OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY OF THE PERIOD,
1835-1858*
SOME BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND RESEARCH AIDS
TO
AMERICAN MEDICAL HISTORY
By PHILIP
D. JORDAN, PH.D.
The history of medicine in the United
States is a relatively
recent field of investigation.1 Historians
and scientists too long
ignored the fertile field of the
progress of medical and surgical
practice in this Nation. If the scholar concerned himself at all
with the advance of medicine and its
auxiliary disciplines, he
usually turned his attention to a study
of technique as applied to
a specific disease, or to a definite,
and sometimes baffling problem
in diagnosis. The nineteenth century,
however, saw the historians
become interested in the history of
medicine as an aid to an under-
standing of the social environment. At
the same time many prac-
tising physicians became aware of the
lure of this type of research
not only as an avocation, but also as a
highly important contribu-
tion to scientific knowledge.
Both the professional historian and
physician, in too many
instances, are unaware of the variety of
bibliographical and re-
search aids serving as tools for the
guidance of those interested
in preparing an academic monograph or a
popular paper in the
general field of American medical
history. In addition, many
scholars are unaware of the vast amount
of source materials
available.
Aids to research in medical history may
be divided into eight
* The eight papers under this heading
were read before the third annual meeting
of the Committee on Archives and Medical
History of the Ohio State Archaeological
and Historical Society, at the Ohio
History Conference, 1941, in the Society's Library,
Ohio State Museum, Columbus, April 4,
1941, Jonathan Forman, M. D., chairman.
This is the second group of papers to
appear covering this period, the first having
been issued in this periodical a year
ago (XLIX, 315-397). See volume XLVIII (1939),
pages 181-256, for the first group of
papers in this general series, covering Ohio
medical history for the period,
1788-1835.
1 I am indebted to the following for
many suggestions and aids: Professor E. W.
King, Miami University Library;
Professor C. R. Hall, Adelphi College, Garden City,
New York; and Miss Lillian Kessler,
State director, Ohio Historical Records Survey,
Columbus.
(305)
306 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
categories: (1) catalogues and indices;
(2) printed histories; (3)
Federal bibliographical and imprint
aids; (4) published docu-
mentary and manuscript materials; (5)
newspapers and non-
scientific periodicals; (6) historical
and scientific journals; (7)
private papers; and (8) biographical and
historical dictionaries.
1. Catalogues and Indices. Four
problems present themselves
to the researcher in quest of specific
information: What do I
want? How may I locate this material?
Where is this material
deposited? How may I gain access to it?
For those historians
engaged in writing medical history,
there are available certain
catalogues and indices which may guide
them to almost any book
printed in the United States from 1639 until the present. A
working knowledge of these national
bibliographies and specialized
lists will save many hours.
Joseph Sabin's Dictionary of Books,2
a set of twenty-nine
volumes, covers the period from the
discovery of America until
1892.
Books printed about America, as well as in America, are
listed. Each entry includes author's
full name, title, imprint, col-
lation, contents and bibliographical
notes, references to reviews
and, when possible, library
location. Charles Evans' American
Bibliography3 is a chronological dictionary of all books, pamphlets
and other periodical publications
printed in the United States from
the beginning of printing in the United
States in 1639 down to and
including the year 1820. Each item
listed contains the author's full
name, dates of birth and death, full
title, imprint, paging, size and,
when possible, library location. Orville
Augustus Roorbach's Bib-
liotheca Americana4 covers the years 1820 to 1861, and James
Kelly's American Catalogue,5 covering
the period 1861-1871, is
especially useful for its list of Civil
War pamphlets, sermons, ad-
dresses, and for its list of society
publications. Publisher's Weekly
(New York), of course, began publication
in 1872 and is con-
tinuing today. And Frederick Leypold's American
Catalogue of
2 Joseph Sabin, Dictionary of Books Relating to
America, from Its Discovery to
the Present Time. New York, Bibliographical Society of America, 1868-1936. 29v.
3 Charles Evans, American
Bibliography. Chicago, Privately printed for the
author by the Columbia Press, 1903-34. 12v.
4 O.
A. Roorbach, Bibliotheca Americana, 1820-1861. New York, Roorbach,
1852-61. 4v.
5 James Kelly, American Catalogue of
Books Published in the United States
from January, 1861, to January, 1871. New York, Wiley, 1866-71. 2v.
`
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY, 1835-1858 307
Books (New York, Publishers' Weekly, 1876-1910. 9v.) over-
laps for the period from 1876 to 191O.
In these six sets, then, the
researcher is likely to locate any
volume, pamphlet, sermon, or
society publication (with the exception
of the fields covered by
the American Imprints Inventory) which
is indicated for his field
of learning.
