Ohio History Journal

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES NEAR CLEVELAND,

OHIO

 

 

By EMERSON F. GREENMAN

 

 

Foreword

During the field season of 1930 four sites in northern Ohio

were excavated for the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical

Society. The two forming the subject of this paper were on

the Cuyahoga River six and seven miles south of the Public Square

of the city of Cleveland. Excavations were under the direction

of the writer and Mr. Robert Goslin, field assistant. Tuttle Hill

was excavated first, and upon termination of the work there, the

site at South Park was begun. While in both cases the privilege

of complete excavation was denied, the nature of the artifacts

obtained, and other traits observed during excavation, are suffi-

cient to establish a close relationship between the two sites.

Reports upon both sites were in manuscript form within two

years after their excavation, but owing to lack of funds they

could not be published at that time. Further delay was occasioned

by the decision to combine the two reports into a single paper,

and since they were originally separate, complete reorganization

of both was necessary. Few changes from the original manu-

scripts have been made in the descriptions of artifacts, and if the

present paper does not reflect to the fullest extent the improve-

ments in methods of ceramic analysis that have been made in the

past two years it is due to the fact that I have not had an oppor-

tunity to re-examine the collections during that time.

I wish to thank Mr. Thomas Donkin, of Cleveland, for

bringing these sites to my attention, and for his help in obtain-

ing permission for excavation. My thanks are also extended to

Mr. Eugene Ochsner, of Berea, Ohio, who provided me with a

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306    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

detailed report of the excavation of a double burial at South

Park, for incorporation in the present report. I am indebted

to Dr. James B. Griffin of the Museum of Anthropology of the

University of Michigan for his advice in determining the rela-

tionship of Tuttle Hill and South Park to other sites in the Great

Lakes region, and for placing the facilities of the Ceramic Reposi-

tory at my disposal. For the identification of mollusks I am

indebted to Mr. Calvin Goodrich of the Museum of Zoology of the

University of Michigan, and for some of the animal remains,

to Mr. Gerrit S. Miller of the Smithsonian Institution; and for

description of fabric remains from South Park, to Mr. Horace

Miner. I wish also to express my appreciation to Mr. Richard

Morgan, curator of archaeology of the Ohio State Archaeological

and Historical Society, for providing me with descriptions, and

more satisfactory photographs of certain objects, and for reading

the typescript previous to its publication; and to Mr. H. C.

Shetrone, director, and Dr. Harlow Lindley, editor of the Society,

for their patience in awaiting the final report.

Description of the Sites

The Tuttle Hill and South Park sites are promontories which

extend out from elevated land bordering Cuyahoga River, at

the north and east ends of the village of Independence, Cuyahoga

County, respectively. The top of Tuttle Hill is level, and 120 feet

above the flood plain of the river, which approaches to within

750 feet of the base of the north end of the hill. The promon-

tory itself is about eight acres in extent, with an irregular outline

and bluffs of varying degrees of steepness. It was early recog-

nized as the site of a pre-Columbian Indian village, and first

surveyed, by Charles Whittlesey of Cleveland, about the year

1850.1 In 1930 the resident, Mr. O. B. Waltz, who gave permis-

sion to excavate, reported the former existence of a pair of earthen

walls with outer ditches which traversed the south end of the

promontory, a feature which is confirmed by Whittlesey's map,

although he says (p. 11) that there was no ditch in connection with

1 Charles Whittlesey, "Ancient Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio." West-

ern Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, Tracts (Cleveland), No. 5 (1871).

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES               307

the inner wall. There was also a small circular inclosure along the

east bluff to the south of the transverse walls. Neither the walls

nor the inclosure are now in evidence.

The South Park site is on the top of a promontory with a

precipitous rise of ninety-five feet within a horizontal distance of

seventy-five feet. It is connected with high land bordering the

river valley flats by a narrow ridge about twenty feet wide and

300 feet in length. The river is at a distance of half a mile to

the east, but a brook, no more than five feet wide in the summer,

runs at the base of the hill on the east side. No signs of fortifying

walls or ditches were observed, nor remembered by residents of

the region. The excavations that were begun here on April

thirtieth were to have been in the nature of a preliminary exami-

nation, since the planting season was so near at hand, and permis-

sion was obtained to excavate only in a strip twenty-five feet wide,

across the site near the south end. It was found that this area

was occupied by pits, to the exclusion of burials, and conse-

quently no skeletal material was obtained. Burials uncovered a

year later however, by Mr. Ochsner of Independence, are in-

cluded in the present report.

Artifacts, animal bones and shells were abundant on the

surface of both sites, and for a distance of two feet beneath. On

both promontories the top three feet is a dark loam enriched by

humus and decayed animal matter, the latter resulting from their

occupation as villages. Underlying this loam is yellow sand and

gravel of undetermined thickness, and into which most of the

pits penetrated. Both sites have been under cultivation for many

years. Two weeks after excavations were brought to an end

on Tuttle Hill, the topsoil was removed with a steam shovel for

the enrichment of gardens in Cleveland.  This shovel worked

to a depth of about three feet, and since most of the pits were

from four to six feet deep, many of those which were not exca-

vated remain undisturbed in their lower levels.

Excavation at Tuttle Hill was begun at the northeast corner

of the site near the edge of the bluff, where human bones had

often been exposed by the plow. Refuse pits were first encoun-

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308    OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

tered however, in the order in which they are numbered on the

map in Fig. 4. Eighteen pits and the same number of burials

were found. There were thirty-nine pits at South Park. The

majority of the pits were filled with various types of earth, some-

times uniform throughout a single pit, and sometimes in layers

or irregular masses of different colors without any apparent rela-

tion to one another, as if they had been dumped in. With few

exceptions the pits of both sites appear to have been used only

for the disposal of refuse.  The earth with which they were

filled was soft, while the walls had the firmness of the surround-

ing subsoil. Bones of animals, birds and fishes, and mussel

shells and artifacts, were found in varying amounts from top to

bottom.  Oftentimes there were large areas of light-colored clay

and gravel which contained neither artifacts nor bones, and showed

no other signs of connection with domestic activities. Vertical

locations of all artifacts, bones and shells were taken for most

of the pits, for the purpose of catching any difference in type

from top to bottom which would indicate passage of time or occu-

pation of the sites by different culture-groups in succession, and

in the case of organic remains, to discern any seasonal variation

in diet that might be represented. No conditions of any signifi-

cance in either respect were noted. The decorations on potsherds,

generally most sensitive to changes attending the passage of time

and to differences in culture, were the same at the lower levels as

at the top.

Three pits at Tuttle Hill, and ten at South Park, contained

strata of various types, some bearing artifacts and animal remains,

and showing signs of steady fires.  Sterile strata a foot or more

thick often lay at the bottoms of pits, being differentiated from

the adjoining natural soil by looseness of texture. The average

pit was filled with dark clay loam, or clay and gravel at South

Park, uniformly mixed with ashes and charcoal in amounts vary-

ing little from one pit to another, and containing artifacts and

animal remains. Pit 26 at South Park had at the base the remains

of a fire which had burnt the bottom and sides red. A small pile

of heat-fractured stones lay directly over large charred pieces of

wood.

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES               309

The great majority of pits at both sites were nearly round,

with perpendicular sides and flat bottoms.  The largest of the

pits with circular outline was Pit 7 at Tuttle Hill, with a diameter

of seventy-two inches and a depth of sixty-eight inches; the

greatest diameter observed at South Park was that of both Pits 7

and 33, seventy inches. Both were sixty-three inches deep. The

least diameter at Tuttle Hill was that of Pit 4, which was thirty-

eight inches in diameter and forty-two inches deep. A smaller

pit at South Park, No. 31, was thirty-two inches in diameter and

forty inches deep.  A direct ratio between diameter and depth

was noticeable at both sites.

