GERARD FOWKE
Gerard Fowke was born June 25, 1855, in
Charleston
Bottom, Mason County, Kentucky, six
miles below
Maysville. His father, John D. Smith,
was a native of
Wexford County, Ireland, son of Luke
Smyth whose
mother was a Murphy; she was niece to
Father Murphy,
who was killed while leading the
Wexford Insurgents
at the Battle of Arklow, in 1798. Luke
Smyth's wife
was Judith Ann Cleary whose mother was
a Macauley
of County Down. John D. Smith (who
substituted the
"i" for the "y" in
his name) came to Kentucky in 1848.
He conducted a private school in Mason
County for a
few years; then went to Davenport,
Iowa, where he was
similarly engaged for a time. Returning
to Kentucky,
he taught at Dover until the beginning
of the Civil War,
when he went south and continued
teaching in Alabama
and Tennessee until his death early in
1870. In 1854,
he married Sibella, daughter of Colonel
Charles Smith
Mitchell, of Mason County; his father,
Ignatius Mitchell,
came to Kentucky in 1775 from
Charles County, Mary-
land, where his ancestors settled in
1667. The wife of
Ignatius Mitchell was Mildred, daughter
of Charles
Smith, who was born in Orange County,
Virginia, in
1735; his wife, "Patsey" Jones,
in Culpeper County, Vir-
ginia, in 1740. In 1781, with their six
sons and three
daughters, they moved to Kentucky and
settled in what
is now Harrison County, not far from
Cynthiana.
The oldest of the five children of John
D. Smith was
named Charles Mitchell Smith. His
mother and the
(201)
202 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
four younger children died before he
was ten years old.
On February 26, 1887, by action of the
Mason County
Court, he assumed the name of Gerard
Fowke, borne by
the first American ancestor of his
grandmother, Eliza-
beth Fowke, wife of Charles Smith
Mitchell. Her
father, Roger Fowke, left Fauquier
County, Virginia,
for Kentucky, in 1804. He was fifth in
descent from the
immigrant, the family having lived in
the Northern Neck
of Virginia and in Charles County,
Maryland, since 1651.
The immigrant Gerard was Colonel of
cavalry in the
army of Charles I, and fled to Virginia
after the battle
of Worcester. He married Anne, daughter
of Adam
Thoroughgood, "who built the first
Colonial House in
America."
Fowke's earlier boyhood was spent
partly with his rel-
atives in Kentucky, but principally
with his father until
the latter's death. He next became a
clerk and book-
keeper in Nashville, Tennessee, until
1873, when he re-
turned to Kentucky. Farm work, with a
few months of
irregular attendance at school, filled
his time until the
spring of 1876, when he went to central
Illinois, where
he taught two years. In 1878, he taught
in Brown
County, Ohio, and the following year
was made principal
of the Grammar school in Sidney, Ohio,
his vacations
being spent along the Ohio River and in
the mountains
of Tennessee. In 1881, he made some
examination of
the country along the lower Wabash and
Arkansas
Rivers; in the vicinity of Hot Springs,
Arkansas; and
along the Missouri River between Kansas
City and
Omaha. In the fall, he entered the Ohio
State Univer-
sity, at Columbus, for a special course
in geology and
mathematics. In 1882, he made
geological excursions
Gerard Fowke 203
in central and southern Ohio, and
traversed the Big
Sandy Valley from the Ohio River to the
eastern slope
of the Cumberland Mountains. In 1883,
he continued
his work in Ohio, and that winter
taught in New Madi-
son, Ohio. In 1884, he carried on
extensive researches
in the aboriginal quarries at Flint
Ridge, in Licking
County, Ohio, and made a geological
trip across western
and southern Ohio, from Indiana to West
Virginia. In
1885, he excavated a large group of mounds
near Pon-
totoc, Mississippi, finding clear
evidence that at least one
of them had been erected about the time
De Soto made
his winter camp on the Tallahatchie
River. He also
made some examination of Lookout
Mountain, Ten-
nessee, and carried out additional
explorations at Flint
Ridge, in Ohio. He started a private
school in Mays-
lick, Kentucky, but the tedium and
monotony of such a
life did not appeal to him and he soon
terminated his
career as a teacher, in order to devote
his time to ar-
chaeology and geology. Not only was he
attracted by the
inherent fascination of these sciences,
but in no other
direction could he find equal
opportunity for indulging
his love of outdoor life and his desire
to mingle with
people who differ widely in customs,
tendencies and
ideals.