Special catalogues, devoted to medicine
and its allied subjects,
although not numerous, nevertheless are
significant and of great
service to the physician engaged in
research. First among these
is the great Index-catalogue6 of
the Surgeon-general's Office in
Washington. This collection of fifty-two
huge volumes began
publication in 1880 and is still being
issued at the rate of about
one volume per year. It is the key to
one of the greatest collec-
tions of medical and scientific
literature in the world. The cata-
logue includes both authors and
subjects, the names being arranged
in dictionary order in a single
alphabet. Under the subject head-
ings are included the titles of original
articles in the medical
journals and transactions contained in
the Library of the Surgeon-
general. The first volume, published in
1880, to indicate the mag-
nitude of the work, contains 9,090
author titles, representing 8,031
volumes and 6,398 pamphlets. It also
includes 9,000 subject titles
of separate books and pamphlets and
34,604 titles of articles in
periodicals. When we consider that
fifty-two volumes in this
series already have been published, we
can see its great usefulness.
Not only is there here a wealth of
material, competently arranged,
but also it is a work easy to manage. No
researcher in medical
history can afford to neglect the
treasures listed therein.
The Index Medicus, a classified
index of the current medical
literature of the world, is another
handy reference tool for the
researcher. The present index is the
result of a merger of two
indices. From 1903 to 1927 the Index
Medicus was published
with the support of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington. From
1916 to 1927, the American Medical Association published the
Quarterly Cumulative Index to Current
Medical Literature. In
6 Index-Catalogue of the Library
of the Surgeon-general's Office, United States
Army. [1st series.] Washington, D. C., Government
Printing Office, 1880-95. 16v;
2nd series. 1896-1915. 21v.; 3rd
series. 1918-32. 10v.; 4th series. 1936-40. 5v. The
fourth series is still
being published at the rate of one volume per year.
308
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
1927, these two came together under the
title of the present
Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus, now published by the Amer-
ican Medical Association. The sections
devoted to the history of
medicine are especially strong and
worthy of the attention of the
historian who wishes, for example, to
determine which medical
journals in 1935 published
articles dealing with the early days of
medicine in Indiana, or Pennsylvania, or
Georgia, or Oregon.
For the physician interested in research
in the history of
psychology and cognate subjects, such as
the early treatment of
mental ills, there is in print
thirty-nine volumes of the Psycho-
logical Index,7 covering the period 1894 to 1933. This reference
work includes original publications in
all languages, both books
and periodical articles, together with
translations and new editions
in English, French, German, and Italian.
A classified subject list,
with an alphabetical author index, is
useful. For books the index
gives author, title, place, publisher,
and paging. For magazine
articles are given author, title,
periodical, date, volume and in-
clusive paging. About three thousand
titles each year were listed
and about 350 periodicals were indexed.
In this same connection should be
mentioned James Mark
Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy
and Psychology,8 the only
encyclopedia of the subject in English.
Although now out of
date, nevertheless it is still useful
for many topics and is especially
handy for the historical researcher. The
three volumes contain
concise, signed articles by specialists.
Many special bibliographies
are listed. A special feature is the
inclusion of French, German,
and Italian equivalents of English
terms. The field of historical
investigation in psychology and the
general diagnosis and treat-
ment of mental ills offers a rich source
for the physician who
wishes to do some pioneering work.
No discussion of bibliographical aids to
medical history would
be complete without mention of four of
the great medical libraries
in the United States where scholars have
easy access to a great
7 Psychological Index, 1894-1933, an
Annual Bibliography of the Literature of
Psychology and Cognate Subjects. Princeton, Psychological Review Company, 1894-
1934. 39v.
8 J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of
Philosophy and Psychology. New York, Mac-
millan, 1901-05.
3v. in 4.
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY, 1835-1858
309
store of data. The Army Medical Library,
founded by Surgeon-
general Joseph Lovell in 1836 and given
impetus by Dr. John
Shaw Billings in 1865, now houses more
than 394,000 volumes
and over 558,000 pamphlets. This
national medical library makes
possible, by inter-library loan, the
borrowing of material by the
physician and researcher. The Library of
the New York Academy
of Medicine, organized in 1846 and 1847,
probably contains the
second largest collection of items, many
of which are of value to
the medical historian. Next comes the
Library of the College of
Physicians of Philadelphia, established
in 1788 and therefore the
oldest medical library in the United
States. Here every effort is
made to aid the researcher. Special
indices help in locating ma-
terials, and photostatic reproductions
make working with rare
materials easy. The Library of the
Medical Society of the County
of Kings and the Academy of Medicine of
Brooklyn came to life
in 1844 and today is rich in historical
and biographical medical ma-
terial. Finally, the Boston Medical
Library, established in 1875,
and stimulated by the labors of Dr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, is the
home, not only of a splendid general
collection, but also of special
collections of great interest. Early
manuscripts relating to Yiddish,
Hebrew, Latin, and Arabic medicine are
most significant, as are
the materials relating to the medical
activities of Dr. Holmes.