Eight pits were joined together at South Park, and two at

Tuttle Hill; at the latter site Pit 19 was a refuse pit at the west

end; the opposite side may have been an empty grave pit, since

it contained nothing but a copper bead (Fig. 21, D), while arti-

facts, and refuse material were found at various levels at the

other end. The sides of but one pit at each site sloped inward

toward the bottom; Pit 16 at Tuttle Hill was fifty-one inches in

diameter at the top, and twenty-seven inches at bottom; at South

Park, Pit 34 had an upper diameter of sixty and a lower diameter

of thirty-seven inches. Two pits at South Park were irregular

on one side, descending from top to bottom in a series of unequal

step-like projections (Pits 7, 35). Pit 27, at South Park, may

have been two conjoined pits, one thirty-five inches deep and the

other fifty-seven inches deep.  But four well-defined strata

extended the entire diameter of the upper part, and three more

were in the deeper portion, which was twenty inches in diameter,

with perpendicular sides and rounded bottom.   The distance

across both parts of the pit was fifty-eight inches.

The organic material in a single pit, consisting of the bones

of animals, birds and fishes, and mussel shells, sometimes amounted

in bulk to half a bushel.  Three pits contained fragments of

human bone, in Pit 11 at Tuttle Hill a short fragment of rib, and

in Pits 7 and 32 at South Park a fragment of skull plate. The pits

at South Park contained much more in the way of organic remains

and artifacts than those at Tuttle Hill. The twenty pits at the

latter site contained in all seventy-two artifacts, 1159 potsherds

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310    OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

and one entire pot, and 806 bones and fragments of bones of

animals, birds and fishes, and mussel shells. The first twenty

pits at South Park contained 179 artifacts, 1977 potsherds, and

5356 bones and mussel shells. The figures for individual pits

at South Park range as follows: From Pit 13, with two artifacts,

fifteen potsherds and no animal remains, to Pit 4, with ten arti-

facts, 154 potsherds and 918 bones and mussel shells. The

majority of pits at South Park resembled the latter in the amount

of material which had been cast into them. A definite tendency

was observed at Tuttle Hill for all objects to lie with their long

axes horizontal rather than slanting or vertical.  This suggests

that they were thrown in singly, unaccompanied by the earth in

which they were found, as if, with respect to the animal remains

at least, those who threw them in performed the act while eating

in the immediate vicinity.  However it is not conceivable that

this would hold for unbroken artifacts such as projectile points.

These may have been imbedded in unconsumed pieces of meat,

thus escaping notice.  No observations on the positions of bone

fragments and artifacts were taken at South Park.

In Table I, is a complete list of the animal remains found in

the pits, in descending order as to numerical importance.² There

is a direct relation between the number of pits containing the

bones of a given animal, and the number of bones of that animal

in single pits. Thus at Tuttle Hill, five pits contained sixty-nine

deer bones in amounts varying for each pit from two to thirty-five.

Five pits contained only seven bear bones.

In the table mussels appear second in importance as sources

of food. This means only that mussels were a common article

of food, not that the contents of the pits show that consumption

of mussels was nearly equal in bulk to the amount of deer meat

consumed. The number of mussel shells per pit, including frag-

ments and specimens that had been artificially modified, was small.

The average at Tuttle Hill was 4.5 per pit; at South Park, 10.3

 

2 Identification of animal remains were made by Mr. Robert Goslin for those speci-

mens for which there was comparative material in the Museum of Zoology, University

of Michigan. The remainder were identified by Mr. Gerrit S. Miller of the United

States National Museum at Washington. There were of course many bone fragments

that were unidentifiable.

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES                     311

per pit. At the latter site the largest number of shells in a single

pit (No. 4) was fifty. Five pits contained no mussel shells. The

total number of shells, fragments of shells and worked specimens

in the pits at South Park was four hundred and twenty-two.

 

TABLE I

Animal Bones and Vegetable Remains in Pits

Number of Pits

Material                   Tuttle             South

Hill                    Park

Deer ....................                              15                  39

Mussel shell .............                         16                  36

Fish ...................                               11           35

Elk ....................                                9           28

Porcupine ...............              8                13

Raccoon   ................         7              19

Bear ....................             7                    15

Bird (other than turkey).               8           39

Turkey   .................              6                16

Beaver ..................            6              17

Wildcat .................           5              5

Skunk   ..................           2              2

Muskrat ................                       2                         0

Woodchuck   .............                  1                         8

Wolf or dog ............                     2                         10

Squirrel ................                 1                     2

Chipmunk ...............              0                1

Panther .................               0                     2

Fox     ....................          0              2

Rabbit ..................            0              1

Turtle ..................             1              6

Corn  ....................           0              4

Butternut ...............       0            1

 

Of edible vegetable materials, kernels and cobs of corn were

found in four pits at South Park, and in one at Tuttle Hill.

The scarcity of the bones of rabbits at both sites might be

due to some special attitude toward that animal. The bones of

the panther, fox, rabbit and chipmunk were found only at South

Park; those of the muskrat only at Tuttle Hill.

The distribution of artifacts and organic remains in the pits

does not in itself throw light upon the purpose for which the pits

were dug. Those which were unstratified were apparently used

entirely for the disposal of refuse, and the few pits that gave

evidence of steady fires, such as layers of ash of regular thick-

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312    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

ness, may have served the purpose of retaining the heat for baking,

or for protecting the cooking fires from the high winds to which

these two promontories were exposed.

At Tuttle Hill two pits, Nos. 2 and 8, contained layers of

pure white ash, in the former at a depth of fifteen inches, and

in the latter at a depth of forty-three inches. This layer in Pit 2

contained mussel shell, fragments of animal bone all of which

were calcined, and a few lumps of clay burnt red. The sequence

of strata in these two pits is nearly the same.

There was an association between layers of sand and layers

of ash in six pits. Nos. 33, 35 and 39 at South Park, and Nos.

2 and 8 at Tuttle Hill, all had a stratum of yellow sand over the

ash layer. In two of the pits at South Park, Nos. 33, 39, the

ashes were also underlaid by sand, and Pit 27 had sand beneath

the ash deposit.

The ash layers of Pit 2 at South Park and Pit 2 at Tuttle Hill

were both at a depth of forty-three inches. This deposit at the

former site, thirteen inches thick, contained charred bark, grass

and wood, and the bones of deer, woodchuck, dog or wolf, elk,

turkey, bear, porcupine, raccoon, fish, and mussel shells. Two

pits, Nos. 7 and 26 at South Park, had ash layers at the bottom,

and the bottom and sides of Pit 26 were burnt red.  Pit I at

Tuttle Hill had a layer of charcoal one inch thick at the bottom.

Pit 34 at South Park, the sides of which slanted in toward the

bottom, had one deposit of ashes three inches thick at a depth

of three feet, without other strata. In Pits 32 and 41, there were

two ash layers separated by gravel and sand, without other strata.

One ash layer was at the bottom of Pit 41.

In addition to the pits at Tuttle Hill, there were shallow,

irregular areas of various sizes beneath the topsoil where signs of

domestic activities were abundant. These may have been lodge

sites, although their outlines were irregular, and no post-molds

were observed. The largest, located eight feet directly south of

the ossuary, is referred to as an ash layer. It was roughly cir-

cular, with a diameter of ten feet. At the top was a six-inch

layer of ashes and charcoal, beginning fourteen inches beneath

the surface of the ground.  Directly under this, and laterally

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES              313

coterminus, was a stratum of black soil one foot thick, corre-

sponding in texture to the topsoil, and containing artifacts and

animal bones.  The objects found in this ash layer were not

different in character from those of the pits, with the exception

of the shards bearing stamped designs shown in Fig. 35, C-E, H-L.