In 1886, he reported upon the
archaeology of the Mo-
nongahela Valley in western
Pennsylvania, and of
several counties in western Kentucky;
investigated the
flint deposits in Union County,
Illinois, where the aborig-
ines quarried a vast amount of
material; studied the
prehistoric earthworks of southern
Ohio; and began a
monograph on stone implements. In 1887,
he worked in
northwestern Pennsylvania and western
New York, in-
204 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications
cluding the gorge of the Niagara River;
assisted in mak-
ing a survey of most of the
Mound-builder remains in
southern Ohio; and made a preliminary
reconnaissance
from Toledo to Duluth, locating
village-sites and other
remains on the western border of Lake
Huron, around
the northern end of Lake Michigan, and
along the south-
ern shore of Lake Superior. On the same
mission, he
went from Duluth to Minneapolis, and
down the Mis-
sissippi River to St. Louis; through
southern Illinois and
central Kentucky; and back to
Washington to complete
his paper on stone implements. In 1888,
he again went
on various missions to northwestern
Pennsylvania; to
Pike County, Ohio, where he excavated a
number of
mounds; to Flint Ridge in Licking
County; to Big Bone
Lick in Boone County, Kentucky; to
Pittsburgh; and to
Columbus, Ohio. In 1889, he assisted in
the excavation
of mounds in Ross County; in a survey
of Fort Ancient
in Warren County; examined the
earthworks at Ma-
rietta; prospected the Muskingum River
to Zanesville;
and worked in Muskingum and Licking
Counties, Ohio.
In 1890, he made some observations
around the mouth
of Chesapeake Bay, and in the Luray
Valley, Virginia;
in central Tennessee; around Niagara
Falls; in central
Indiana; in western and central Ohio;
and arranged a
collection at the University of
Pennsylvania. In 1891,
he made a thorough archaeological
examination of the
James River Valley, from the ocean to
its headwaters,
including several of its tributaries;
opened many mounds
in the Luray Valley; prospected nearly
every county in
the Shenandoah Valley; and excavated a
large com-
munal burial mound in Orange County,
Virginia. In
1892, he collected specimens along the
Savannah River,
Gerard Fowke 205
and secured data for a map of the
shell-mounds in the
coast regions of Georgia and eastern
Florida; and went
to Colombia, South America, to
supervise the excavation
of a mound on the Cauca River, which
proved to be a
"wild goose chase." On his
return, he completed his
work in the Shenandoah Valley; explored
the Potomac
Valley as far up as Cumberland,
Maryland, and several
of its tributaries, including the
Monocacy and the South
Branch; made surveys of Mound-builder
remains in
southern Ohio, and prepared a
comprehensive paper on
the archaeology of the State. In 1893,
he searched un-
successfully, for reported human
remains in the gravel
beds at Trenton, New Jersey; made some
examinations
around the mouth of the Appomattox
River; investi-
gated aboriginal mica and steatite
mines south of the
James River, and made collections from
an Indian stone-
implement factory in Page County,
Virginia; located
shell-mounds along the Tennessee River
from Knoxville,
Tennessee, to Shell Mound, Alabama,
traveling in a small
open boat; made a further study of
ancient flint quarries
in the Kanawha Valley, and in Highland
County, West
Virginia, Carter County, Kentucky,
Licking County,
Ohio, Todd County, Kentucky, and
Crawford County,
Indiana. In 1894, he excavated a number
of sites on
which Horsford had located settlements
of Leif Ericson
and his successors, finding much to
substantiate Hors-
ford's conviction that Norsemen
occupied the Charles
River Valley, near Boston, for at least
several genera-
tions. He also opened some mounds in
Pike County,
Ohio; studied geological formations in
southern Ohio,
and flint quarries in eastern Kentucky;
reported upon
mounds in the Monongahela Valley, the
South Branch
206
Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
of the Potomac Valley, and in the
vicinity of Cumber-
land, Maryland. In 1895, he completed
the excavation
of the mounds of Pike County, Ohio. In
1896, he made
further explorations on the Charles
River, Massachu-
setts. In 1898, he excavated a series
of stone graves in
Brown County, Ohio, whose construction
was such as to
prove that Indians, living along this
part of the Ohio
River, had certain methods of burial different
from any
that have been found elsewhere;
explored Indian graves
near Victoria, British Columbia; went
to Japan; then to
Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, Siberia.
