Ohio History Journal

THE REPORT OF THE FORTY-EIGHTH

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE OHIO

STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND

HISTORICAL SOCIETY

 

The forty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State

Archaeological and Historical Society was called to

order by President Arthur C. Johnson, Sr., on April 24,

1934, with sixty members present.

MR. JOHNSON: This is a business meeting of the

Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Archaeological and

Historical Society. I promise not to keep you long this

morning because I know those of you from a distance

will want to visit the Museum and see some of the new

exhibits, wander about and have a good time. The re-

ports of the Director, Secretary, and Treasurer will

answer any questions that may arise in your minds. As

to the policy of the Society--I feel that it has enjoyed

the depression, which has brought its feet down to the

ground; still, that does not mean that we should not have

ambitions, material or otherwise, and I hope that the

coming two years will see the completion of this build-

ing. Members over the State may do more to bring this

about than any officials might be able to do here in Co-

lumbus, possibly the finishing touches can be put on it

here. There is no reason why it should not be done. If

we had been alive to the situation during the time when

the government was assisting in projects, we might have

accomplished it but it is now too late. Anyway, I would

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284       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

rather see the people of Ohio do this than to have help

from the government.

At this time Mr. Johnson introduced the new Sec-

retary-Librarian of the Society, Dr. Harlow Lindley.

DR. LINDLEY: A suggestion has been made to abbre-

viate the reports for the Annual Meeting in order to give

more time for program      features of a more general

nature which would be of interest to members attending

the morning session. This program has been arranged

with the idea of carrying out this suggestion. It was

very fortunate for the Secretary because he has had the

duties which now devolve upon him only about two

months and the former Secretary passed away rather

suddenly, leaving no particular notes which would serve

as a foundation for the annual report of the Secretary.

 

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-LIBRARIAN

Since the last annual meeting of The Ohio State Archaeo-

logical and Historical Society held April 25, 1933, there have

been four meetings of the Board of Trustees--on July 28, 1933,

October 24, 1933, January 23, 1934 and March 5, 1934.

At the October meeting two small tracts of land owned by

two distinct individuals adjacent to the Cooper Petroglyph Park

in Jackson County were accepted as gifts. These additions make

the original park of one-half acre an attractive asset whose out-

standing features are gorges with overhanging rock-shelters and

evergreens and other flora characteristic of the region.

At the January meeting of the Board an appropriation of

$500.00 from the private funds of the Society was made and

placed at the disposal of the Librarian for the purpose of purchas-

ing such material as in his judgment is most desirable and

available.

During the year the Board of Trustees, guided by a special

committee, has been making a study of the scope and activities

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting     285

 

of the Society. This study has been based upon the results of a

survey made of the activities of about twenty representative his-

torical societies and agencies representing nearly as many states.

Final conclusions have not yet been reached.

The American Anthropological Association held its annual

meeting in Columbus, December 27-29, 1933. The Society ten-

dered the Association a complimentary dinner on the evening of

December 27.

The meeting of March 5 was called primarily to elect a

successor to the late Charles B. Galbreath who had served as

Secretary, Editor and Librarian of the Society from March 16,

1920 until his death February 23, 1934. Harlow Lindley, who

had been a member of the staff of the Society as Curator of

History since May 1, 1929, was elected to assume the duties

formerly handled by Mr. Galbreath.

Since the present Secretary of the Society has had no written

notes or material upon which to base an annual report, except

the minutes of the four meetings of the Trustees held during the

year, this report appears very brief, although the chief matters

of interest to the membership at large have been mentioned.

 

 

PUBLICATIONS

The Constitution of the Society provides that the Secretary

of the Society shall be the Editor of its publications. During

the past year, in spite of a reduced budget, the Society has been

able to maintain its regular publications, although it has not

been possible to publish any special contributions. The Editor

has available a large amount of material of a high grade which

should be published by the Society at the first reasonable oppor-

tunity.

THE LIBRARY

In spite of a very limited appropriation for the Library

during the past year, a creditable showing has been made. 1913

books have been accessioned and made available. Included in

this number are some books that have been in the vault for years,

many of which are rare and valuable, the largest collection being

known as the Rice Collection, consisting of twenty volumes.

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286       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

These volumes contain notes and letters from members of the

Supreme Court of Ohio, United States Senators, Governor Tod's

note-book, and other papers from persons prominent officially

and otherwise.

The Library of the Society is receiving regularly 240 periodi-

cals--40 by subscriptions, 43 by donations and 157 by exchange.

Perhaps the two outstanding gifts of the year to the Library

were a set of the Stephen Collins Foster reproductions of songs

and compositions, contributed by Josiah K. Lilly of Indianapolis,

Indiana, and a collection of fifteen autographed letters and eight

copies of letters of Thomas Ewing I and one letter of Thomas

Ewing II given by the grandson and son of the respective writers,

Mr. Thomas Ewing of New York City.

The Newspaper Division of the Library has been increased

by 3,738 volumes, of which number 1670 are bound. The Library

has a large collection of duplicate newspapers which we are now

endeavoring to exchange for papers we do not now have.

The Archives collection has been increased during the year

by a large collection of manuscript material received from the

Secretary of State's office. The Archives collection is a most

valuable one for the serious study of Ohio's history and one of

the greatest needs of the Library department is an assistant

trained for this particular kind of library work. Such a person

also would be of great assistance to the various departments of

state government which have deposited their archival material

here.

The present Librarian upon assuming the duties and respon-

sibility of the office found a cash balance of $24.90 upon which

to build up the book collection for the remainder of the year

covering ten months. It is plainly obvious that the Library must

grow and it is hoped that some means may be found for increas-

ing this fund. The Librarian will endeavor to dispose of much

duplicate material not needed by the Library, either by sale to

augment the book fund, or by exchange for other desirable

material.

The Library is the most used department of the Society by

the serious research student and writer and it seems imperative

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting  287

that more emphasis must be placed upon it by building it up out

of old and rare material bearing upon the history of the State

and immediate region. Such material is rapidly becoming unob-

tainable, and it must be secured when available, if ever.

MR. JOHNSON: What shall be done with the report

of the Secretary? If there are no objections the Chair-

man will order that the report be accepted and filed.