The animals represented are deer, raccoon, dog, beaver; there

were also the bones of fish, birds, and a few mussel shells.

Burials

At both sites the areas occupied by the cemeteries were at

the edges of the bluffs, on high ground at South Park, and on

ground from one to two feet lower than the area occupied by

pits, at Tuttle Hill. This area was characterized by light clean

sand, in contrast to the humus and underlying clay and gravel of

the greater portion of Tuttle Hill.  Only one pit, No. 17, lay

beyond the western edge of the cemetery.

Fourteen skeletons were flexed, three were extended, one

was a bundle burial, and the remains of seven or more adults,

consisting mostly of disarticulated bones and skulls, were found

in an ossuary. Two skeletons in a fragmentary condition pro-

vided no hint of the original position. Leaving out these and

the ossuary, twelve skeletons were those of adults, and five were

infants. Of the adults only one was extended, one was a bundle

burial and eleven were flexed. Three of the infants were flexed,

and two were extended. Both of the latter and one of the former

were buried with adults, these three, and one adult flexion with

a bundle burial, being double burials. There was no consistent

orientation.  Intentionally placed objects were found with four

burials.

In addition to the foregoing there were two historic burials,

Nos. 17 and 18 on the map in Fig. 4. Both skeletons lay on the

back in the extended position, heads to the west. The remains

of coffins, with iron hinges and nails, were found around each

skeleton. Burial 17 was that of an aged male whose arms were

extended at the sides.  Burial 18, that of a young male, lay

seven feet to the north. The left arm was flexed with the hand

lying over the clavicle, and the right arm less closely flexed with

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314    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the hand resting upon the thoracic vertebrae. Both burials were

in clay at a depth of four feet. The abdominal region of Burial

17 was a cavity into which the clay had not yet penetrated; the

clay had worked down to a greater extent into the abdomen of

Burial 18, but the cavity was not completely filled.  As soon

as it became evident that these were the burials of white men,

Mr. Waltz and other residents of the region recalled a story to

the effect that two "pioneers" had been buried on Tuttle Hill

sometime between 1820 and 1850. Burial 18 was removed.

None of the prehistoric graves was prepared in any other

way than by simple excavation. The topsoil where they were

found was sandy, a circumstance possibly explaining the selection

of the spot as a cemetery. The surface of this cemetery was

about a foot lower than that of the greater part of the promon-

tory, and in view of the proximity of the edge of the bluff it is

possible that a considerable quantity of sand has been washed

off by rains since the site was occupied.

The skeletal material was in good condition, well preserved

except for five skulls that were crushed, evidently by the weight

of the earth over them.  Six skeletons were in various degrees

of incompleteness (Burials 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16), one of which, only

twelve inches deep, had probably been struck by a plow. Burial

15, twenty-six inches deep, had been disturbed in some other

manner, but enough of the bones were in place to indicate that

it had originally been a flexion.

The depths of the burials, measured from the surface to the

upper side of entire crania, and to the uppermost fragment when

they were crushed, ranged from twelve to forty-eight inches. The

average depth was twenty-four and three-tenths inches.

Burial 1. Two skeletons, adult and infant. The adult was

flexed, with head to the west, facing south. The infant was in

a position indicating that it was held in the arms of the adult,

probably the mother, at the time of burial. The skull adjoined

that of the adult, and the legs, arms and ribs lay about the face

and shoulders of the adult. The skull of the infant was crushed,

with the mandible lying upside down. The adult skull was twenty-

nine inches below the surface. There were no artifacts.

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES               315

Burial 2. The skeleton of an adult, flexed, head to the south,

facing west, at a depth of twenty-three inches (Fig. 6). At the

north end, three inches from the mid-portion of the tibiae, was a

vessel lying in upright position (Fig. 34, left), part of the rim

of which was missing. Another clay vessel, much smaller (Fig.

32, right), lay slightly inclined from the vertical, on the bones

of the lower right arm, and a clay pipe of the elbow type (Fig.

31, C), with the bowl crushed, lay over the bones of the left arm.

Burial 3. Two skeletons, adult (probably female) and infant.

The adult, flexed, lay on the right side, with head to the southeast

and face to the east. The infant was extended, and in a position

indicating that it was held in the arms of the adult at the time of

burial. The depth of the grave was four feet.

Burial 4. Two skeletons, adult and infant, at a depth of

twenty-three inches. The adult skeleton, flexed, lay with the

head to the southeast, and since the middle of the shaft of the

humerus lay between the upper and lower jaws the burial had

probably been disturbed, perhaps by the plow. The infant was

extended, and a clam shell lay four inches to the southwest of

the bones of the left arm.

Burial 5. The skeleton of an infant, flexed, head to the

north, skull crushed. The leg-bones had been disturbed. This

burial lay at a depth of twenty-four inches.

Burial 6. One flexed skeleton with skull, and another skull

at the feet (Fig. 7). The skull at the south end was part of the

only complete skeleton found here. It was that of an adult,

flexed, lying on the left side facing west. The other skull, accom-

panied by three leg-bones and bones of the feet, was a re-burial

of the bundle type. The depth was twenty inches.

Burial 7. The incomplete skeleton of a young adult. Only

the right femur, a piece of the pelvis, the left humerus and a few

ribs were present, lying in position with regard to one another, at

a depth of thirty-five inches. The head had been to the south,

and apparently the flexion was not extreme. A clay pot lay six

inches south of the proximal end of the femur (Fig. 34, right).

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316    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

Burial 8. An adult skeleton, probably male, lying on the left

side, head to the east, with the arms doubled upward so that the

hands were in front of the face (Fig. 8). The skull faced south,

and lay at a depth of thirty inches.

Burial 9. The fragments of an adult skeleton. Only a few

pieces of the skull, and one right femur, were found at a depth of

eighteen inches. Beneath the fragments of the skull was a small

celt (Fig. 17, B), and beneath the celt were forty small flint

flakes.

Burial 10.  The skeleton of an adult, extended, head to the

north, arms parallel to the spinal column, hands beside hips.

Probably a male from twenty to thirty years of age. The bones

of the left hand were palm down, with fingers extended. Those

of the right hand were on the side with the thumb upward, and

the fingers curved in toward the long bones. The skeleton lay

on the back, facing up, at a depth of twenty-one inches.

Burial 11. The skeleton of a child of about eight years,

flexed, head to the west, facing south, at a depth of nineteen

inches. The skull was crushed, and half of the lower jaw was

missing. Both arms and legs were flexed, and the bones of the

feet were missing. The total length of the skeleton, in a straight

line, was twenty-seven inches.

Burial 12. A male adult skeleton, head to the west, lying

on the back, with legs slightly flexed (Fig. 9). The bones of the

right hand lay across the sacrum, with the fingers on the left half

of the pelvis. The left arm was so flexed that the tips of the

fingers touched the left collar bone. The skull was crushed. Depth,

twenty-three inches.

Burial 13. One crushed skull lying separated by three feet

from two femora, a tibia and a fibula, and the bones of both feet.

The burial had been disturbed by the plow. Depth, twelve inches.

Burial 14. The skeleton of a male, flexed, head to the south,

skull facing east, legs tightly flexed. The left arm was at full

length, with the bones of the hand at the middle of the pelvis

and beneath those of the left foot.  The right arm was flexed

upward with the hand-bones in front of and beneath the face.

The skull was crushed. Depth, twelve inches (Fig. 10).

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES                   317

Burial 15. Parts of the skeleton of an adult, with head to

the north, flexed, facing northeast, at a depth of twenty-six inches.