From the latter
city, he went in an open canoe with
only a stranded
sailor and a Tungus native as
companions for 700 miles
down the Amur River, out into the
Channel of Tartary,
along the coast to the Okhotsk Sea, and
back to Nikol-
aiefsk, in a vain search for evidence
of the migration of
the American Indian from Eastern Asia.
Leaving
here on the last vessel of the season,
he stopped
on Saghalien Island, then returned to
Japan where
he ended the year. In 1899, 1900, and
1901, he
brought together the results of his
work in Ohio and
some other states in his Archaeological
History of Ohio.
In 1902, he trenched the "Elephant
Beds," at Kimms-
wick, Missouri, searching for human
remains in connec-
tion with the fossil deposits; mapped
aboriginal quarries
and collected museum material at the
flint beds in Carter
County, Kentucky; and by means of
tunnels and trenches
disclosed the nature of the deposits in
which was found
the "Lansing Skull" 28 feet
underground, near Lansing,
Kansas. In 1903, he explored about 200
caves, also
aboriginal flint and hematite quarries,
in southern In-
diana, southern Illinois, eastern
Missouri, central and
Gerard Fowke 207
western Kentucky, northern Alabama, and
western Ten-
nessee, traversing many counties in
each of these States.
He also studied in the museums of the
University of
Pennsylvania and of Cornell University.
In 1904, he ar-
ranged the archaeological display at
the St. Louis Exposi-
tion, going to New York, Philadelphia,
Washington, and
Chicago to select material for
exhibition; excavated a
large amount of prehistoric material
from a cave near
Arlington, Missouri; made examinations
of flint deposits
at Crescent, Missouri, at Alton and in
Union County,
Illinois, and in the vicinity of
Clifton, Tennessee. In
1905, he studied the loess formation on
the Missouri and
Mississippi Rivers from St. Charles to
Cairo, working
out an explanation of its peculiar
distribution in this sec-
tion; and opened mounds at Montezuma
and East St.
Louis, Illinois. In
1906, he excavated numerous
mounds along the Missouri River from
the Gasconade
to the Blackwater; and, in 1907,
completed these ex-
plorations to Kansas City, ascertaining
that the mounds
covered stone burial-vaults of a type
not hitherto re-
ported from any other part of the
country. In 1907, he
also examined the small mounds in
several counties of
southeast Missouri, opening a number of
them near New
Madrid. In 1908, he studied the zinc
deposits of south-
west Missouri; the Burlington, Iowa,
limestone; and
made additional examinations of the
mounds at Monte-
zuma, Illinois. In 1909, he did some
geological work
in southern Ohio, and completed a
number of reports
of his work up to date. In 1910, he
spent the spring and
summer in New York and in Kentucky,
doing literary
work. In 1911, he packed the library
and collections
of the Missouri Historical Society,
preparatory to its
208
Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
removal to its new building. In 1912,
he opened a num-
ber of mounds at the ancient Maya city
of Quirigua,
Guatemala, and examined the aboriginal
remains across
that country to the Pacific Ocean. He
also examined
supposed ore land in western Missouri,
and studied the
geological conditions from Grand Tower
to Cairo, Illi-
nois. In 1913-'14-'15, he classified,
arranged, and put
on display, the collections of the Missouri
Historical So-
ciety. Also, in 1913, he made some
geological investiga-
tions in southern Missouri, in
northeastern Arkansas, and
in the Iron Mountain region of
Missouri; and explored
a cave on the Current River in Dent
County, Missouri.