The next item is the annual report of the Director, Mr.

Shetrone.

MR. SHETRONE: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentle-

men: As Director, I have prepared a detailed report

which, together with reports of several heads of Depart-

ments, will become a matter of record in the archives

of the Society. You are acquainted, of course, with the

routine activities through the medium   of Museum

Echoes and the QUARTERLY, and there is no need of

reading them now when the short time at our disposal

may be utilized for a more worthwhile purpose. So, with

your permission, I shall not read my report but shall

shift the burdens to the shoulders of a younger and more

enthusiastic man, our new Secretary-Librarian.

MR. JOHNSON: In times like these we are interested

particularly in our financial situation. We shall now

have the report of the Treasurer, Mr. Miller.

MR. MILLER:     The details of my report will be

printed in the QUARTERLY, giving the expenditures as to

personal service and maintenance, additions and better-

ments as to the different divisions of parks and the main

building.

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288       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

 

A RECAPITULATION OF THE

REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE OHIO STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL

AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR ENDING

DECEMBER 31, 1933

RECEIPTS:

Cash on Hand January 1, 1933 .... $ 5,189.55

Plus Current Fund Investment....  2,000.00

$ 7,189.55

Cash Received

Annual Members ...........                              375-75

Sustaining Members ........                               20.00

Junior Members ............                                   4.00

Life Members ..............    100.00

Subscriptions ..............                                 37.25

Books Sold ................                                    256.20

Interest--Permanent Fund ...                         849.91

Interest--Fallen Timbers ....                          35.28

Fallen Timbers .............                                    5.00

Refunds--Fire Insurance

Premium .......                           2.25

Contingencies .....                         .70

Travel Expense

Advance .......     100.00

Cash Advance .....  1,000.81

Octagon State Park Rental

Fund  ....................   750.00

3,537.15

Receipts from State Appropri-

ation House Bill No. 699... 87,942.50

Less Balance carried forward

to  1934  ..................  9,237.69                78,704.81

TOTAL RECEIPTS ............                                                                                     $89,431.51

DISBURSEMENTS:

(From State Appropriations

and Society Funds.)

Museum and Library ........ $47,754.20

Big  Bottom  ................                                    51.75

Buffington Island ...........                              345.55

Campbell Mound ...........                                25.00

Campus Martius .   .........                            2,486.68

Custer Memorial ............                             147.51

Fallen Timbers .............  1,091.32

Felix Renick ...............    50.00

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting    289

 

Fort Amanda .............                                  559.35

Fort Ancient         ..............                         3,536.12

Fort Jefferson          .............                        249.99

Fort Laurens ..............                                  1,697.93

Fort      St. Clair    ..............                         2,314.01

Logan   Elm           ................                       415.70

Miamisburg Mound .........                              248.92

Mound City ................                                2,166.86

Schoenbrunn ...............                                  2,994.59

Seip Mound ................                                399.41

Serpent Mound .............                              2,745.09

Spiegel Grove  ..............                               6,677.74

Williamson Mound ..........                            199.96

Grant Memorial ............                              1,364.65

Mound Builders ............                              588..0o

Harrison Memorial .........                             814.74

Fort Recovery ..............                               25.00

Clark Monument ...........                              64.40

Gnadenhutten ..............                                129.50

Fort Hill  ..................                                    576.37

Octagon State Park.........                              328.35

Total Disbursements ........$80,048.70

Plus Cash Advancements Re-

funded by State Treasurer..  1,075.81        $81,124.51

TOTAL CASH BALANCE .......                                       $ 8,307.00

Cash on Hand December 31, 1933:

Current Fund ..............$ 6,258.49

Fallen Timbers Subscription

Fund   ...................  1,526.86

Octagon State Park Rental

Fund   ............... ....  421.65

Transferred to Permanent

Fund  ......................    100.oo

 

TOTAL CASH ON HAND ........                                                                        $ 8,307.00

Permanent Fund Jan. 1, 1934.                                          $25,700.00

Respectfully submitted,

O. F. MILLER, Treasurer.

For more complete detail see Report of Audit made December

31, 1933 by W. D. Wall, Certified Public Accountant.

Vol. XLIII--19

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290       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

REPORT OF THE AUDITOR

Columbus, Ohio, April 10, 1934.

Mr. Arthur C. Johnson, Sr., President,

The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society,

Columbus, Ohio.

Dear Sir:

We herewith report on the audit made by us of the books of

account of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society

for the year ended December 31, 1933. Below is presented a

brief resume of the Society's financial transactions for the year,

further details of which are to be found in the statements com-

prising this report.

Total Society receipts collected during the year was $3,537.15

as compared with $4,427.89 in 1932, a decrease of $890.74. Of

this total, however, $1,000.81 was refunded by the State, leaving

a balance of $2,536.34, from private sources. This compares with

$3,394.21; the amount received in 1932, exclusive of state refunds.

The Society disbursed from its own funds $1,443.89, advanced

$1,075.81 for expenses, of which $1,000.81 was refunded by the

State, leaving a balance of $75.00 due on the advance, while

$100.00 was transferred to the Permanent Fund.

Out of the total State appropriation of $87,942.50, the Society

expended $78,704.81 as against $109,351.10 for 1932, a decrease

in expenditures from appropriations of $30,646.19. In verifying

the balances of the various funds with the State Auditor's rec-

ords, slight discrepancies were discovered in the following:

Society              State

Records             Auditor   Difference

Balance              Balance

Museum Maintenance ......$1,519.18           $1,345.09   $174.09

Schoenbrunn Memorial

Personal  ................                               69.39                  91.89              22.50

Fort Hill Maintenance .......                         23.63                  74-13              50.50

The difference of $174.09 in the Museum balance was considered

by the bookkeeper at the Museum as a 1934 expenditure whereas

the Auditor's office entered the amount as a 1933 expenditure.

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting     291

 

The Schoenbrunn and Fort Hill differences were the result

of the treatment of items opposite to the above. Since the bal-

ances of these funds are carried forward or available for ex-

penditures during the year 1934, corrections for the above differ-

ences were not made.

At the close of the year, the Current Fund totaled $6,207.00,

as compared with $5,189.55 at the close of the previous year, an

increase of $1,017.45.