This burial had been disturbed sometime previous to excavation.

Burial 16. The skeleton of an adult, flexed, head to the

east, with the bones of both hands in front of the face.       The

skull faced north. The left tibia and all bones of the right leg

were missing. Depth, twenty-six inches.

The cemetery at South Park was along the bluff on the

northeast side of the promontory, at a level five and one-half feet

higher than the area where the pits were excavated. Since no

excavations were made in this area under the direction of the

writer nothing can be said of the exact limits of the cemetery.

Later in the summer a double burial was uncovered by Mr. Ochs-

ner, of Independence (Fig. 11), and his description follows:

The skeletal remains were fairly well preserved, the bones of the male

being in better condition than those of the female. The skull of the female

was badly crushed. Part of an arrow point was found among the fragments

of the lower jaw, and a whole one was found between the second and third

ribs. Beneath the fragments of the skull was the base of an unnotched point.

At the side of the female pelvis toward the other skeleton was a bone bead.

This skeleton was fully extended.

The male [at the right in Fig. 11] was well supplied with objects. Over

the abdomen was a steatite pipe, and a bone bead lay on the pelvis. Three

arrow heads were found in the thoracic and lumbar regions. At the top of

the right shoulder were a number of bone or antler chipping tools, a beaver

tooth, a sandstone hone, seven arrow heads, one broken and one entire drill,

and pieces of worked and unworked flint. Associated with the burials was

an anvil stone. The soil which covered the lower parts of the skeletons was

mixed with ashes, and contained occasional bits of pottery and other refuse

material. None of the bones was burnt. The depth of both skeletons was

seventeen inches. Both heads were to the northeast.

Artifacts

Local materials only were used in the manufacture of imple-

ments and ornaments at both sites, with the exception of the

two copper beads from Tuttle Hill. The great majority of manu-

factured or worked objects were implements, designed to aid in

the securing of food and the making of clothing; some such as

flint-chipping tools, were used in making other tools.

Projectile points of the small, unnotched, triangular type,

made exclusively of flint, predominated. They range in length

from 17mm. to 43mm. at Tuttle Hill, and 17mm. to 39mm. at

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318    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

South Park, with proportionate widths and thicknesses. In only

a few specimens is the length more than three times the width.

The sides of the majority are slightly convex, and the bases of

twelve specimens at Tuttle Hill, and one at South Park, are

slightly concave, the specimen in Fig. 12, G, exhibiting this fea-

ture to a more marked degree than any of the others. The ma-

jority of these points are unbroken. Only one specimen, from

South Park, is made of translucent material; the rest are light

to dark gray, brown and white, and made of chert. Including

fragments and rejects, 116 were found at South Park, and forty-

four at Tuttle Hill.

Truncated and ovate unnotched forms were also common to

both sites (Figs. 13, J, K, and 12, I-L). These are larger than

the triangular forms, and all are thin, symmetrical and well-made.

They were not numerous. South Park yielded only five, the

longest of which is 6.3cm. Ten notched points were found at

South Park, all but one on the surface. The exception (Fig. 14, A)

came from Pit 24, in the thirty-two- to thirty-eight-inch level.

Fig. 14, D, is of red flint possibly obtained at Flint Ridge.

Socketed projectile points of antler were found at both sites.

Two from Tuttle Hill are shown in Fig. 26.

Objects of flint apparently used as scrapers are shown in

Figs. 13, L, and 15, A-F. They are classified under three heads on

the basis of longitudinal cross-section: As in Fig. 18, h, with

one end thickened (beaked type); as in i, elliptical, with the

thickest portion at one side of center; as in j, flat, or nearly so,

on one surface, but with the beaked feature of type h less promi-

nent. The four scrapers found at Tuttle Hill are of type h

(Fig. 13, L); there are six from South Park, three of which are

shown in Fig. 15, A-C. Five of the type i (Fig. 15, F, G), and

ten of the type j (Fig. 15, D, E) were found at South Park.

The forms in Fig. 13, Q-T, and Fig. 15, K, seem to be best

described as knives, although three of them have points as well

as edges. Fig. 13, T, is a flake, with secondary chipping at the

edges on only one side. All of these forms are made of flint

excepting Fig. 15, K, which is slate, with secondary chipping. A

• 14
 

(319)

• 15
 

(320)

• 16
 

(321)

• 17
 

(322)

• 18
 

(323)

• 19
 

(324)

• 20
 

(325)

• 21
 

(326)

• 22
 

(327)

• 23
 

(328)

• 24
 

(329)

• 25
 

(330)

• 26
 

(331)

• 27
 

(332)

• 28
 

(333)

• 29
 

(334)

• 30
 

(335)

• 31
 

(336)

• 32
 

(337)

• 33
 

(338)

• 34
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES            339

• 35
 

340     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

slate knife from Tuttle Hill (Fig. 16, G) has an edge formed by

grinding.

All types of flint drills are shown in Figs. 13, M-P, and

14, F-L. The forms K, L, resemble truncated and ovate points,

but are classed as drills because of their concave sides.

The larger implements of stone are of five types, celts, net

sinkers, hammerstones, pitted stones, and rough pieces of coarse

sandstone bearing grooves evidently made during use in sharpen-

ing awls of bone.   The majority of celts are made of granitic

materials, and slate; one small specimen (Fig. 16, E) is fine-

grained sandstone, and another (Fig. 17, H) is limestone.  A

third is made of an eroded schist pebble, and has no semblance

of an edge (Fig. 17, E). The surfaces of fourteen celts are

smooth, and those of twelve are more or less coarsely flaked,

particularly those made of slate. The surface of one slate celt

has been ground down over the flaking, and that of one granite

specimen is finely pecked.   The sides of four are pecked near

the blunt ends.

In outline the celts approximate more or less closely the

rectangular, with corners square or round, and the triangular

(i. e., with pointed poll). The several types of transverse cross

section are shown in Fig. 18, a-g, wherein the actual relationship

between breadth and thickness on single specimens does not

appear. Longitudinal cross sections are of the type l, m, n, in

Fig. 18. There is more variety in transverse cross sections, the

complete series of which is shown in Fig. 18, a-g. Cross sections

duplicating, or closely approaching these outlines, occur at the

two sites in the following proportions:

Cross section                   Tuttle  South

Hill                            Park

a ....................        5           5

c    ........................               4               0

c    ........................               1               4

d ........................                              5           0

e    ........................               1               0

f   ........................  2         1

g    .........................  1           1

The notched celt in Fig. 17, G, from Tuttle Hill, made of

dark gray slate, is unique for both sites.

• 36
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES              341

 

Each site yielded three net sinkers (Fig. 19, C-E). The

materials are slate and sandstone.

Hammerstones, with and without pits, some approaching the

cubical in shape, and others spherical or discoidal, are of slate,

granite, sandstone, quartzite, syenite and limestone. Fig. 19, B, is

a spherical hammerstone of granite, slightly flattened on two op-

posite sides. Facets on the sides indicate a considerable amount

of use in grinding. The elongated specimen A, in the same illus-

tration, resembles a pestle in shape but the base shows no modifi-

cation through use.  One rectangular sandstone specimen from

South Park, 14cm. long and 9cm. wide, has from two to three

irregular pits on each face.

Abrading stones were found only at South Park. All are of

coarse-grained sandstone, and range in bulk from that of a walnut

to twice that size. Two specimens have large grooves, one on each

side of one, and one on one side of the other. The surface of

another is covered with narrower grooves at various angles to

one another.

The only objects of stone not serving utility are gorgets, of

which two were found at South Park, and four at Tuttle Hill

(Fig. 16, A-D). No entire specimens were found. The two at

South Park are slate, and fragments of originally rectangular

gorgets; one has a portion of a perforation. None from Tuttle

Hill shows perforation. Fig. 16, A, has been pecked on both

surfaces near the unbroken end. Two were surface finds and two

(Fig. 16, A, C) came from Pits 14 and 11, respectively.