In 1914, he examined prehistoric
earthworks in north-
eastern Kansas, and investigated
reported finds of very
ancient human remains in the Missouri
Valley from
White Cloud, Kansas, to Omaha,
Nebraska. In 1915,
he made additional examinations of the
hematite and
flint deposits, and of the Granite
Mountain and Iron
Mountain region, of Missouri. In 1916,
he studied the
mountain structure of western North
Carolina, eastern
Tennessee, southwestern Virginia, and
eastern Ken-
tucky. In 1917, he excavated mounds
near Farming-
ton, Missouri. In 1918, he located, and
examined for
mapping, scores of caves,
village-sites, and aboriginal
burial-places in the Ozark region of
south-central Mis-
souri, and made valuable museum
collections from some
of them. He continued this work in
1919, thoroughly
excavating some large caves in Pulaski
County, with
gratifying results. In 1920, after some
work in eastern
museums and a study of ice-gorges at
Niagara Falls,
he made a careful reconnaissance of the
Hawaiian Is-
lands, but finding no evidence of a
prehistoric popula-
Gerard Fowke 209
tion, did no excavating, and returned
by way of the
Panama Canal. In 1921, he explored
mounds opposite
Portsmouth, Ohio, and did some
desultory work in
Ohio as far north as Berea. In 1922, he
arranged a
collection for the Missouri Historical
Society; went to
northeastern Arkansas and to Memphis;
worked along
the Ohio River from Cairo to
Pittsburgh; traversed
various eastern States from southern
Virginia to Lake
George and Cape Cod Bay, including the
slate and mar-
ble quarries of Vermont. In 1923, he
explored a cave in
Maries County, Missouri; studied
geological formations
in Yellowstone Park, Utah, and
Colorado; and com-
pleted his studies of pre-glacial
drainage lines of the
Ohio Valley in Illinois, Indiana,
Kentucky, and Ohio.
Much of his work in Ohio being along
the border line
of the ice-sheet, he had observed,
about 1890, that great
changes had occurred in the drainage
systems. His
investigations into the cause of these
conditions extended
as opportunity offered until he had
thoroughly studied
nearly every mile along the Ohio from
its source to its
mouth, as well as parts of many of its
tributaries. Less
systematically, he carried these
observations into Penn-
sylvania on the east and to Kansas and
Nebraska toward
the west. Nearly all this work was
necessarily done on
foot.
In 1924, he went to northern Arkansas,
Memphis, and
Birmingham, and excavated mounds and
shell heaps
around Mussel Shoals and in Lawrence
County, Ala-
bama. In 1925, he went to Washington
for museum
work; to Richmond, Virginia; did some
geological work
in Indiana; made an archaeological
survey of the Red
Vol. XXXIII--14
210
Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
River Valley in Louisiana and of Scott
County, Arkan-
sas; examined flint quarries in
southwest Missouri; and
took part in mound work in the Scioto
Valley in Ohio.
In 1926, he surveyed an extensive group
of earth-
works near Marksville, Louisiana, and
excavated a num-
ber of mounds there. He made some
examinations
around Memphis, Tennessee, and in the
vicinity of St.
Louis; prepared for printing various
reports of his ex-
plorations, going to Washington for
that purpose; ex-
amined stone deposits in western
Indiana; studied the
formations along nearly 200 miles of
the Kentucky
River; re-labeled and re-arranged the
archaeological
collection of the Missouri Historical Society;
and spent
part of the winter among the
prehistoric remains of
Mexico and around New Orleans. In 1927,
he made
further study of aboriginal flint
quarries in Carter
County, Kentucky, and in Coshocton
County, Ohio. In
1928, he explored the Carlsbad Cavern
in New Mexico;
and arranged for display new material
of the Missouri
Historical Society.
Aside from the scientific interest
attached to his work,
he had little inclination for indoor
life and was con-
tinually making pedestrian tours into
regions remote
from ordinary lines of travel, in the
effort to observe
and study natural features. It is a
moderate estimate
to say that he walked a hundred
thousand miles in open
country, traversing portions of nearly
every State be-
tween Canada and the Gulf of Mexico
from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Great Plains; and he
probably knew more
from actual observation about the
eastern half of the
United States than did any one else.