The Permanent Fund was increased by $100.00 to a total of

$25,700.00. The total of funds controlled by the Society at

December 31, 1933 was $33,982.00, as detailed in the schedule

on page 6.

The balance in the Treasurer's checking account of $5,487.00

is supported by statement of The Ohio National Bank--Citizens

Office, no checks being outstanding against this account.

The Society's accounting records were found to be in very

good order and systematically arranged.

With thanks for the cooperation extended and best wishes

for the coming year, this report is

Respectfully submitted,

W. D. WALL,

Certified Public Accountant.

 

MR. JOHNSON: Anyone wishing to ask questions

or to discuss points brought out by the Secretary, Di-

rector, or1 Treasurer, is now given an opportunity to

comment on the reports. If not, we shall proceed with

the business part of the program. The next item on

the program has to do with memorial resolutions. No

comment is needed at this meeting to express the loss

which the Society has sustained in the deaths of Dr.

Thompson and Mr. Galbreath.        All of us are keenly

conscious of that loss but I feel that we should be

thankful that they were spared to us for so many useful

years of delightful association. The Board of Trustees

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292       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

at the proper time took action in adopting memorial

resolutions on the death of Dr. Thompson but has had

no formal meeting since the death of Mr. Galbreath.

The resolutions adopted by the Board of Trustees are

at hand. Mr. Secretary, will you read them?

DR. LINDLEY: It seems fitting that the resolution

passed at the time of the regular meeting of the Board

of Trustees on January 23, 1934, should be read before

the members at the Annual Meeting.

 

TRIBUTE TO DR. W. O. THOMPSON

After retirement from the presidency of the Ohio State

University November 5, 1925, Dr. Thompson became president

emeritus of that institution. In that position there was no dimi-

nution of the widening sphere of his helpful service. We are re-

minded on this occasion particularly of his service to The Ohio

State Archaeological and Historical Society. He became a mem-

ber of its board of trustees soon after he entered upon his, duties

as president of the Ohio State University, and in that capacity

he continued to the last meeting of the board of trustees, October

24, 1933, presiding on that occasion with his usual activity and

vigor. He felt that his acceptance even of the humblest position

carried with it the obligation to perform its duties. The records

of the Society attest a commendable regularity in attendance at

its meetings and the committees on which he served, and a lively

interest in all matters that came before it for discussion.

As Dr. Thompson grew in honor, eminence and influence, he

remained always the commoner. The struggle of his early years

to gain an education was a basic element in the training that made

him a great educator. The humblest worthy citizen could always

approach him without embarrassment and the humblest student

could always feel assured of his sympathy. His service constitutes

an era in the educational history of Ohio and of this Society.

While his absence is still felt, his faithful, unselfish and

helpful service is an inspiring memory.

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting   293

 

Resolved, That we here record our abiding gratitude that we

were permitted so long to know and enjoy his friendship and

association in the work of the Society that we represent.

Resolved, That we extend to his surviving family and rela-

tives all that we can give--our sincere sympathy in their great

loss--and that the Secretary is hereby directed to send to them a

copy of these resolutions.

 

MR. JOHNSON: With reference to memorial resolu-

tions for Mr. Galbreath I felt that it was fitting that

action for the preparation of such resolutions come from

the Society itself. Therefore, I suggest a motion that

it is the sense of the members of the Society assembled

at this Annual Meeting that an appropriate memorial

resolution be prepared, made a matter of permanent

record, and published along with a sketch of the life

of the late Charles Burleigh Galbreath, former Secre-

tary, Editor and Librarian of the Society.

This motion was seconded by Howard R. Goodwin

and carried.1

MR. JOHNSON: The next item on the morning pro-

gram is suitable action on the referendum concerning an

amendment having to do with membership fees. Action

was taken by the Board of Trustees after which the

matter was submitted to members at large by mail and

one hundred and twenty (120) ballots have been re-

ceived--all in the affirmative. I feel that this is a fair

representation of the sentiment of those sufficiently in-

terested in the subject to return their marked ballots.

I will entertain a motion to confirm.

 

1 This Resolution appears on page 129 of the April issue of the

Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Quarterly.

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294       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

This motion was made by Lowry F. Sater, after

which it was duly seconded and carried.

 

AMENDMENT ADOPTED

That Article II, Sections I and 2 of the constitution of The

Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society be amended to

read as follows:

Section I. The Membership of this Society shall be desig-

nated as follows: Benefactors, Patrons, Life Members, Sustain-

ing Members, Contributing Members, Annual Members, Juvenile

Members, ex-Officio Members and Honorary Members.

Section 2. Any person, organization or institution contribut-

ing to the Society in the sum of $1,000, shall be designated a

Benefactor. Life contributors in the sum of $500 shall be desig-

nated as Patrons. Fees for Membership in the several classes

shall be as follows: Life Members $100; Sustaining Members

$10; Contributing Members $5; Annual Members $2; and Juve-

nile Members $1. The fees of the last three classes shall be paid

annually. Any person who shall make a donation to the Society

or contribute a service the value of which shall be determined

by the Trustees, to be not less than $100 shall be entitled to Life

Membership. Contributions and fees derived from Benefactors,

Patrons, and Life Members shall constitute a permanent fund,

which shall be expended only as provided in Section 4 of this

article. Any balance remaining or accruing in this fund shall be

invested at the discretion of the Board of Trustees the income

therefrom to be used by the Society for such purposes as the

Board of Trustees may direct.