Eleven different types comprise the list of bone and horn

objects: awls, beads, beaming tools, flint-chipping implements,

flutes, fishhooks, gouges, projectile points, punches, hollow deer

phalangeal bones, and "musical rasps." The most abundant are

awls, beads and flint-chipping implements. Bone beads are made

of the hollow leg-bones of birds, with one exception at South

Park (Fig. 20, E). The surface of this specimen has been

smoothed by grinding, in which process the diameters at both

ends have been lessened. The material is animal bone. Only a

few of the bird-bone beads are notched, and one (Fig. 21, C)

• 37
 

342   OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

has a diagonal row of drilled holes with two incised lines at one

end. The surfaces of most of the beads are highly polished.

They vary in length from 1.3cm. to 7cm. at Tuttle Hill, and 1.5cm.

to 4.4cm. at South Park.

Two tubular beads of copper were found at Tuttle Hill, one

in Pit 19 (Fig. 21, D) and the other in the topsoil (Fig. 21, E).

These beads were made by bending flat sheets of copper so that

the edges overlap from 1mm. to 2mm. The only other object

of metal is a small piece of sheet copper from Pit 11 at Tuttle

Hill.

The leg-bones of birds and animals were utilized in the

manufacture of awls. Those of bird bone are either split longi-

tudinally, or entire except where they are ground to a point.

Most of the smaller awls of animal bone are split (Fig. 22, E),

while in the longer punch-like forms only the pointed ends are

modified (Fig. 26, F). A third type of awl is made of animal

bone worked down to a round cross section (Fig. 24, A-F).

The long, slender, curved forms in Fig. 24, A, B, from South

Park, were also represented at Tuttle Hill by the specimen in

Fig. 26, H, although this specimen is pointed at both ends, and

the points are blunt in comparison to the others. The two from

South Park are 22cm. in length; that from Tuttle Hill is 5cm.

shorter. Fig. 25, K, is spatulate, as is the specimen with an

expanded head in Fig. 18, k, the length of which is 4cm. The

only awls with incised lines are those in Fig. 25, A, and Fig.

21, H. Fig. 25, J, appears to be a small awl or punch in the process

of manufacture. Fig. 23, E, is made of split bird bone, and has a

perforation at the upper end. The punch-like form in Fig. 22, I,

is made of antler.

Objects probably used in the working of flint by pressure-

flaking are shown in Figs. 26, and 27, A-C. The cylindrical types,

A, B, in both illustrations, all made of antler, were predominant.

Fig. 26, B, is an unused specimen which was cut nearly through

at both ends, from a longer piece of antler, and then broken off.

Spatulate forms worn at one end are shown in Figs. 26, C, and

27, C. In the latter illustration, the knobbed forms E-G were not

• 38
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES              343

duplicated at Tuttle Hill; nor was the complete tine, D. The

form I in Fig. 26, is a section of a tine 17cm. long, with a

hole at the upper end 2.5cm. in depth. This specimen is ap-

parently the handle for some cutting or piercing implement.

The cylindrical flint-chipping tools have the following dimen-

sions: at South Park, 2.5cm. to 6.2cm. in length, with an aver-

age diameter of 1cm.; at Tuttle Hill, 3.1cm. to 4.9cm. in length,

with the same average diameter.

Fishhooks were found at both sites. Those at South Park

are crudely made, probably of bird bone, and not more than 12mm.

in length (Fig. 20, L-N), while the two from Tuttle Hill (Fig.

30) are 5cm. long, highly polished, with fine points, and knobs

at the upper ends to facilitate fastening to the line.  Only one

of the three from South Park has a knob at the upper end.

The so-called gouges of split antler, and beaming tools made

of deer leg-bones, were found only at Tuttle Hill (Fig. 28). Both

sites yielded bone objects that were perforated at one end ap-

parently for suspension as ornaments. Two bear canine teeth,

one the deciduous end of the tooth of a young bear, were found

in the topsoil at Tuttle Hill (Fig. 21, F, G). In G the hole was

started just below the finished one, but discontinued at a depth

of .5mm. Fig. 20, G, is a canine tooth of an elk, and H is the

leg-bone of a turtle. I is a flat piece of animal bone which may

have served an ornamental purpose.

At South Park, two fragments of elk or deer rib, bearing

transverse grooves, were found in Pit 35. These are of the type

sometimes termed "musical rasps." The two specimens J, in Fig.

20, are probably fragments of the same piece. Two bone "flutes"

were found, one at each site. Fig. 21, I, has five holes, three on

the side illustrated and two on the opposite side. While no musi-

cal note can be obtained from this specimen, objects of this type

are thought to have been used as game calls. Fig. 20, K, has one

hole on the side opposite that shown.

The only representation of a life-form is the pointed bone

object in Fig. 21, H. The head of a bird seems to be the object

represented. The incised design is the same on both sides. Prob-

• 39
 

344   OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

ably used as an awl, this specimen was found in Pit 14 at Tuttle

Hill.

Other bone objects which can be assigned to no particular

use were found at both sites. These comprise sections of cut bird

leg-bone, one of which is encircled with an incised line near one

end; a short piece of antler tine incised in the same manner and

showing effects of fire; unworked long sections of bird bone

highly polished, and one polished section of the rib of a deer

or elk. Three phalangeal deer bones were found at South Park,

hollowed out, with a single perforation about 2mm. in diameter

at one end. Fig. 20, O, is a section of the end of a deer leg-bone

with four deep grooves. It is hollow, and the surface is highly

polished.

Artifacts of shell were limited to mussel shells with the

edges worn or cut, or perforated in the body.  These belong

to the following species: Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes), Ligumia

recta latissima (Rafinesque), and Amblema costata (Rafinesque).

The latter is a much heavier shell than the other two, and it is

this shell which was perforated, possibly for the fastening of a

handle for use as a digging tool.  The perforations are the re-

sult of fracture rather than drilling or cutting.  The other two

species, with the edges cut or worn, probably served as scrapers

or fish scalers.  The two sites yielded both types.

In Pits 34 and 35 at South Park a considerable amount of

coarse matting was found, in a charred condition.  The weave

from both pits is of the same type, and identified as follows by

Mr. Horace Miner:

Plain twine weave, clockwise twisted woof. The warp is single, flat,

7mm. wide on the average, and consists of strands of grass or reed 1cm.

apart, measured from center to center. The woof consists of single elements,

twisted or untwisted, from 1.5cm. to 3.5cm. apart.

A section 5.5cm. long, of three-ply braided rope, charred,

was also found in Pit 34. Each strand is 8mm. wide and 4mm.

thick on the average. The rope formed by braiding the strands

is oval in cross section, 1.5mm. wide and 8mm. thick.

Five tobacco pipes were found at South Park, and three at

Tuttle Hill. Two types are represented, elbow pipes of clay, and

• 40
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES               345

pipe bowls of stone. Fig. 29, A, is the stem of an elbow pipe

of clay, with shell tempering. The clay pipe C, in Fig. 31, from

Tuttle Hill, is tempered with grit. This pipe was found with

Burial 2. Fig. 31, B, is of reddish slate, and A is light gray

limestone. The stone pipe bowls from South Park are of slate.

The only decoration on these pipes are the incised lines on C and

D, in Fig. 29. That on D is evidently part of a figure of some

sort. E lay on the abdomen of the burial uncovered by Mr.

Ochsner.

Pottery

Both sites were prolific in pottery, about four thousand frag-

ments of which were found in the pits and in the topsoil. Four

entire pots were found at Tuttle Hill (Figs. 32, 34) and one at

South Park (Fig. 33).