At various times he was aided in his
work by the
Gerard Fowke 211
American Museum of Natural History of
New York;
the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences; the
Smithsonian Institution, the Bureau of
Ethnology, of
Washington, D. C.; the Ohio State
Geological Survey;
the Ohio State Archaeological and
Historical Society;
the St. Louis branch of the
Archaeological Institute of
America; the Missouri Historical
Society; and several
individual collectors and students in
their private capac-
ity. In addition to reports made to the
above organiza-
tions, he wrote articles for an
Encyclopedia, for Moore-
head's Fort Ancient and Primitive
Man in Ohio, and for
several periodicals.
Compelled before the age of fifteen to
depend entirely
upon his own efforts for a living, too
restless to remain
long in one place, Fowke had but little
opportunity to
procure an education. But from boyhood
he was an
omnivorous reader of everything he
could comprehend.
possessed a tenacious memory, was a
close and accurate
observer, and thus managed to pick up
considerable in-
formation about various subjects.
However, his desul-
tory reading and rambling life made his
knowledge more
satisfactory, mentally, than
profitable, financially. He
could never adapt himself--and never
wanted to do so--
to the restraints which are essential
to success in any
line of business or professional life.
It was equally
irksome for him to follow the plans or
instructions of
those who held erroneous ideas in
regard to conditions
as they existed, or to the proper
methods of securing
the best results. Had he been more
complaisant and
diplomatic, less contumacious and
determined, his field
of research would have been wider but
his life would
212 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications
have been less satisfying. Like Sitting
Bull he could
say:
"I have seen nothing the white man
has--railroads, great build-
ings, fine clothes, rich food--that is
worth as much as the right
to move about freely and live in your
own way."
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1). "A Sketch of Flint Ridge, in Licking County,
Ohio."
Smithsonian Report for 1884, pp. 851-873, with a map.
(2). "Mounds in Pike County,
Ohio." The American Archaeo-
logist (Warren K. Moorehead, publisher), March, I898,
pp. 62-68.
(3). "Prehistoric
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July 22,
1888.
(4). "How a Mound Was Built." Science,
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(5). "Some Popular Errors in Regard
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380-403.
(6). "The Manufacture and Use of
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(7). In Fort Ancient, by Warren
K. Moorehead. Robert
Clarke & Company, Cincinnati,
1890:--
"Survey Notes of Fort
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(8). In Primitive Man in Ohio, by
Warren K. Moorehead, G.
P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1892:--
(a). "Flint Ridge, Licking County,
Ohio," pp. 30-48.
(b). "Excavations at Fort
Ancient," pp. 84-90, 4
figures.
(c). "Reports of Mounds Excavated
in Ross County,
Ohio," pp. 113-183, 15 figures.
(9). "Some Interesting
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(10). "Aboriginal Remains of the
Piedmont and Valley Region
of Virginia." American
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October, 1893, pp. 415-422.
(11). "Indian
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Gerard Fowke 213
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(13).
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(14). "Norse Remains in the
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The American Naturalist, July,
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(15). "Cupstones." The American
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(16). "Recent
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(17). "Material for Aboriginal
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American Archaeologist (Moorehead), November, 1894,
pp. 328-335.
(18). "Archaeologic Investigations
in the James and Potomac
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(19). "The Archaeology of Ohio." In Vol. VII, Part
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figures.
(20). In the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of American
Ethnology, Washington, 1894, are the following re-
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(a). "Excavation of a Group of
Mounds in Union
County, Mississippi": pp. 267-278,
9 figures.
(b). "Ancient Works near Dublin,
Ohio," pp. 449-451,
I figure.
(c). "Mound Group on Hill Place in
Brown County,
Ohio," pp. 451-452, I figure.
(d). "Stone Graves in Brown County,
Ohio," pp. 452-
457, 2 figures.
(e). "Flint Quarries in Coshocton
County, Ohio," pp.
457-458. "Notes, Maps, and
Descriptions (with
James D. Middleton) of Aboriginal
Earthworks
and Other Remains in Southern and
Central
Ohio," pp. 458-491, as
follows:-- (f to 0 in-
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(f). "Works in Licking
County," pp. 458-469, 5 plates,
II figures.