DR. LINDLEY: The members of the Society will

doubtless be interested in learning of the progress which

is being made in the cooperative work at Washington

concerning the selection and editing of territorial papers

which have never been printed. This Society and other

historical societies of the Middle West were the original

promoters of the enterprise which was fostered by the

Department of State. For the past two or three years

Professor Clarence E. Carter of Miami University has

been engaged in the work of editing these papers, some

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting    295

of which have reached the publication state. Those im-

mediately concerned in this important undertaking feel

that it would be very gracious if we who are interested

in this work would extend to the Secretary of State our

appreciation of the interest and attention given to the

enterprise and, with this in mind, I offer the following

resolution:

WHEREAS, the Department of State of the United States has

undertaken under an act of Congress, and at the urgent request

of the State Historical Societies, the publication of the official

papers of the Territories out of which the western states have

been erected, and

WHEREAS, the Department has announced the early publica-

tion of volumes of the series embodying the papers of the North-

west Territory, of which the State of Ohio was once a part, and

WHEREAS, work has further progressed to the stage of hav-

ing the manuscripts of additional volumes ready for the printers,

now therefore be it

Resolved, by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical

Society, in annual meeting, That the Secretary of State be peti-

tioned, and is hereby petitioned, to include the continuation of

this work in the budget of the Department for the fiscal year

1935-1936, and to so increase the sum requested that a more

rapid publication of the papers of other territories may be made

possible.

Mr. President, I would like to move that this reso-

lution be adopted by the Society.

The motion was seconded by Lowry F. Sater and

carried.

MR. JOHNSON: The next item on the program is

the election of trustees.  The terms of three members

of the Board who are selected by the Society have ex-

pired. Those places will be filled at your pleasure at

this meeting and the vacancy created by the death of

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296      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

our beloved Dr. Thompson necessitates election of a

fourth member. It is customary for the Chairman to

appoint a nominating committee which I will now pro-

ceed to do. I appoint Mr. Lowry Sater, Joseph Roof

and Rodney Gragg. While the Committee is taking

action I will occupy the time in calling attention to the

afternoon meeting. At one o'clock the Board of Trus-

tees will meet for the transaction of such business as

may come before it for the election of officers of the

Board of Trustees and for election of staff and em-

ployees for the coming year. Unfortunately some of

our Board members from out of town have not been

able to be here this morning. The big meeting of the

day will be at two o'clock this afternoon in this room.

The program consists of music which I am sure those

attending will find delightful. We shall have a word of

greeting from the Director of the Society and I am

sure that you will find that those who attend this after-

noon will thoroughly enjoy the address by Professor

John W. Oliver entitled "A New Deal in History." Dr.

Oliver is Head of the Department of History in the

University of Pittsburgh. He has rendered a distinct

service in his field and from what I hear about him he

is a very charming speaker. I hope that you will all en-

joy the meeting this afternoon. There will be some gen-

eral discussions, and members and friends are invited to

linger for a social hour after the completion of the

formal program. After the election of Trustees is dis-

posed of the most interesting part of the morning pro-

gram will follow. There will be two discussions--brief

and to the point--and those attending the meeting will

then be invited to comment if they see fit. Our Secre-

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting  297

tary-Librarian will have charge of that phase of the

program because I want all of you to see what a splendid

man Dr. Lindley is when he is in action.

At this time the Nominating Committee indicated

that a decision had been reached.

MR. SATER: Mr. Chairman, The Committee takes

pleasure in unanimously recommending for re-election

Mr. A. C. Johnson, Mr. George Florence and Mr. A. C.

Spetnagel. We take especial pleasure in recommending

as a successor to the late Dr. Thompson the man who

succeeded him as president of Ohio State University,

Dr. George W. Rightmire. It seems to us that Dr.

Rightmire is the heir to the place as the head of this

great institution. With this Society housed on the

campus we feel quite certain that there is no one who

could fit into this organization with more propriety than

Dr. Rightmire. We therefore offer his name as a suc-

cessor to Dr. Thompson on this Board.

MR. JOHNSON: I wish to thank the Committee for

the work it has done. As President of the Society I

feel most keenly the honor the Society would do itself

in the selection of Dr. Rightmire as successor to Dr.

Thompson as a member of the Board of Trustees of

this institution which finds an increasingly happy spirit

of cooperation from the University at the present time.

Dr. Rightmire will lend grace, dignity and honor to this

institution. I seldom have the temerity to electioneer

in a matter like this but I do feel that that statement is

due from me in Dr. Rightmire's behalf. What shall

be done with the report of the Nominating Committee?

MR. EAGLESON: I move that the report of the Nomi-

nating Committee be accepted as made, that the nomi-

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298      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

nations be closed and the Secretary of the Society be

instructed to suspend the rules and cast a unanimous

vote for each and all of the nominations made by the

Committee.

This motion was seconded by Mrs. Orson D. Dryer

and carried unanimously.

MR. JOHNSON: The Secretary of the Society is in-

structed to cast the vote of the Society in favor of Mr.

Florence, Mr. Spetnagel, Mr. Johnson, and Dr. Right-

mire.

DR. LINDLEY: Mr. President, that action will be

confirmed by the official records in the minutes of the

Society and each member will be officially informed of

this action.

MR. JOHNSON: I will now turn the Chair over to

the Secretary.

DR. LINDLEY: In making somewhat of a departure

from the usual method of procedure in the morning ses-

sion of the Annual Meeting the question naturally arose

as to what matters might claim the attention of the mem-

bers in the most practical way. We are all familiar with

the old saying that "Every cloud has a silver lining."

I think it a great compensation of nature that this is

true and while we have had a good many clouds in our

sky, materially and otherwise, in the last few years, yet

from the historical angle a great deal of progress has

been made that probably would not have been made had

it not been for the economic depression. Much valuable

historical work has been accomplished through CWA

projects under which many state historical societies and

libraries have taken advantage of the opportunity for

carrying on some very practical work which is of a

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting  299

nature that would be difficult to attract legislation under

normal conditions. In the case of Ohio very little has

been done because of the fact that when the program was

first initiated, so many enterprises were taken up on the

spur of the moment, without thinking things through

toward more permanent results. Suggestions were made

to the Society a few weeks ago that it might be possible

yet to get some work done on the basis of an allotment

for this year. However, it was found that all appro-

priations had been allocated and many projects already

started had been closed before their completion. So we

must hope for the best for another year--that we may

be in a better financial condition as a people; but if pros-

perity does not arrive before next winter, the chances

are that some sort of a relief program will be necessary.