Paste. The clay ranges in texture from medium to coarse,

and in color from black to light gray or brown, with occasional

areas of red. Tempering materials consist of pounded shell or

rock, and sand, with a proportion of grit to shell for decorated

shards of about two to one, the grit temper predominating. Grit

temper is mainly pounded granite, in particles from the barely

visible to lumps a millimeter thick and two or three millimeters

in length. In a few shards the tempering materials consist of

coarse lumps of white chalky material, and large unbroken pebbles

with the bulk of a pea were found in two shards. Grit and shell

tempering are present in the same shard, but rarely.

Surface finish. Modification of outer surfaces of pots was

accomplished while the clay was plastic, by manipulation with

implements of bone or wood, occasionally by cord impression,

with a resulting roughened appearance.  On undecorated shards

this roughening often extends from the lip downward, but on most

others it stops at the shoulder, with the bases sometimes left

smooth.  The roughening of the surface extends across the lip

on three shards from Tuttle Hill.  (See Fig. 39, C.)  In Fig.

37, F-K, is shown the range in variety of surface treatment at

Tuttle Hill.  The majority of shards with roughened surfaces

have the appearance of I and H. The latter may be a cord impres-

• 41
 

346    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

sion like that of the entire pot in Fig. 34, right. Variations of

the latter predominate, with the lightly incised or trailed lines

in groups at angles to one another, or roughly parallel in a ver-

tical, horizontal or slanting position. Cord impression is rare,

and the types of surface modification represented in F. G and K

are unique for both sites. One shard from South Park was part

of a pot the surface of which had been brushed lightly by the end

of a reed or a small bundle of grass, in vertical strokes leaving fine

striations.  On another shard from the same site the body

roughening was accomplished in two processes, slanting upward

in one direction first, then again over it and slanting in the opposite

direction, forming a roughly cross-hatched pattern. Body rough-

ening extends to the lip on undecorated shards, and to the shoulder

on most of those bearing crimping on the rim.

Outer and inner surfaces usually differ as to color, prob-

ably because the former was subjected directly to modification

incidental to handling, and to heating in a fire. Both surfaces

of many shards, particularly at and near the lip, are heavily

caked with carbonized grease.

Only one shape is represented in the five entire vessels, a

deep bowl with wide mouth and round base (Figs. 32-34).

Shoulders are for the most part, as indicated by fragments, a

broad curve rather than a definite line or ridge such as that ex-

hibited by the vessel in Fig. 34, left. The pot in Fig. 33 is

of a type characteristic of the Oneota aspect of Iowa and ad-

joining states. It is the only one of the kind found at either site,

and does not occur elsewhere in Ohio so far as is known. The

globular body, the height and angle of the rim, the indentations in

the lip, and a design consisting of diagonal broadly incised lines

on the shoulder, are the features which place this vessel, possibly as

a trade piece, in the Oneota.3

The great majority of rim shards at both sites show a greater

thickness at and just beneath the lip than at the neck, resulting

3 Actual specimens in the Ceramic Repository of the Museum of Anthropology,

University of Michigan, and notes on Oneota material in Iowa, Nebraska and Missouri,

collected by Dr. James B. Griffin support this identification. See also Charles Reuben

Keyes, "Progress of the Archaeological Survey of Iowa," Iowa Journal of History and

Politics (Iowa City), XXIII (1925), 339-352; W. C. McKern, "Wisconsin Pottery,"

American Anthropologist (Menasha, Wisconsin), XXXIII (1931), 383-9.

• 42
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES               347

in a moderately "collared" appearance which is seen in cross sec-

tion in Fig. 43, the last six figures at the right end of the upper

row. Most of the shards with the rim thickened in this manner

bear indentations at the lower edge of the collar, as in Fig.

38, F. This feature is referred to herein as crimping; it is

predominant at both sites. The depressions forming the crimped

pattern were made by impression with the side of a square stick,

leaving a mark v-shaped in cross section (Fig. 42, A, E, G); by

impression with the side of a round stick (Fig. 38, C, D, I); or

by modeling, subsequently to impression with a stick (Fig. 42, L).

Occasionally the notches of the crimped pattern are ridged (Fig.

38, C).

Lips are either plain, as in Fig. 39, D, with notches (Fig.

38, C), or with two types of scallop. The first type is termed

narrow scallop; it resembles a series of notches, but is produced

by modeling. These narrow scallops occur almost always in

groups of two or more, either at or between handles, or without

handles as in Fig. 38, H. The second type, termed wide scallops,

is represented by the shards in Fig. 39, B and E, and Fig. 35, D.

A few shards have projections at the lips which apparently served

the purpose of aiding in the suspension of vessels, either by an

encircling cord or other arrangement. Fig. 39, A, has a wide

projection described as a lug, with a depression at its center, and

D has a knob which projects about 12mm. Another type of

projection is the vertical ridge in Fig. 35, F. Lip cross sections

are shown in Fig. 43, lower row.

Decoration. Embellishment of vessels was confined exclu-

sively to that portion above the shoulder, with the exception of

the entire specimen in Fig. 33. Two techniques are represented,

incision and impression, and one or both are found on the same

pot. Incised designs are made up of groups of straight lines,

horizontal or diagonal. Impressed designs are punctate, con-

sisting of depressions, linear or in simple geometrical shapes like

the circle, square and triangle, and patterns made by impression

with a notched implement used in a rocking motion, or stamped.

Examples of the latter are shown in Fig. 35.

• 43
 

348    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Lip notches were made in the same manner as the notches

forming the crimped pattern, by impression with round or

square sticks, or by modeling. Occasionally these notches are also

ridged (See Appendix, South Park, Division 2.2).

Some shards at both sites have short oval vertical or slanting

indentations at the neck.⁴ Most of these appear to have been

made by the end of a finger, as they are all about that width.

Inner surfaces of such shards bulge slightly at the points cor-

responding to these depressions.

The numerical occurrence of the main types of design at the

two sites is expressed in the following percentages:

Design                     South       Tuttle

Park                  Hill

Without incised lines ....             16%                      24%

With incised lines ........              6                                     3

Crimped pattern .........                      78                    64

Punctate rows ...........                      3                      3

Stamped  .................     1             3

In the Appendix, pages 351 to 356, is a classification of pot-

tery embracing all decorated shards and all rim shards found at

both sites.  The five entire pots are also included.  Numerical

relationships for decorative features in combination with details

of form, and the two types of tempering material, are given. The

various divisions and subdivisions are numbered in the same

sequence as in the pottery classification in the report on the Reeve

site,5 in order to aid comparison of the pottery from these three

related sites.

Conclusion

Tuttle Hill and South Park are assigned to the Upper Mis-

sissippi phase of the Mississippi pattern6 on the strength of

their conformity to the list of traits compiled by Thorne

Deuel, and their close relationship to a number of sites in western

New York, assigned to the Iroquois aspect of the Upper Missis-

 

4 See Emerson F. Greenman, "Excavation of the Reeve Village Site," Ohio State

Archaeological and Historical Quarterly (Columbus), XLIV (1935), Fig. 34, A.

5 Ibid., 47-58.

6 For a discussion of the classification here used, see Fay-Cooper Cole and Thorne

Deuel, "Rediscovering Illinois," University of Chicago Publications in Anthropology:

Archaeological Series (Chicago, 1937), 207-19. For terminology, see The Indianapolis

Archaeological Conference . . . Dec. 6, 7 and 8, 1935 (Washington, D. C.), p. 59.

• 44
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES                     349

sippi by William A. Ritchie.⁷ The following traits listed by

Deuel8 occur at one or the other of the two sites under considera-

tion:

Agriculture.