(g). "Stone Fort in Perry
County," pp. 470-471', I
figure.
214 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
(h). "The Hopetown Works in Ross
County," pp.
472-474, 2 plates.
(i.)
"The Cedar Bank Works in Ross County," pp.
474-476.
(j). "The High Bank Works in Ross
County," pp.
476-479, 2 plates.
(k). "The Liberty Township Works in
Ross County,"
pp. 479-482, I plate, I figure.
(1). "The Baum Works in Ross
County," pp. 483-484,
I plate.
(m). "The Seip Works in Ross
County," pp. 488-489.
(n). "The Seal Township Works in
Pike County," pp.
489-491, I figure.
(o). "The Graded Way at
Piketon," pp. 491-492.
(p). "Explorations in the Valley of
the Monongahela
River, Pennsylvania," pp. 494-499,
I figure.
(q). "Earthwork in Warren County,
Pennsylvania,"
p. 503, I figure.
(r). "Enclosure on Rifle River,
Michigan," pp. 516-
518, I figure.
(s). "Reconnaissance of the Upper
and Lower Penin-
sulas of Michigan" (abstract), pp.
518-519.
(21). "Aboriginal Handicraft in Stone." The American Archae-
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(22). "The Uses of Stone Implements." The American Arch-
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(23)'. "Excavations in the
Aboriginal Quarry Pits at Flint
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Science,
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(24). "Pre-Glacial and Glacial
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Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison Uni-
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pp. 15-24,
I map.
(25). "Mounds in Pike County,
Ohio." Proceedings of Philadel-
phia Academy of Natural Sciences,
January, 1896, 7
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(26). "The Equinoxes and
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York, September, 1896.
(27). "Stone Art." Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of
American Ethnology, Washington, 1896, pp. 47-184,
278 figures.
(28). "Forests and Climate," Popular
Science, New York,
March, 1897.
(29). "The Formation of Natural Bridges." Popular
Science,
New York, March, 1897.
Gerard Fowke 215
(30). "Pre-Glacial Drainage in the
Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio."
Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison Uni-
versity, Granville, Ohio, Vol. XI,
March, 1898, pp. I-10,
I map. (This paper was printed subject
to future cor-
rections and additions).
(31).
"Archaeological Investigations on the
Amur River, Si-
beria." Science, Vol. IX (n.
s.) No. 224, April 14, 1899,
PP. 539-541.
(32). "Points of Difference between Norse Remains
and Indian
Works Most Closely Resembling
Them." American
Anthropologist, Vol. II (n. s.), No. 3, July, 1900 pp.
550-562, 3 plates, 3 figures.
(33). "Stone Graves in Brown
County, Ohio." Ohio Archaeolo-
gical and Historical Society
Publications, Vol IX, No. 2,
October, 1900, pp. 193-204.
(34). "Pre-Glacial Drainage
Conditions in the Vicinity of Cin.
cinnati, Ohio." Ohio State Academy of Science, Spe-
cial Papers No. 3, Columbus, December, 1900. Intro-
duction, pp. 5-9; also pp. 68-75, with
two maps. (The
statement, as to the southern limit of
the drift, is an
error. It is about 20 miles south
of the Ohio at North
Bend).
(35). "The Geological Relations of
the Human Relics of Lans-
ing,, Kansas." By T. C. Chamberlin,
Journal of Geol-
ogy, Vol. X, No. 7, October-November, 1902, pp. 745-
793.
(36). "Fossil Remains Found near
Lansing, Kansas." By W. H.
Holmes, American Anthropologist, Vol
IV, No. 4,
October-December, 1902, pp. 743-752.
(37). Archaeological History of Ohio.
The Mound Builders
and Later Indians. Ohio State Archaeological and His-
torical Society, Columbus, 1902, pp. i-xvi, 1-760, I plate,
303 figures.
(38). "Was Man in America in the
Glacial Period?" By N. H.
Winchell, Bulletin of the
Geological Society of America,
Vol. XIV, pp. 133-152.