Some organizations have been at work on a constructive

program along these lines, making a survey of what has

been accomplished in other states, so that we might be

able to get in on the "ground floor" if there is a relief

program for the coming winter. There has been for

some time a nation-wide committee called The Joint

Committee on Materials for Research. This Committee

has been particularly active during the past year in try-

ing to foster enterprises that would fit into the scheme

already outlined. In order to get unity and general di-

rection, an executive secretary, Mr. T. R. Schellenberg,

was chosen, and he is making his headquarters in our

own State. Mr. Schellenberg first suggested this pos-

sible survey in Ohio (which was impossible under

CWA). However, it is quite evident that sooner or

later, with the growth of appreciation of historical

archives and documents, our State Historical Society

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300      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

will have to assume the direction of some sort of an

historical survey and program. The Library of the

Society already contains the official State Papers of five

or six of the leading departments of the State govern-

ment. These are stored and carefully protected in our

building, and even this protection is an improvement

over the conditions found in many of our states. They

contain a mine of historical data. Now that this valuable

source material has been entrusted to us, the next step

is to have it organized, classified and indexed. If the

plans had gone through to utilize government aid, this

might have been done in good shape. It is essential that

in addition to state records, county and muncipal records,

which are also of very great importance, should be pre-

served. This meeting provided splendid opportunity to

have this problem presented to members of the State

Society. We are fortunate in being able to have Mr.

Schellenberg present today and he will inform you con-

cerning the plans for such a survey. We are also for-

tunate in having with us a native son of Ohio, a graduate

of Ohio State University, a trained historian who for

the last eight months has been surveying quite a section

of Pennsylvania in practically working out these details.

Pennsylvania was the first state in the Union to take ad-

vantage of CWA enterprises along these lines. He has

been in immediate touch with that survey, so that he

knows the practical side of it. It gives me great pleasure

now to introduce Mr. T. R. Schellenberg, executive sec-

retary of the Joint Committee on Materials for Research.

• 18
 

Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting     301

 

JOINT COMMITTEE PLANS FOR ARCHIVAL SURVEYS

By T. R. SCHELLENBERG

It is quite obvious to research students that in the past thirty

years the amount of printed matter has increased in geometric

ratio. Today students are literally engulfed with a mass of ma-

terials, many of which are printed on a cheap wood-pulp paper

which crumbles to dust after a few decades, but which reflect

quite accurately the passing moods of our day. As this printed

matter has increased, a constantly increasing expenditure for the

collection and preservation of research materials has become neces-

sary. In fact, libraries must count on doubling their capacity every

twenty years. And despite the best efforts of libraries, historical

societies, and other repositories, much material which would be of

inestimable value to future students of our period is constantly

being destroyed. In the presence of this situation, the Social

Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned

Societies set up a joint committee on research materials, which

has its headquarters at Cleveland, and which should study what

is being done to collect and preserve the evidences of our civili-

zation, as well as what ought to be done to improve their collection

and preservation.

One phase of Joint Committee activities, which fortunately

brought the committee in touch with most historical societies of

the country, including the Ohio State Archaeological and His-

torical Society, was the attempt to lay out a plan for a nation-

wide survey of local archival material. Local archives have been

defined as written or printed books, papers, or maps, made and

received in pursuance of law by counties, cities, towns, and villages

in the transaction of public business. They consist of all the

papers and documents, whether manuscript or printed, which have

accumulated during the operation of local governmental units.

Local archives are of great importance in studying the gov-

ernmental, economic, military, legal, and social history of any

particular community, which may be taken as representative of

many other similar communities. In fact, they contain the largest

available amount of information on local history, revealing the

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302       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

origin and development of the agencies and functions of local

government, abounding in data concerning local inhabitants, and

depicting the real life of the people, since they contain innumerable

items on local conditions.

The value of the local archives for students of history has

been well stated by Dr. A. R. Newsome, director of the North

Carolina Historical Commission. In a pamphlet on The Preserva-

tion of Local Archives, he wrote: "Many local archives, often

regarded as rubbish and discarded or destroyed because presumed

to be or no current or business use, assume great historical value.

Election returns permit the drawing of political maps which

show economic and geographical as well as party cleavages. Tax

lists show the general scale of landholding, slaveholding and

wealth. Wills and records of estates reveal the standard of living

and the extent and kind of house furnishings, farm implements,

jewelry, and other personal property. Minute-books record the

proceedings of governmental agencies. Bills of sale set forth the

prices of slaves and other property. Court records throw light

on civil and criminal procedure and the morals of the people.

County and town court minute-books and the proceedings of

boards of aldermen and commissioners are replete with details

concerning roads, bridges, streets, taverns, liquor licenses, jails,

debtors, paupers, orphans, guardians, petty civil and criminal

cases, etc. School records are rich in educational history. Local

archives are indispensable to the reconstruction of the past."

Within recent years the resources of local archives have been

used by a growing group of trained, scientific historians, who, have

been conducting research and producing books and articles in the

field of local history. In order to uncover and make available for

public officials and for students the important source materials

which are at present hidden away in local archives or heedlessly

destroyed, the Joint Committee in February, 1934, attempted to

secure a nation-wide survey of their contents.

With unparalleled appropriations available for emergency

federal relief projects, the Joint Committee sought to divert at

least a small part of Civil Works funds to provide work for the

white-collar class. Like that of many other Civil Works projects,

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Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting       303

 

the history of the Joint Committee project for a national survey

of local archives is a tortuous one. In general, the Pennsylvania

survey, set up as a Civil Works project by Dr. Curtis W. Gar-

rison, the state archivist, furnished an example of what might be

accomplished.

Largely under the initiative of Professor F. S. Philbrick of

the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, a plan for a

nation-wide survey of archives was prepared. The Joint Com-

mittee, once the plan was prepared, appointed a sub-committee

to present it to the Department of Interior as a Civil Works

project and to see to its execution. To avoid confusion, the sub-

committee assumed the high-sounding name of Commission on

National Archives Survey, with Dr. Joseph Mayer as chairman.

The plan as presented to the Department of Interior provided

for both national and state administrative units, and for 2708

field-workers as the operative unit. The state surveys were to be

under the direction of state directors, chosen from among the state

librarians, historians, archivists, adjutant-generals and other quali-

fied individuals, who could give the enterprise that scholarly

direction needed to achieve the scientific results by which alone

it could be justified. The execution of the plan within the various

states depended upon state initiative, with surveys being made

only in those states promising active cooperation. The objectives

of the national survey were the following: 1. to make known to

public officials and to students the contents of local archives,

2. to improve the archival practices of local governmental units,

3. to afford reliable information for a more careful selection and

preservation of local archives and for an estimate of future

archive building needs. The results of the inventory were to be

filed in local offices and libraries, in the state libraries, in the

Library of Congress, and in the new National Archives Building.