Truly, no historian of the history of
medicine can afford to ignore
these four treasuries when searching for
materials. Of further
aid to those who wish to find the name
and location of libraries
with special collections pertaining to
the history of medicine, as
well as to medicine in general, is
Ernest Cushing Richardson's
An Index Directory to Special
Collections in North American
Libraries.9 This volume is indexed by localities, so that if one
wished to know, for example, those
libraries in Ohio especially
interested in medical literature, he
need only to turn to the state
name and there rapidly find the needed
data. The guide is also
indexed according to alphabetized
subjects. Under the heading
"medicine" there are
enumerated two and a quarter pages of
libraries especially devoted to this
field.
9 E.
C. Richardson, An Index Directory to Special Collections in North American
Libraries. Yardley, Pa., F. S. Cook, 1927.
310 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL
AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
Finally, the physician must not ignore
the many catalogues
of booksellers who specialize in medical
literature and history. In
such book catalogues are found many a
rare item and much of
general interest.10
2. Printed Histories. Most physicians are acquainted with the
many histories of medicine available
today, but it might be well
to mention again the outstanding
contributions. Chief among the
histories containing vast quantities of
source materials is The
Medical and Surgical History of the
War of the Rebellion.11 This
enterprise was a pioneering feat in the
United States. Only two
other great medical histories of
military campaigns had previously
been published by any nation. One of
these was the Medical and
Surgical History of the British Army (London, 1858), a publica-
tion setting forth medical practices of
the British Army which
served in Turkey and Crimea during the
war against Russia in
1854 to 1856. The other was the Medico-Chirugical
Report by
Dr. J. C. Chenu which dealt with the
Crimean campaign and which
was published by the French Government
in 1865.
The thirteen-volume medical and surgical
history of the Civil
War offers a wealth of unexplored
materials. In the first year of
the war, it became evident that the
forms of return of sick and
wounded, then in use, were insufficient.
Therefore, on May 21,
1861, the Surgeon-general took measures
to secure more detailed
and exact reports. Such action was
accomplished by a series of
general orders issued by the War
Department and circular letters
sent from the Surgeon-general's Office.
Surgeons in the field were
urged to report in detail. They were to
give particular attention
to the following points: The morale and sanitary conditions of
the troops; condition and amount of
medical and hospital supplies,
tents, ambulances, etc.; the points at
or near the field where the
10 Among the American dealers
specializing or offering items in medical history
are: Goodspeed's Book Shop, Inc., 18
Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.; Schuman's,
730 Fifth Avenue, New York City; Argosy
Book Store, 114 East 59th Street, New
York City; Old Hickory Bookshop, 65
Fifth Ave., New York City; C. A. Stonehill, Inc.,
262 York Street, New Haven, Conn.; Login
Bros., 1814 W. Harrison Street, Chicago;
Peabody Book Shop, Inc., 1828 East
Monument Street, Baltimore, Md.; Ohio Book
Store, 544 Main Street, Cincinnati;
Midland Rare Book Company, 20 North Foster
Street, Mansfield, Ohio. One of the
better English dealers is Raphael King, Ltd., 28
Museum Street, London, W. C. 1, England.
11 J. K. Barnes, ed., The Medical and Surgical History of
the War of the Re-
bellion. Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1870-88.
13v.
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY, 1835-1858 311
wounded were treated; degree of exposure
of wounded to wet,
cold, or heat; adequacy of supplies of
water, food, stimulants;
mode of removal of wounded from field to
field hospitals; to what
general hospitals the wounded were
transferred, by what means,
and where; and the character and
duration of the action and the
nature of wounds received. Upon the
basis of these and similar
reports was compiled the great medical
and surgical history of the
war. This medical history is not only
valuable because of the
insight it gives to military surgery and
medicine, but also because,
to some degree, the techniques and
treatments used in the field
and in the hospitals mirrored well the
civil practices engaged in
by military surgeons in private practice
before they entered the
army as regular, or volunteer, surgeons.
This series, then, may
well be considered one of the great
sources for nineteenth century
medical practice in the United States.
Two supplementary volumes also are of
much use. The Cata-
logue of the Surgical Section of the
United States Army Medical
Museum12 and the Catalogue of the Medical Section of the
United
States Army Medical Museum13 offer the
medical historian a
wealth of clinical data in reference to
diagnosis, to the treatment
of disease, and to pathological
findings.14
In this connection must be mentioned
also the Surgical Mem-
oirs of the Rebellion,15 issued by the United States Sanitary Com-
mission. The original papers of this
commission now are housed
in the New York Public Library. They
form an invaluable source
of information concerning nineteenth
century medical practice.
Turning from the history of military
medicine to histories of
medicine in general, we find three works
bearing government im-
12 A. A. Woodhull, Catalogue of the
Surgical Section of the United States Army
Medical Museum. Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1866.