Art:

Engraving, on bone.

Burials, extended, bundled, flexed, and in cemeteries.

Pottery:

Cord body-roughening.

Globular shape.

Grit temper.

Handles.

Shell temper.

Textiles.

Work in shell, bone, copper and stone:

Abrading stones.

Adzes, stone.

Awls, deer ulna, turkey tarso-metatarsus.

Beads, rolled sheet copper.

Beads, shell, discoidal.

Celts, stone.

Fishhooks, bone, unbarbed.

Flutes, bone.

Hammerstones.

Musical rasps, bone.

Needles, bone.

Projectile points, flint; isosceles triangle, unnotched; leaf-

shaped, unnotched.

The predominance of the extended form of burial recorded

by Deuel9 as a Mississippi trait does not hold for the manifesta-

tions of that culture in northern Ohio.

Of nine determinants for the Upper Mississippi phase tabu-

 

7 William A. Ritchie, "A Prehistoric Fortified Village Site at Canandaigua, Ontario

County, New York," Research Records of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences

(Rochester, N. Y.), No. 3 (1936), 3.

8 Thorne Deuel, "Basic Cultures of the Mississippi Valley," American Anthro-

pologist, XXXVII (1935), 433-6.

9 Ibid., 436.

• 45
 

350    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

lated by Deuel,10 six occur either at Tuttle Hill or South Park.

No exhaustive trait list has yet been compiled for the Upper

Mississippi phase, but that division as conceived by Ritchie will

include all the traits of the Iroquois aspect established by him;

this aspect comprises all foci attributed to peoples of Iroquoian

linguistic stock.11 Table II shows the relationship between Tuttle

Hill and South Park as one group, and two of the sites in western

New   York assigned to the Upper Mississippi by Ritchie;12 Rip-

ley,13 and Silverheels.14 This table gives traits in all possible

detail, and the correspondence between the two groups in certain

types of artifacts is not as great as it would be if they were

described in more general terms. If, for example, celts were

listed as "polished or rough surfaces," both groups would show

that trait, and the percentage of traits held in common, to the

total number exhibited by both groups, would be higher.

Table II also lists the traits from four other sites in northern

Ohio,15 and one in Ontario, Canada,16 all of which are related to

the sites in western New York. While the Uren site in Ontario

possesses certain traits, such as pitcher mouth lips and diagonal

incised lines, in common with the Ripley site in New York, the

presence of pots with conoidal bases, and cord impression, allies it

in part with the Woodlands pattern. In one detail of pottery design

the Uren site shows a marked relationship to the Reeve site in

northern Ohio,17 namely, the abundance of wide bands of hori-

zontal incised lines on the necks of vessels. Other important

traits possessed in common by these two sites, situated on opposite

sides of Lake Erie, are as follows: Awls made of the dewclaws

of deer, combs of bone or antler, bird-bone flutes, shallow mortar-

like sandstone hones, notched stone pendants, unfinished stone

 

10 Cole and Deuel, "Rediscovering Illinois," Appendix, Table 2.

11 Ritchie, "Prehistoric Fortified Village," 3.

12 Ibid.

13 Arthur C. Parker, "The Ripley Erie Site," The Archaeological History of New

York, New York State Museum Bulletin (Albany), Nos. 235/236 (1920), 246-306.

14 M. R. Harrington, "A Midcolonial Seneca Site [Silverheels] in Erie County,"

The Archaeological History of New York, New York State Museum Bulletin, Nos.

235/236, p. 207-37.

15 Greenman, "Reeve," 2-64; Emerson F. Greenman, "Seven Prehistoric Sites in

Northern Ohio," Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLIV, 220-37.

16 W. J. Wintemberg, "Uren Prehistoric Village Site, Oxford County, Ontario,"

Canada Department of Mines, National Museum of Canada, Bulletin, No. 51: Anthro-

pological Series (Ottawa), No. 10 (1928).

17 Greenman, "Reeve," 2-64.

• 46
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES                       351

pipe bowls, ash beds, representation of the human face by three

dots at lips of vessels, and possibly the pitcher mouth type of

lip on vessels. The latter is common at the Uren site, and one

shard from the Reeve site, angular in vertical plane,¹⁸ is either a

pitcher mouth or part of a square-mouthed vessel, although the

distinctive feature does not show in the illustration, nor is men-

tion of it made in that report.

The six sites in northern Ohio listed in Table II constitute

the Iroquois aspect of the Upper Mississippi phase. Since it

cannot be demonstrated that they were occupied either by the Erie

or Seneca, to which the Ripley and Silverheels sites are respec-

tively ascribed by Parker19 and Harrington,²⁰ they may be placed

in a separate focus, the Whittlesey focus.²1 Twelve miles south

of the Reeve site, at Chagrin Falls in Cuyahoga County, is

another site which probably belongs in the Whittlesey focus.

Shards from this site, bearing the crimped pattern, and diagonal

incised lines, are very close in appearance to those from the

Reeve site.²²

In Table II (pages 357-366) the exact character of certain

traits does not appear in the terms that have been applied to them.

Footnotes for these traits have been supplied, referring to the

published reports of the sites.

 

Appendix: Classification of Pottery Designs.

Tuttle Hill.

Rim Shards

1.    Plain.

1.1 Without handles or knobs.

21, grit.

1 entire pot, Fig. 34, left.

1 entire pot, Fig. 34, right.

1 entire pot, Fig. 32, right.

Four shards have scallops, and one has short

oval indentations at neck.

11, shell.

 

18 Greenman "Seven Prehistoric Sites," Fig. 32, B.

19 Parker, "Ripley," 271-6.

20 Harrington, "Seneca Site [Silverheels]," 236-7.

21 From the name of Charles Whittlesey, who was the first to survey and publish

the details of many of the sites of the Iroquois aspect in northern Ohio.

22 This information was contributed by Dr. James B. Griffin. The material is in

the United States National Museum at Washington, catalogue numbers 27741-27760. In

addition to the pottery there are bird leg-bone beads, cylindrical bone or antler flint-

chipping implements, stone net sinkers, and celts.

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352    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

1.2 With knobs.

8, shell. Fig. 39, D. This pot had at least two

knobs at lip, projecting about 1cm. One shard

has a notched lip.

1.3  With handles.

1, grit. Handle flat in cross section.

1.4 With lugs.

1, shell. Fig. 39. An indentation at middle of

lug.

1.5 With collars.

11, grit. Fig. 39, B, C. One has scallops on lip.

Another shard originally had a handle 3mm.

wide, with vertical grooves at the top, and two

scallops.

2.    Notches in lip, without other embellishment.

2.1 Notches in outer edge.

1, grit.

2.2 Notches extending width of lip.

3, grit. Fig. 39, E. On two shards the notches

are diagonal and have transverse ridges in them,

and one of these (in the illustration) has a

pointed scallop. On the remaining shard the

notches are diagonal, and V-shaped in cross

section.

3. Horizontal incised lines.

3.1 Without other embellishment.

1, grit. Fig. 36, A.

5. Diagonal and horizontal incised lines.

5.4 With punctate rows.

1, grit. Fig. 36, D. The incised lines were

made by an alternately reversed movement.

6. Diagonal incised lines, parallel.

6.1 Lip unnotched.

3, grit. Fig. 36, B, C, D. On one the lines lie

between the edge of the lip and the bottom of the

collar.

6.22 Notches across lip.

1, grit. Fig. 36, F. Notches are at an angle.

7. Diagonal lines, incised in parallel groups at angles.

7.1 Lips unnotched.

2, grit. Fig. 36, G. Both shards from same

pot. The lines were probably punched rather

than incised.