Shortly after the presentation to the Department of the In-

terior, of the project for a national archives survey, Congress

passed appropriations amounting to $950,000,000 for relief pur-

poses. A last minute amendment, however, disallowed all new

federal projects. This meant that all Civil Works projects would

have to be state or local instead of national in character. The

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304        Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

possibility still remained that individuals interested in archival

surveys within the various states could secure Civil Works appro-

priations for such surveys if other projects had not already

absorbed all the money. It was therefore necessary to prepare

quickly suitable plans within the various states for submittal to the

local or state Civil Works administrators.

While the plans for a national archives survey thus proved

abortive, the circularization carried on by Dr. Mayer awakened a

considerable interest in archival work, particularly since what was

asked was nothing more than state cooperation in a national en-

terprise, not state initiation of local archives surveys. Approxi-

mately three hundred letters and telegrams indicated that over

half the states would have set up archives projects, had the federal

project been allowed. The Joint Committee sought to capitalize

this interest by urging individuals within the various states to take

the initiative in the matter. Extensive personal correspondence

was carried on, that for New England being conducted by F. S.

Philbrick, for the South and Southwest by A. R. Newsome, for

the Middle West by T. R. Schellenberg, and for the West by

Lieut.-Col. J. M. Scammell, the latter being particularly active in

enlisting the cooperation of the state adjutant-generals. However,

other Civil Works projects had already absorbed all appropria-

tions for relief in most states. While projects were presented to

the Civil Works administrators in several states, reports indicate

that in Wyoming and Alabama a survey is actually being carried

out, while progress is being made as regards military records in

Arizona, Colorado, Utah, North Dakota, and Oklahoma. While

surveys were made in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, these were

not the result of Joint Committee activity. In Texas a CWA

project was organized by Mr. J. Evetts Haley, under which

workers catalogued newspaper files and copied private manuscript

collections in about fifteen regional centers of the state. Previous

surveys of county archives had already been made in Illinois and

California, while in Connecticut the Record Commissioner makes

annual reports listing the various records in each town and pro-

bate district with the period covered by each series of records and

the number of volumes in each series. However, as a result of the

• 22
 

Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting     305

 

circularization and correspondence a large number of individuals

agreed to take advantage of any further opportunities for setting

up inventory projects which might present themselves with new

developments in the federal relief program. In summarizing the

results of the promotional activities of the Joint Committee, Dr.

Garrison wrote: "The results at present, at least, are intangible.

I believe, however, that they will bear fruit and that you will be

surprised at the seed you have sown. ... I believe this initial

impulse will have effect in inspiring a thorough-going survey in

listing the most important records in the nation within the next

few years."

Temporarily all activity in behalf of archives surveys in the

various states has thus come to a standstill. Under the more

restricted federal relief program, which was instituted following

the dismantling of the Civil Works program, inventory work can

be done only under great difficulties. Surveys would have to be

carried out by persons taken from relief rolls, who would be

allowed to work only a restricted number of hours so that their

total earnings would not exceed the amount set by the relief

authorities as a minimum budgetary requirement for the needs

of a family. This provision would make it difficult to secure

competent individuals, and if such could be secured their work

would be interrupted in a manner which would make satisfactory

results hard to obtain.

Inventory projects may be possible, however, under new

developments in the federal relief program. It is therefore essen-

tial to perfect plans beforehand for projects which will give work

to the sorely neglected white-collar class, and which, at the same

time, will be productive of good results in making research ma-

terials available. It is gratifying to know that Dr. Harlow

Lindley, the secretary-librarian of the Ohio State Archaeological

and Historical Society, is already planning for a state-wide survey

of local archives in case it becomes possible to secure relief appro-

priations for such a project during the coming winter. The suc-

cess of a state survey depends largely upon the supervision which

is given it from some strategic point, and it is fortunate indeed

Vol. XLIII--20

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306       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

that the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society has a

definite interest in the preservation and collection of local records.

If, however, it will be impossible to secure appropriations

under the federal relief program for a state-wide archives survey,

it would be highly desirable to have surveys made of the archival

material within certain of the more important counties.

If, unfortunately, this too should be impossible, it would be

wise to plan for the better supervision of the records within this

State by state action until the time when these can be listed.

While many of the northeastern states, like Massachusetts, Rhode

Island, New York and Connecticut, have public record laws,

which provide for the state regulation and supervision of the care

of local archives, Ohio has been peculiarly remiss in looking after

its local material. Improvement can come only by the enact-

ment of laws by state legislatures. State legislatures can be made

to see that public archives merit consideration and legislation only

by the intelligent and systematic activity of public officials, his-

torical agencies, historians, lawyers, and interested citizens.

DR. LINDLEY: I am sure that we are all very grate-

ful to Mr. Schellenberg for the clear presentation he has

given us in regard to plans and possibilities. We are

also grateful to this Joint Committee for making pos-

sible Mr. Schellenberg's visit with us today. Now

having heard what might be done and what ought to be

done, I think it fitting that we should have a presenta-

tion of the subject explaining how it has been done, with

the idea of possibly applying some of the methods to our

own case. We have such a representative in Dr. Wil-

liam D. Overman who has been supervising in a number

of counties in Pennsylvania the work to which Mr.

Schellenberg has referred. Dr. Overman is a native son

of Ohio, a graduate of Ohio State University, and for

the past three years has been teaching in Waynesburg

College at Waynesburg, Pennsylvania.