13 J. J. Woodward, Catalogue of the
Medical Section of the United States Army
Medical Museum. Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1867.
14 See p. 57 for typical example: ". . . portion of ileum, taken from
its middle
with two thickened Peyer's patches,
presenting a well-marked ulceration in each. This
specimen was taken from the body of
Private M. K., I Company, 32d New York, age
24, Irish. Admitted August 10th, 1862.
Diagnosis-typhoid fever. Died August 11th.
Autopsy findings: Body presented a
vigorous appearance, with but slight emaciation;
right lung exhibited old pleuritic
adhesions; liver cirrhosed, much enlarged of a yel-
lowish brown, and coarsely granular, the
granules being about the size of peppercorn;
spleen enlarged, being nine by five and
a half by two and a half inches, but of natural
color and consistence; mucous membrane
of ileum reddened, and it's lower Peyer's
patches much thickened and
ulcerated."
15 United States Sanitary Commission, Surgical
Memoirs of the Rebellion. New
York, Hurd and Houghton, 1871.
312 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL
AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
prints which are worth examination.
Billings wrote a stimulating
short account of American inventions in
the fields of medicine,
surgery, and practical sanitation.16
In 1874, J. M. Toner pub-
lished his contributions to the annals
of medical progress,17 and,
three years later, appeared N. S. Davis'
account of the history of
medical education and medical
institutions in the United States
for the period 1776 to 1876.18
In 1876, E. H. Clarke and others
published one of the general
accounts of medicine under the title A
Century of American
Medicine,19 and in 1889 there appeared one of the volumes upon
which the medical historian leans
heavily, Outlines of the History
of Medicine and the Medical Profession.20
Among the more recent -- and
standardized volumes -- are
Fielding H. Garrison's excellent
introduction21 and Francis R.
Packard's History of Medicine in the
United States.22 Richard
H. Shryock's Development of Modern
Medicine23 is well worth
space in any physician's library for its
general background and
excellent delineation of the public
health movement. And a mag-
nificent volume, appearing in English in
America for the first time
this year is Arturo Castiglioni's A
History of Medicine.24 This
Italian scholar, formerly of the
University of Padua and now a
member of the faculty of Yale
University, carries the narrative
from the origins of medicine among
primitive peoples to the
twentieth century. The bibliography is
excellent.
3. Federal Bibliographical and
Imprint Aids. The Federal
16 J. S. Billings, "American
Inventions and Discoveries in Medicine Surgery,
and Practical Sanitation,"
Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, 1892. Washington,
D. C., Government Printing Office, 1893,
p. 613-19. An address on the occasion of the
centennial celebration of the
organization of the United States Patent Office, delivered
in Washington.
17 J.
M. Toner, Contributions to the Annals of Medical Progress in the United
States, and Medical Education in the
United States before and during the War of
Independence. Washington, D. C., United States Bureau of Education,
1874.
18 N.
S. Davis, Contributions to the History of Medical Education and Medical
Institutions in the United States, 1776-1876. Washington, D. C., United States Bureau
of Education, 1877.
19 E. H. Clarke, et al., A Century of
American Medicine. Philadelphia, Lea, 1876.
20 J. H. Bass, Outlines of the
History of Medicine and the Medical Profession.
New York, Vail, 1889.
21 F. H. Garrison, Introduction
to the History of Medicine. 4th ed. rev. and enl.
Philadelphia, Saunders, 1929.
22 F. R. Packard, History of Medicine
in the United States. New York, P. B.
Hoeber, 1931. 2v.
23 R. H. Shyrock, The Development of
Modern Medicine. Philadelphia, University
of Pennsylvania Press, 1936.
24 Arturo
Castiglioni, A History of Medicine. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1941.
Translated from the Italian and edited
by E. B. Krumbhaar.
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY, 1835-1858 313
Government, during the administrations
of Franklin D. Roosevelt,
has undertaken several projects
calculated to be of aid to the
researcher. In addition, there has been
general interest in the
preservation, cataloguing, and making
available archival materials
for the use of future generations of
scholars.
First among these is the National
Archives, established by an
act of Congress and approved June 19,
1934. This act created a
public records office designed primarily
to serve officials and the
American public by preserving the
records of the Government of
the United States and making them
available for use. The Na-
tional Archives is equipped to provide
photostats, photographs, or
microfilm copies of documents to
investigators as may be required.
In addition, scholars who wish to work
in the National Archives
building in Washington are accorded
every courtesy.