(39). "The Montezuma (Illinois)
Mounds." Missouri Historical
Society Collections, Vol. II, No.
5, 1905, pp. I-16, 6
figures.
(40). "Illinois Mounds (East St.
Louis)." The Commerce
Monthly, St. Louis, February, 1906, 4 figures.
(41). "Exploration of the Lower
Amur Valley, Siberia." Amer-
216 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
ican Anthropologist, Vol. VIII, No. 2, June, 1906, pp.
276-297.
(42). "Abstract of work in Missouri
and elsewhere in 1902-
1906." American
Anthropologist, Vol. VIII, No. 3,
September, 1906, pp. 533-537.
(43). "Superficial Deposits along
the Mississippi." Proceedings
of the Ohio State Academy of Science,
(14th Annual
Report), Vol. IV, Part 7, pp. 349-352.
(44). Handbook of American Indians
North of Mexico, Bulletin
30, Part I, Bureau of American
Ethnology, Washing-
ton, 1907, contains articles on the
Lansing skeleton, and
various types of stone implements, in
their alphabetical
order.
(45). "Surface Deposits along the
Mississippi between the Mis-
souri and the Ohio." Missouri
Historical Society Col-
lections, Vol. III, No. I, January 1908, pp. 31-35, 4
maps.
(46). "Missouri Valley Stone
Graves." St. Louis Globe-Demo-
crat, April 19, 1908, 5 figures.
(47). "Mounds and Mound
Builders." United Editors' Ency-
clopedia, New York, 1908.
(48). "Antiquities of Central and
Southeastern Missouri," Bu-
reau of American Ethnology, Washington, Bulletin
37,
1910, pp. I-vii, I-116, I map, 19 plates, 20 figures.
(49).
"Some Notes on the Aboriginal
Inhabitants of Missouri."
Missouri Historical Society Collections,
Vol. IV, No. I,
1912, pp. 82-103, I figure.
(50). "Prehistoric Objects
Classified and Described" (in the
Museum of the Missouri Historical
Society). Published
by the Society as Bulletin I, 1913, pp. I-32 14
plates, 4
figures.
(51). "The
Influence of Geology upon Human Development."
Holmes Anniversary Volume, Bureau of American
Ethnology, Washington, 1916, pp. 123-131.
(52). Handbook of Aboriginal American
Antiquities, by W. H.
Holmes, Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington,
Bulletin 60, has these articles:--
(a). "The Lansing Skeleton,"
pp. 71-72.
(b). "Work at Wyandotte Cave,
Indiana," p. 91.
(c). "Explorations at Flint Ridge,
Licking County,
Ohio," pp. 173-181, 2 maps.
(d). "Flint Quarries and Workshops
in Other Parts
of Ohio," pp. 181-184.
Gerard Fowke 217
(e). "Aboriginal Flint Quarries in
Southern Indiana,"
pp. 185-186.
(f). "Aboriginal Flint Quarry in
Missouri," p. 195.
(g). "Aboriginal Iron Ore Mine in
Missouri," pp.
266-267.
(h). Prehistoric Workshop near Luray,
Virginia," pp.
334-335.
(53). Bureau of
American Ethnology, Washington, Bulletin
76:--
(a). "Report on Cave Explorations
in the Ozark
Region of Central-Southern Missouri, in
1918-
1919."
(b). "Report on Cave Explorations
in Other States."
(c). "Examination of Loess Reported
to Contain
Human Remains, in Northeast Kansas and
South-
east Nebraska in 1914."
(d). "Aboriginal House
Mounds."
(e). "Archaeological Work in
Hawaii."
(54). Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, Annual Re-
port, No. 44.
(a). "Mounds in Pike County
Ohio."
(b). "Excavations in Greenup
County, Kentucky."
(c).
"Excavations of Mounds and Shell Heaps in the
Vicinity of Mussel Shoals,
Alabama."
c1--"The Shell Heap."
c2--"The Hog Island Mound."
c3--"The Flat-topped Mound."
c4--"Mounds near the Flat-topped
Structure."
c5--"The Alexander Mound."
c6--"Other Mounds in Colbert and
Lawrence
Counties."