• 24
 

Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting      307 SOME EXPERIENCES IN MAKING A STATE HISTORICAL SURVEY. By W. D. OVERMAN The Historical Survey now in progress in Pennsylvania was started in December, 1933 and is under the direction of the State Archivist. The survey was carried on as a state C.W.A. project until March 29, 1934 and since that time has been continued, with

a greatly reduced quota of workers, as a project under the F.E.R.A. At its inception the director contemplated merely an inven- tory of one class of public records, namely those in the County Court Houses. Historians have recognized the necessity of the preservation of local archives, comprising written or printed books, papers or maps, in fact, all of the public records officially produced and received by the officers of a particular governmental subdi- vision. Official correspondence, letter-books, reports, minute- books, wills, marriage records, vital statistics, deed books, assess- ment rolls, tax lists, court records, election returns, militia lists, and all other such documents constitute local archives.

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308        Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

It has been recognized for a long time that the United States

lags behind Canada and some European countries in the care and

administration of public archives. I would like to recommend for

the consideration of the members of this society a booklet of 16

pages on The Preservation of Local Archives,¹ which was pre-

pared and published in 1932 by the Public Archives Commission

in Washington under the authority of the American Historical

Association. Through the circulation of this booklet and other-

wise, efforts have been made to instruct and encourage public

officials in the safeguarding of these valuable records. Custodians

and users generally appreciate the importance of current local

records for business or administrative purposes. Large property

interests, the settlement of disputes over property, and the ad-

ministration of public revenue depend upon them. But as his-

torical sources, the importance of local archives is adequately

appreciated except by students of history. It is true that local

archives have been used by searchers after biographical and

genealogical information, but within recent years a new concep-

tion of local history has developed and a wider kind of research

is in progress which is already resulting in the production of books

and articles in the fields of national, state and local history. Local

history has been defined as an account of the life of the people

of the local area--their social, economic, political, religious, legal,

institutional and constitutional development. Local archives con-

tain the largest available amount of material of significance to

the writer of local history. The preservation of this material is

indispensable to the reconstruction of the past, and since docu-

mentary evidence is the basis of accurate historical composition,

if these written records are not preserved, there can be no reliable

history.

The unnecessary destruction of archives in many communities

has made it impossible for them to preserve their history in a

complete, much less authentic, form.

In view of this situation, the State Archivist planned a survey

of the County Archives in the State of Pennsylvania. He pro-

 

1 The introductory remarks in this paper relative to the definition and

status of the preservation of local archives has been taken from this pub-

lication.

• 26
 

Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting      309

 

cured the assistance of an historically minded citizen in each

county who acted as his adviser. The adviser, often a judge, a

lawyer, or a professor of history, gave his time gratuitously. He

received instructions from the director in Harrisburg and his

first step involved the securing of efficient workers. The manner

of procedure was for the adviser to contact the National Reem-

ployment Manager in his county, and together they went over

the cards of the registered unemployed and selected one, two, or

more workers, depending, of course, upon the volume of the

county's records.

As soon as the worker was selected, the County Reemploy-

ment office sent his identification slips to state C. W. A. headquar-

ters in Harrisburg, and to the Director of the Historical Survey.

Supplies and detailed instructions for an inventory of the records

in the County Court House were then forwarded to, the workers.

The various officers in the county had been previously notified

that the worker would appear, and were consequently ready to

cooperate. The adviser, usually a lawyer, was familiar with the

type of records, and the worker was instructed to seek his advice

and assistance in any problem which arose.

The searchers, as these workers in the Court houses were

designated, were urged to familiarize themselves with the general

outline of the county's history. They were expected to ascertain,

for instance, the date of the founding of the county, in order to

know whether the records found were complete from the date

of the county's organization. The searchers were furnished with

sample forms and photostatic copies of portions of a similar sur-

vey which had been made in Illinois some years before. Form

sheets were furnished, covering each office in the Court House,

upon which the workers were to submit their final reports to

the Director. The essential information required from each of-

fice was, first: the name of the class of record, for instance, in

the Recorder of Deeds' Office, there would be several classes of

records such as: record-books of deeds and mortgages, bond

books, commission books, charter-books, plats, surveys, etc.;

secondly: the limiting dates of the records in a particular class;

if any gaps appeared, they were to be carefully indicated; thirdly:

the volume or the amount of the record. If the records were in

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310       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

volumes, the searcher noted the number of volumes followed by

the letter v.; if they were in file-boxes, the number of such boxes

was followed by the letters f. b.; and if the records were in

bundles, they were so indicated.

Many of the records were scattered, since it is a common

practice for transcripts to be made of much used record-books, and

the originals then stored in an attic, a basement, or sometimes

destroyed. The workers were careful to examine original rec-

ords when they were in existence and to make an indication of

this on the final report form.

At first it was thought that it would be feasible to have the

workers transcribe vital statistics and marriage records before

1906 (I might add parenthetically that since that date they have

been recorded in the State Capital) but this was not carried out

because the probability of error was too great even in the tran-

scription of this type of record.

This survey of the County Archives progressed so well that

by January 1st the scope of the survey was greatly enlarged, and

included, in addition to the recording of county archives: munici-

pal and borough records, newspaper files, manuscripts in deposi-

tories and in private hands, church records, as well as those of

social and fraternal organizations, and certain types of business

records.

Obviously, this required a large increase not only in the num-

ber of workers, but in the number of supervisors who could di-

rect the work of these investigators, assign various tasks to them,

keep a careful check on the accuracy of their work, and advise

them in making their reports to the Archivist. The State was

divided into ten districts with a supervisor over each. Under

the new arrangement the supervisor was chosen first and his

primary task was that of organization. He supplanted the ad-

viser under the old plan. The supervisor contacted the Reem-

ployment Managers in his district, which included from five to

ten counties, and selected his staff of workers from those avail-

able on the registration list of unemployed persons in each county.

It was the supervisor's next duty to furnish each investigator

with a set of mimeographed forms for each type of record, and

explain in detail, by illustration and example, the exact procedure

• 28
 

Report of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting      311

 

in collecting and reporting the data required. The supervisors

were able, in many cases, to get unemployed persons who were,

by virtue of specialized training in history or library work, well

fitted for the work. It was the supervisor's duty to instruct the

investigators in the value to the future historian of the results of

the survey, and to impress upon them the necessity for absolute

accuracy in reporting the data thus acquired.

We were not trying to train these people in the technique

of historical research, for obviously their task was not research

but mere tabulation and description of various materials discov-

ered.