In the collections of the National
Archives are housed ma-
terials of immense value to the medical
historian. Most of this
information has not been tilled and
offers a fertile field for the
physician who wishes to do some
pioneering research. For ex-
ample, there are available for
investigation the medical histories
of military posts, registers of physical
examinations of recruits,
reports of sick and wounded, and other
medical records of the
regular army prior to 1894, and of the
volunteer armies from 1846
to 1912.25
In addition, there are the
correspondence, reports, personnel
registers, circulars, and other records
for the period 1818 to 1894,
including the records of the property
division for the years 1873
to 1889. Here also are gathered the
returns of the hospital corps
covering the period 1887 to 1917,
of the enlisted force of the
medical department, 1917 to 1926, the registers
of hospital stew-
ards, 1837 to 1887, and miscellaneous
statistical and personnel
records for the years 1870 to 1903. A further
source of infor-
mation is the collection of correspondence,
contracts, shipping
orders, accounts, and other records
pertaining to the procurement
25 U. S. National Archives, Fifth
Annual Report of the Archivist of the United
States (Washington, D. C., 1939), 73.
314
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
and distribution of medical and hospital
supplies for the period
1822 to 1921.26
The medicine and surgery bureau of the
Department of the
Navy is represented by about 600 volumes
of original letters
received and copies of letters sent
which appear to be routine for
the period covered. Some of this
material contains considerable
information concerning diseases and
their treatment. A chrono-
logical list of the volumes is
available, and many of the volumes
are indexed.27
A second Federal project is the
Historical Records Survey,
an activity of the Women's and
Professional Projects Division of
the Work Projects Administration. Under
the auspices of the
Historical Records Survey was set up the
American Imprints In-
ventory. This is a Nation-wide inventory
of American printed
materials within certain specified date
limits. These date limits
extended through 1820 for the states
along the Atlantic Seaboard,
through 1840 for the states such as Ohio
and Kentucky, through
1850 for the states such as Wisconsin
and Missouri, through 1876
for the states along the Pacific
Seaboard, and through 1890 for
certain states of the Rocky Mountain
regions and the Western
Plains. Later, the date limits
originally established were revised
upward to include all imprints to the
year 1876, the year in which
Leypoldt's American Catalogue first
appeared.28
To date, about fifteen volumes listing
imprints have been
published. An examination of these by
the medical historian will
bring to light abundant materials. The
admirable feature of these
check-lists is that they locate copies
in libraries and even personal
collections. All are indexed. One or two
examples will illustrate
the nature of the material of interest
to the physician engaged in
medical research.
A casual examination of the imprint
volumes devoted to Ken-
tucky and Alabama turns up such
fascinating and important titles
as Jabez Wiggins Heustis' Medical
Facts and Inquiries Respecting
26 U. S. National Archives, Guide to
the Material in the National Archives
(Washington, D. C., 1940), 267.
27
U. S. National Archives, Third Annual Report of the Archivist of the
United
States (Washington, D. C., 1938), 132.
28 American Imprints Inventory, Manual
of Procedure (Chicago, 1939), 5.
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY, 1835-1858 315
the Causes, Nature, Prevention and
Cure of Fever, a little volume
published in 1825 which gives insight
especially into the endemic
fevers of the summer and autumn seasons
in the Southern States.
Copies are located in libraries from
California to Washington,
D. C., including one copy at the
Cleveland Medical Library.29 The
Rules of Eitquette, Rate of Charges
and Fee-Bill of the Mobile
Medical Profession, published in Mobile, Alabama, in 1838, offers
information of significance.30 A copy
may be found only in the
Surgeon-general's Office.
The Kentucky imprints list turns up such
titles as Samuel K.
Jennings' A Plain, Elementary
Explanation of the Nature and
Cure of Disease, published in Frankfort in 1816, and "predicated
upon facts and experiences presenting a
view of that train of
thinking which led to the invention of
the patent, portable warm
and hot bath." Apparently, the only copy is in the library
of a
private collector.31
The Ohio volume of this inventory is not
as yet in print, but
the typescript indicates that one of the
earliest Ohio medical im-
prints was published in Zanesville. It
is hoped that this volume
will be ready by the summer of 1941. Despite this
fact, however,
the physician should not ignore the
wealth of materials in the other
volumes already published.
The work of the Ohio Historical Records
Survey, a Work
Projects Administration project, should
not be overlooked. Two
series, the inventories of the county archives
of Ohio, and the
inventories of the municipal archives of
Ohio, are priceless guides
to certain data in medical history.
Of particular interest, in the Inventory
of the County Ar-
chives of Ohio, are the sections devoted to the office of coroner,
to the board of health, and to the
county commissioners. The
journals of the county commissioners
sometimes contain resolu-
tions pertaining to health, and in these
are found also reports of
county hospitals, sanitariums, and old
folks' homes.
29 American Imprints Inventory, Check
List of Alabama Imprints (Birmingham,
1939), item 75.
30 Ibid., item 288.
31 American Imprints Inventory, Check
List of Kentucky Imprints, 1811-1820
(Louisville, 1939), item 600.
