally drifted into other parties, as their preferences led them,-some into the Whig and some into the Democratic ranks. Those who favored a high protective tariff and a National bank voted with the Whigs, while those who opposed both, or believed in States' rights, and followed Andrew Jackson as their leader, became Democrats. In the West the memory of Tammany speedily died out. There are many who never knew that it had "a local habitation and a name" outside of New York; yet in Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania and some other States it once had an active exist- ence. Like the generations of men parties rise and fall. Death puts an end to old enmities and bickerings; but new occasions arise, and some now living may see both the Democratic and Republican parties of to-day replaced by other parties with new names to-morrow. Great truths, however, as embodied in the platforms of these parties, will not perish. |
|
THE TAMMANY SOCIETY
IN OHIO.
SAMUEL W. WILLIAMS.
ORIGIN AND HISTORY.
The Tammany Society was organized in the
City of New
York in the year 1789, and was designed
to counteract the com-
bined influence of the Federalists and
the Society of Cincinnati.
The latter was looked upon as a species
of aristocracy and hos-
tile to democratic institutions. Fears
were entertained that its
members might consolidate power in their
own hands, though
they were certainly as loyal to the
infant republic as were their
opponents. That society was established
to promote the mutual
friendship of those who were associated
together as chief actors
in the American revolution, and to
perpetuate the remembrance
of their efforts to secure the
independence of the United States.
General Knox and Baron Steuben were its
earliest promoters;
and as such men as Washington, Lincoln,
Nathaniel Greene,
Arthur St. Clair, Moultrie, Gates, and
Alexander Hamilton were
its officers, no fears needed to have
been entertained of their
patriotism and loyalty.
As the Society of Cincinnati sprang from
the officers of the
army, so the Tammany Society sprang from
the people. The
credit for its foundation is due to a
citizen of Irish extraction,
William Mooney by name, who belonged to
the Whig school of
politics, and was one of the "Sons
of Liberty," or "Liberty
Boys," as the rebels and rebel
sympathizers were called, as dis-
tinguished from the Tories. After the
war he was an uphols-
terer in New York city-first on Nassau
street, afterward on
Maiden Lane, and then on Chatham street.
He finally became
keeper of the Alms House, in which
office he died. Mooney was
not a man of high position in the
community, nor did this society
at first attract men of influence and
standing. It soon gained
favor, however, and many rising
politicians were glad to be-
(349)