8. Crimped pattern without incised lines.

8.1 Crimping in a ridge of clay which has been added to rim

just below lip.

105, grit. Fig. 38, A-E, F-H, I.

1, entire pot. Fig. 32 left. With handles.

50, shell. Three shards are from same pot.

2, shell and grit.

9.2 Diagonal incised lines with crimped pattern.

9.21 Without horizontal lines.

1, grit. A group of five diagonal parallel lines

from shoulder to crimping.

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES                      353

 

10. Rim shards with crimped pattern fallen off.

6, grit.

3, shell.

12. With punctate rows.

12.1  No other embellishment.

3, grit. Fig. 37, A.

12.2 Notches in lip.

2, grit. Fig. 37, B.

12.3  Collared.

5, grit. Fig. 37, C.

13. Stamped.

6, grit. Fig. 35, A. The shard shown here has

also single punctate marks. Fig. 35, B. Notches

across lip. Fig. 35, C, D. In C there is a double

row of round depressions in the lip, and in D a

single row; D has a wide scallop. Fig. 35, F. A

raised vertical ridge extends 4cm. down from

the point of the scallop, with punctate marks on

its side.

3, shell. Fig. 35, G, H.

Body shards, decorated

1. Parallel lines.

1.1 No other embellishment.

2, grit.

1, shell.

3. Parallel lines in groups at angles.

1, grit. Fig. 35, I.

4. Crimped pattern.

5, grit.

7. Punctate marks.

7.1 No other embellishment.

6, grit.

8. Stamped.

2, shell. Fig. 35, J, K.

1, grit. Fig. 35, E.

9. Horizontal and diagonal lines.

1, grit. Fig. 36, H. Some of the lines are

made by alternately reversing direction of stick

used in incising.

10. With handles.

2, grit. Fig. 35, L. Handle only. Three verti-

cal lines on face, and notches on the sides. The

other shard has a handle 24mm. wide at the

middle portion, and 8mm. thick.

South Park.

Rim shards

1. Plain.

1.1 Without handles or knobs.

17, grit. Fig. 40, A, B. One has a vertical oval

depression at neck.

4, shell.

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354    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

1.2 With knobs.

5, grit. Fig. 40, C, M.

1, shell. Knobs are round, oval or square in this

series, and taper to a rounded point.

1.3 With handles.

1, grit. Handle 26mm. wide.

1.5 With collar.

1, grit. Slight oval depressions between collar

and lip, 5mm. deep.

1.6 With notches in lip.

14, grit.  Fig. 40, C, D.

3, shell.

1.7 With vertical ridge.

1, shell. Ridge at a scallop, slanting notches

on sides of ridge.

2. Notches in lip, without other embellishment.

2.2 Notches extending width of lip.

12, grit. Fig. 40, D. The notches of one shard

have a single longitudinal ridge at the base.

4, shell.

2.4 Notches in lip, reaching to neither edge.

1, shell. The notches are double indentations at

intervals of 3mm. to 4mm.

3. Horizontal incised lines.

3.1 Without other embellishment.

1, shell. Line poorly incised, 1.5mm. wide.

3.3 Horizontal incised lines, punctate elements above lines.

2, shell. Punctate elements on one are made

up of wedge-shaped figures 2mm. deep, extend-

ing into outer edge of lip.

3.4 Horizontal incised lines, punctate elements below lines.

1, grit. The incised lines were made by alter-

nately reversing direction of the instrument

used.

5. Diagonal and horizontal incised lines.

5.1 Without notches or punctate marks.

3, grit. Fig. 41, E. One has a scallop and a

circular knob.

5.3 Short punctate or incised lines, vertical or slanting, just

below lip.

2, grit. Fig. 42, C.

1, shell.

5.41 Diagonal and horizontal lines, with punctate rows.

5, grit. Fig. 41, G. A vertical ridge or post,

beginning 4mm. below lip, has transverse notches

The incised lines are 1mm. to 3mm. wide.

6. Diagonal incised lines, parallel.

6.1 Lip unnotched.

2, grit.

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES                      355

 

7. Diagonal lines, incised, in parallel groups at an angle.

7.1 Lip unnotched.

4, grit. Fig. 41, J. There are rows of punctate

elements below the incised lines on two shards.

1, shell. Fig. 41, M. Lip scalloped. Punctate

marks just below the scallop in a group of four.

7.2 Lip notched.

1, grit. Fig. 41, K.

1 entire pot, shell. Fig. 33. Incised lines very

shallow, and smoothed over.

8. Crimped pattern, without incised lines.

8.1 Crimping in a ridge of clay added to rim just below lip.

239, grit. Lip scalloped, forty-nine shards. Lips

notched, nineteen shards. Large oval shallow

depressions at neck, twenty-five shards. Small

oval depressions between lip and crimping, four

shards. Handles, eight shards. On three there

are vertical lines or grooves just above the han-

dles. Stamped short lines above crimping, twelve

shards.  Impressions  below   crimping, three

shards (Fig. 42, B, C). On one shard the

crimped pattern is formed by a series of knobs,

circular, round-pointed, 12mm. diameter at base,

7mm. to 8mm. high, lcm. apart.

73, shell.  Lip  scalloped, nine  shards.  Lips

notched, seven shards. Large oval shallow de-

pressions at neck, two shards. Small oval de-

pressions between lip and crimping, three shards.

Handles, four shards. On three there are verti-

cal lines or grooves just above the handles.

Stamped short lines above crimping, three shards.

8.2 Crimping in outer edge of lip. Thickness of shard at

lip slightly more than below lip.

2, grit.  Vertical irregular depressions below

crimping on both shards.

9.22 Crimped pattern with incised diagonal and hori-

zontal lines.

1, grit. Fig. 42, J. Row of ovoid punctate marks

above crimping, just below an incised line 2mm.

from lip edge.

12.1 With punctate rows (no other embellishment).

1, grit. Fig. 41, D. Two horizontal rows of

stamped short lines just below lip, and other

similar rows in curved lines at neck and below.

12.21  Notches in lip, punctate rows on outer surface.

8, grit. Fig. 40, G, and 41, B. G has an area

1cm. wide which is raised 1.4cm. above the gen-

eral surface.

5, shell. Fig. 40, E, H. H has a large lug

projecting from the lip, 1.5cm. wide.

• 51
 

356    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

 

13. Stamped.

6, grit. Fig. 40, K, L; Fig. 41, A, C. Two

shards (Fig. 40, K, L) have vertical ridges, that

of the latter being at a broad scallop with a

notch at its apex. Both ridges bear transverse

notches. One shard, part of the same vessel as

Fig. 41, A, has a wide scallop. Fig. 41, C, has

a collar decorated with diagonal stamped short

lines.

 

Body shards, decorated

1. Parallel lines (no other embellishment).

1, grit.

1, shell.

2.1 Parallel lines with punctate rows (no other embellish-

ment).

1, grit. Round punctate marks 4mm. apart be-

tween two parallel lines.

3, shell.

3.1  Parallel lines in groups at oblique angles to one another.

4, grit. Fig. 41, H, I, L.

1, shell.

3.2 Parallel lines in groups at right angle to one another.

1, grit.  Diagonal lines, both groups.   This

shard also bears a row of short lines, stamped or

incised, similar to those in Fig. 41, B, but

straight, not curved lines.

7.1 Punctate marks (no other embellishment).

6, grit. The marks are irregularly round and

triangular. One has a knob, and another has a

handle, flat in cross section.

1, shell.

• 52
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES            357

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358   OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES            359

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360  OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

• 56
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES             361

• 57
 

362   OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

• 58
 

TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES            363

• 59
 

364  OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

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TWO PREHISTORIC VILLAGES             365

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366  OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

• 62