316 OHIO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
Vital statistics may be found in the
records of the probate
court on a voluntary basis for the
period 1867 to 1908. For the
period from 1908 to 1920, vital statistics were kept in local munici-
palities, villages, and townships, but
are not necessarily complete.
In 1920, a State law was enacted creating county boards of
health,
one of whose duties was to keep a
complete record of all vital
statistics. Prior to 1908 vital statistics probably may be best
located in local church records and
archives.
In the Inventory of Municipal
Archives of Ohio, such as that
being compiled and published for
Cleveland, may be found the
records of the departments of health and
welfare. And here also
are included references to the annual
reports of hospital commis-
sioners, of the police surgeon, and of
the workhouse physician.
It must be emphasized that these
inventories do not reprint
vital statistics or reports, but guide
the researcher to these docu-
ments.32
Another vital aid which began in 1934 as
a Work Projects
Administration project is the Index
to Early American Periodical
Literature for the period 1728
to 1870.33 In general, this project
indexes early American periodicals which
do not appear in either
Poole's Index.
. .1802-1881 (Boston, Houghton, 1891. 2v. Sup-
plements, Jan. 1882-Jan. 1907.
1887-1908. 5v.) or in Reader's
Guide to Periodical Literature, 1900- (New York, Wilson,
1905-).
Now housed in the New York University Library at
Washington Square, this index contains
550,000 cards pertaining
to articles of a general nature alone.
An examination of these
cards for medical materials should turn
up information heretofore
unavailable for examination.
4. Published Documentary and
Manuscript Materials. Two
great collections of official papers of
the colonial period are the
American Archives34 and the Journals of the Continental Con-
gress.35 Each of these is of service to the medical historian.
32 See for example, Ohio Historical
Records Survey, Inventory of the County
Archives of Ohio. No. 24. Fayette
County (Columbus, 1940), passim.
33 A full description of this project
may be found in Index to Early American
Periodical Literature, 1728-1870 (New York, Pamphlet Distributing Company, 1941).
Reprinted from Pamphleteer Monthly (New
York), I (Nov.-Dec., 1940) 7-8.
34 American Archives, 4th series. Washington, D. C., St. Clair and Force,
1837-46.
6v.; 5th series, 1848-53. 3v.
35 U. S. Continental Congress, Journals
of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789.
Washington, D. C., Government Printing
Office, 1904-36. 33v.
OHIO MEDICAL
HISTORY, 1835-1858
317
These may be
supplemented by the American State Papers (Wash-
ington, D. C., Gales
and Seaton, 1832-61. 38V.).
The American
Archives offer a fruitful field for physicians
fascinated by the
colonial period. In these old volumes may be
found data pertaining
to vaccination and inoculation in the Conti-
nental Army;36 to the
smallpox which perhaps threatened soldiers
more severely
than did the enemy;37 to the
establishment and
maintenance of army
hospitals;38 to personal
health and hy-
giene;39 to lists and
requisitions for medical and surgical sup-
plies;40 to the medical
point of view of such men as George
Washington,41 Horatio
Gates,42 and Dr. Benjamin Rush,43 as well
as to lesser figures
who need biographical investigation, such as Dr.
William Burnett,44 Dr. Frederick
Ridgely,45 Dr. Malachi Treat;46
and to rates of pay
and discipline of the Continental Army
surgeon.47
The Journals of the
Continental Congress offer much the
same type of data as
do the American Archives.
In a sense, the
one is a continuation
of the other. Information is found con-
cerning the general
health of the army,48 of
the work of the
military apothecary,49 sick returns,50 regimental and naval sur-
geons,51 and
the wages of nurses.52
The annual reports of
the Commissioner of Patents offer chal-
lenging and relatively
unexplored evidence of the number and
types of
"patent" medicines and surgical instruments registered.
Another useful source
is Reuben Gold Thwaites' Early West-
36 American Archives, 4th series, III, 916.
Application to the New York Congress
for permission to
inoculate for smallpox refused.
37 Ibid. 5th series, I, 401. Connecticut troops deterred from
entering Boston for
fear of smallpox.
38 Ibid., 4th
series, VI, 1572. Report of the Committee on Hospitals.
39 Ibid., 4th
series VI, 593. Reported state of the sick at Sorel.
40 Ibid., 5th
series, I, 1266. Catalogue of medicines necessary for the Army. Ibid.,
4th series, IV, 153. Want of
surgical instruments in the Army.
41 Ibid., 5th series, II, 497. Remarks of General George
Washington on the
appointment of surgeons.
42 Ibid., 5th
series, I, 397. General Horatio Gates cautions against desertions from
the general hospital.
43 Ibid., 4th series, V, 742. Dr. Benjamin Rush appointed joint
director of the
hospital.
44 Ibid., 4th series, VI, 503. Complaints of inattention of Dr.
William Burnett.
45 Ibid., 4th
series, V, 952. Deposition of Dr. Frederick Ridgely.