The workers made inventories of municipal and borough

records exactly as in the case of county archives. They went

to all newspaper offices, and made complete inventories of their

files. Each public library, historical society, or other depository

was visited and all collections of manuscripts and newspaper files

listed. Thus far, the investigators were dealing with public or

semi-public records and documents which were easily accessible.

Church records, and manuscripts in private possession, such

as collections of correspondence, business account-books, military

papers, muster-rolls, discharges, pensions, diaries and genealogical

collections, constituted a type of investigation which required

more skill on the part of the workers. The survey has not been

a house-to-house canvas. Workers interview influential people.

those known to have collections, and those known to be inter-

ested in history. After these collections have been listed, the

workers ascertain the names of others having collections or even

a single piece of historical material. Thus by a systematic method

of securing the names of collectors or prospects, workers are

able to list the most important historical sources in a community.

Many valuable documents have been found in the hands of per-

sons who had inherited material of importance to local historians,

but who had little regard for its historic significance. In some

cases our efforts revealed documents of outstanding value. I

called on a gentleman in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, who was the

descendant of Jacob Bowman, a pioneer settler in that region.

When I asked him whether I could talk to him about local his-

tory and had assured him that I was not soliciting his picture

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312       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

and seventy-five dollars for a commercial history, he expressed

himself as being entirely unfamiliar with and uninterested in his-

tory, saying that according to his friends he was a crank on music.

I asked him about files of old newspapers and correspondence.

He was perfectly willing to look for materials of this nature

which he said he thought might be in an old desk drawer in the

library. We discovered letters--dozens of them--some personal,

some political and others of a purely business nature. There

were old account-books, newspapers and subscription-lists. He

drew out one subscription-list of the first public school built in

Brownsville in 1796. This practically constituted a census of the

Brownsville of that day, since the number of names was large,

and the subscriptions ranged from ten pounds sterling to fifteen

shillings, indicating the probability that even the poorest citizen

made his contribution. Account-books for The Albany Glass

Works, once located at the mouth of Redstone Creek on the

Monongahela River, and of the Ohio Paper Mill, once located

in the Western Reserve, in which his grandfather had owned a

controlling interest, were also in the collection. The owner be-

came tremendously interested, and remarked that he had not re-

alized the importance of these manuscripts, and as I left him he

settled down in an easy chair to read the entire collection. He

thanked me for calling his attention to the records and said that

if I would come back again soon he would then be able to de-

scribe the contents of the whole so as to afford a more accurate

description of the materials for our survey.

A worker discovered (in Westmoreland County) a rather

lengthy manuscript written by Jeremiah Lochry, one of Brad-

dock's scouts, describing his experiences. This document bore

the date 1755. It was in the hands of a filling-station attendant.

The proprietor of a lunch-room in Washington, Pennsyl-

vania, who owns and occupies the first brick house built in that

city, has a magnificent collection of books and manuscripts which

came down to him from two families of historic importance.

His own name is William Duane Morgan, which represents both

families. He has a land-grant from King George III to Colonel

George Morgan, who was a most important figure in the colonial

and revolutionary periods. Mr. Morgan has the original notes

• 30
 

Report of the Forty-eighth  Annual Meeting   313

 

which Colonel Morgan kept as Indian Agent at Fort Pitt 1776-

1779, and other manuscripts of that period bearing the names

of many historic personages such as Aaron Burr and Benedict

Arnold, as well as letters from Washington, Jefferson and others.

Much of this collection was found to be of more importance per-

haps to the national than to the local historian. There were sev-

eral volumes of diaries of John Morgan (a brother of Colonel

George Morgan), who founded the University of Pennsylvania

Medical School, and some letter-books of later members of the

family which will be of significance to the local historian. There

were letters of William Duane, secretary of state under Andrew

Jackson in 1833, until he differed with Jackson over the bank

question. There were letter-books of William Duane Morgan,

one time resident of Newark, Ohio and auditor of State. He

was, at one time, a part owner of the Cleveand Plain Dealer and

was owner of the Newark Advocate for a quarter of a century.

In the sub-basement of the Westmoreland County Court

House where steam-pipes produce a heat which will certainly des-

sicate the many valuable records which are stored there, we found

a large amount of official and non-official material.

There were account-books revealing many interesting prices,

such as the following, from the day-book of Benjamin Meason

and Joseph Worthington, for the years 1796-1799:

2 yards calico                         12 shillings

1 pound butter                      10 pence

1 pint whiskey                      1 shilling

1 pound coffee                          3 shillings, 6 pence

1 yard muslin                            3 shillings, 4 pence

Fifteen years later, in the day-book of Samuel Reed the

following prices, then in dollars and cents, were noted:

50 spanish cigars                          2 cents each

1 yard calico                           37 1/2 cents

1 pound tobacco                    50 cents

4 pounds sugar                   $1.00

1 pound coffee                       40 cents

1 quart whiskey                 18 cents

2 bushels wheat                  $1.75

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314       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

 

If time permitted, other experiences could be recited illus-

trative of the general cooperation of the holders of these docu-

ments, and of the significance of the finding of these often hith-

erto unknown sources for the writing of the history of the Com-

monwealth. The widespread enthusiasm for the project was re-

flected in the many news-items, editorials, and articles on local

history which appeared, and are appearing, all over the State.

These inventories will be printed in the next Series of the

Pennsylvania Archives. It is planned to bring out another volume

of the Archives containing the reports of depositories, such as

local historical societies, and if possible, one to include news-

paper collections. With these guides, the future historian may

readily ascertain the amount and kinds of material available, and

most important of all, its location. The undertaking is large,

and is one that few private institutions or individuals could suc-

cessfully undertake. It is a project which has given relief to a

type of worker for whom there was little planning on the part

of the C. W. A. in general, and it has produced a result which, al-

though seemingly intangible to certain critics, is actually of great

significance in its stimulation of interest in history, its encourage-

ment of the preservation of local history, and the results, in the

form of printed guide books, will be of obvious and inestimable

value.

DR. LINDLEY: I am grateful for the presentation

of this problem and we still have twenty minutes. Dr.

Overman has brought with him some illustrative mate-

rial used in gathering these results. There is now an

opportunity for questions.

After some announcements the Society adjourned

until the afternoon session at two o'clock.

• 32