(d). "Examination and Exploration
of Mounds in Red
River Valley, Louisiana."
d1--"Vicinity of Shreveport."
d2--"Vicinity of
Natchitoches."
d3--"Vicinity of Alexandria."
d4--"Vicinity of Marksville."
(e). "Mounds in West Carroll and
Richland Parishes,
Louisiana."
(f). "Archaeological Survey of
Scott County, Arkan-
sas."
(g). "Exploration of a Cave in
Maries County, Mis-
souri."
218 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications
(h). "Exploration of Mounds and
Graves in Allen
County, Kentucky."
(i).
"The Elephant Beds at Kimmswick, Missouri."
(j). "The Mound and Salt Spring at
Kimmswick,
Missouri."
(k). "The Prehistoric Skeleton from
Lansing, Kan-
sas."
(l). "The Formation of Flint
Deposits."
(m). "Flint Quarries in Coshocton
County, Ohio."
(n). "Flint Ridge, Licking County,
Ohio, (refer-
ences)."
(o). "Flint Quarries in Perry
County, Ohio."
(p). "Flint Quarries in Carter
County Kentucky."
(q). "Flint Quarries in Todd
County, Kentucky."
(r). "Flint Quarries in the Kanawha
Valley, West
Virginia."
(s). "Flint Quarries in Hardin and
Wayne Counties,
Tennessee."
(t). "Flint Quarries in Polk and
Barton Counties,
Missouri."
(u). "Flint Quarries in Jefferson
County, Missouri."
(v). "Flint Deposits at Alton,
Illinois."
(w). "Flint Quarries in Union
County, Illinois."
(x). "Flint Quarries in Harrison
County, Indiana."
(55). "The Genesis of the Ohio
River." Proceedings of the
Indiana Academy of Science, Vol. 34, 1924, pp. 81-102.
(56). "Note on the Pre-Glacial
Drainage of the Tradewater
River, Kentucky." Proceedings of
the Indiana Acad-
emy of Science, Vol. 35, 1925, pp. 109-110
(57). "Perverted Benevolence As An
Influence Upon Racial De-
velopment." Proceedings of the
Indiana Academy of
Science, Vol. 37, 1927, pp. 73-79.
(58). "Geology as a Factor in Human
Life and Character." To
appear in a future issue of the Ohio
Archaeological and
Historical Quarterly.
(59). "Americans before
Columbus." To appear in a future
issue of the Ohio Archaeological and
Historical Quar-
terly.
Various other manuscripts await
publication.
GERARD FOWKE
Gerard Fowke was born June 25, 1855, in
Charleston
Bottom, Mason County, Kentucky, six
miles below
Maysville. His father, John D. Smith,
was a native of
Wexford County, Ireland, son of Luke
Smyth whose
mother was a Murphy; she was niece to
Father Murphy,
who was killed while leading the
Wexford Insurgents
at the Battle of Arklow, in 1798. Luke
Smyth's wife
was Judith Ann Cleary whose mother was
a Macauley
of County Down. John D. Smith (who
substituted the
"i" for the "y" in
his name) came to Kentucky in 1848.
He conducted a private school in Mason
County for a
few years; then went to Davenport,
Iowa, where he was
similarly engaged for a time. Returning
to Kentucky,
he taught at Dover until the beginning
of the Civil War,
when he went south and continued
teaching in Alabama
and Tennessee until his death early in
1870. In 1854,
he married Sibella, daughter of Colonel
Charles Smith
Mitchell, of Mason County; his father,
Ignatius Mitchell,
came to Kentucky in 1775 from
Charles County, Mary-
land, where his ancestors settled in
1667. The wife of
Ignatius Mitchell was Mildred, daughter
of Charles
Smith, who was born in Orange County,
Virginia, in
1735; his wife, "Patsey" Jones,
in Culpeper County, Vir-
ginia, in 1740. In 1781, with their six
sons and three
daughters, they moved to Kentucky and
settled in what
is now Harrison County, not far from
Cynthiana.
The oldest of the five children of John
D. Smith was
named Charles Mitchell Smith. His
mother and the
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