46 Ibid., 4th series, V, 307. Doctor Malachi
Treat's report on the hospital.
47 Ibid., 4th series, VI, 1531. More pay was allowed to surgeons
in Virginia.
48 Journals of the
Continental Congress, VII, 193.
49 Ibid., II, 210.
50 Ibid., VI,
965.
51 Ibid., VII, 197, 289; naval, VIII, 554.
52 Journals of the
Continental Congress, VI, 858.
318 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
ern Travels,53 a series of thirty-two volumes covering the period
from 1748 to 1848, which reprints travel
accounts in the Middle
and Far West. In this set a page and a
quarter of index is
devoted to frontier diseases alone, a
quarter of a page is given
over to the topic
"physicians," and other references may be found
under their specific headings, such as
"medicinal plants." Alto-
gether this is one of the best sources
for medical practice upon
the American frontier. The Jesuit Relations,54 for those
fasci-
nated by the travels and explorations of
the Jesuit missionaries in
New France during the period from 161O
to 1791, are abundant
in medical lore as pertaining especially
to the Indians. The Jesuits,
such as Father Jean de Brebeuf, Father
Ennemond Masse, and
Father Jerome Lalemant, noted the
illnesses of the Iroquois and
Algonquians. The scholar may find
abundant references to dis-
ease, epidemics, fevers, smallpox,
scurvy, and remedies. It is to
be hoped that someone will do a study of
health conditions and
medical practice for this early French
colonization experiment in
the New World. Both the Early Western
Travels and The Jesuit
Relations have comprehensive index volumes.
Still another mine of information which
must be considered
with the two distinguished works
previously mentioned is the
eight-volume set of the original
journals of the Lewis and Clark
expedition from 1804 to 1806 into the
Louisiana Purchase.55
These day-by-day entries not only offer
a glimpse of expeditionary
medicine and surgery in the early
nineteenth century, but also
indicate a frontier pharmacopeia. It is interesting to note that
Lewis and Clark carried with them two
medical chests containing
a pharmacy of forty-eight items. All
were purchased from the
supply house of Gillaspy and Strong. The
total cost amounted
to $90.69. The list included such
well-known drugs as calomel,
53 R. G. Thwaites, ed., Early Western
Travels, 1748-1846, a Series of Annotated
Reprints of Some of the Best and
Rarest Contemporary Volumes of Travel, Descrip-
tive of the Aborigines and Social and
Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far
West, during the Period of Early
American Settlement. Cleveland, A. H.
Clark,
1904-07. 32v.
54 R. G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit
Relatios and Allied Documents; Travel and
Explorations of the Jesuit
Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791; the Original French,
Latin, and Italian Texts, with
English Translations and Notes. Cleveland,
Burrows
Brothers, 1896-1901. 73v.
55 R. G. Thwaites, ed., Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition, 1804-
1806. New
York, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1904. 8v.
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY, 1835-1858 319
gum camphor, magnesia and laudanum, as
well as pocket sets of
surgical and dental instruments.
The published collections of various
historical societies fre-
quently include source materials of
value to the medical historian.
One example may be cited. In 1926 and
1927, the New York
Historical Society issued two volumes of
the papers of the Lloyd
Family of Lloyd's Neck, New York. These
documents cover the
period from 1654 to 1826. In them one finds reference to medical
treatment for dropsy, rheumatism, and
throat "distemper."
Bleed-
ing is mentioned, as are inoculation
against smallpox and tooth
extraction. A standardized
prescription of the period 1760 is
given in full.56 In another
publication by the same society, the
following illuminating advertisement may
be found:
Surgery.--To be Sold, Heister's Surgery,
the whole illustrated with
thirty-eight Copper plates, exhibiting
all the Operations, Instruments, Band-
ages, and Improvements, according to the
modern and most approved
Practice; Sharpe's Surgery, Smellie's
Midwifery, Capital Instruments, in
Cases, one lin'd with green Velvet, the
other with Bays, the best were made
by Stanton, all new; likewise a large
Medicinal Chest fitted with large and
small square Bottles, Wanting but
Trifles to make it Compleat for
Sea. ...57
Information such as this is rich indeed
for the researcher in
colonial medical history.
5.
Newspapers and Non-scientific Periodicals. If one wishes
to locate files of newspapers and
periodicals, there are available
two accessible sources. Newspapers since
1820 have been recorded
in the Union List of Newspapers,58
edited by Winifred Gregory
under the auspices of the
Bibliographical Society of America.
Miss Gregory has also edited a similar
volume, with supplements,
for the use of those who wish to know in
what libraries or depos-
itories may be found runs of American
periodicals.59 Both of
these aids are of use to the medical
historian. If, however, one
56 Papers of the Lloyd Family of the Manor of Queens Village, Lloyd's Neck,
Long Island, New York, 1654-1826, New-York Historical Society, Collections, LIX-LX.
(New York, 1927), I-II passim.
57 The Arts
and Crafts in New York, 1726-1776, New-York
Historical Society,
Collections, LXIX (New York, 1938), 316-17.
58 Winifred Gregory, ed., American
Newspapers, 1881-1936: a Union List of Files
Available in the United States and
Canada. New York, H. W. Wilson, 1937.
59 Winifred Gregory, ed., Union List of Serials in Libraries of the
United States
and Canada. New York, H. W. Wilson, 1927. Supplement, Jan.
1925-June 1931. 1931;
Supplement, July 1931-Dec. 1932. 1933. A
second edition is in process of compilation.
320 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
wishes to gain ready access to the
history of American magazines
there is in print and generally
available a three-volume work by
Frank Luther Mott.60 Professor
Mott gives a brief description
of each periodical, together with a list
of its editors and other
pertinent information. Here one may
easily locate data concerning
such medical publications as the American
Journal of Obstetrics
and Diseases of Women and Children (New York, 1868-1919), of
the Cincinnati Medical
News (Cincinnati, 1872-91), or of the
first
scientific journal in America, the
quarterly Medical Repository
(New York), issued from 1797 to 1824.61
As the newspaper and the popular, or
literary, magazine are
becoming more and more recognized as
legitimate sources for medi-
cal history, it becomes increasingly
important to search these
papers and journals for professional
"cards," locations of physi-
cians' homes and offices, and even
obituaries of those whose
biographies are being prepared. In the
newspapers and journals
are found abundant references useful for
a study of proprietary
and secret medicines, cosmetics,
apparatus for invalids, and food
preparations. Here also, from time to
time, may be located
satirical verse bearing upon drugs,
doctors, and disease. For
example, the "Ode to the Fever and
Ague" was published in the
New York Mirror for April 4, 1835, and eleven
verses devoted
to calomel were published in the Athenian
at Athens, Alabama, in
March, 1820. Later this poem was set to
music and achieved
wide fame at concerts sung by the
Hutchinson Family, of New
Hampshire. The last verse is worth
hearing:
"And when I have to decline my
breath,
Pray let me die a natural death,
And wish you all a long farewell,
Without a dose of calomel."
Periodicals, such as Century (New
York, 1870-1930), Har-
per's (New York, 1850-), and others, frequently devoted space
to certain aspects of nineteenth-century
American medicine. It is
well, therefore, to be able to locate
quickly runs and files of this
type of material.
60 F. L. Mott, A History of American
Magazines. Cambridge. Mass., Harvard
University Press, 1938. 3v.
61 For sketch of this interesting
medical periodical, see ibid., I, 215.
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY, 1835-1858 321
6. Historical and Scientific
Journals. No literature is more
valuable to the scientific investigator
than the many historical and
scientific journals. In the general
field of Americana four period-
icals may be found useful for medical
history: the American His-
torical Review (New York, 1895-), the Mississippi Valley His-
torical Review (Cedar Rapids, Ia., 1914-), the Journal of South-
ern History (Baton Rouge, 1935-), and the Journal of the
American Military Institute (New York,
1937-). It was in the
first of these that Shryock, of the
University of Pennsylvania,
published his pioneering article
indicating the relationship between
medical sources and social history.62 Medical historians owe a
debt of gratitude to Professor R.
Carlyle Buley, of the University
of Indiana, for his able delineation of
medical practices in the
Northwest Territory prior to 1840. Buley's article
appeared in
the Mississippi Valley Historical
Review.63 Two scholars
from
below the Mason and Dixon line
contributed a study to the
Journal of Southern History on the work of southern women
among the sick and wounded of the
Confederate armies.64 Pro-
fessor Robert Courtney Hall, of Adelphi
College, has published a
distinguished interpretation of the
relations between the medical
department and Confederate war
operations in the Journal of the
American Military History Foundation.65 These examples, chosen
almost at random, indicate the
significance of publications such as
those indicated above.
A second group of historical journals is
that published by
state historical societies, such as the
excellently edited Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical
Quarterly (Columbus, 1887-).
Minnesota History (St. Paul, 1915-), the Indiana Magazine of
History (Indianapolis, 1905-), and the Michigan History
Maga-
zine (Lansing, 1917-), to mention but three, should be known
to the student of medical history. Dr.
Earl E. Kleinschmidt, of
Loyola University, recently has
published an excellent article de-
62 R.
H. Shryock, "Medical Sources and the Social Historian," American
His-
torical Review, XLI (1936), 458.
63 R. C. Buley, "Pioneer Health and
Medical Practices in the Old Northwest
prior to 1840," Misssisippi
Valley Historical Review, XX (1934), 497.
64 F. B. Simkins and J. W. Patton,
"The Work of Southern Women among the
Sick and Wounded of the Confederate
Armies," Journal of Southern History, I
(1935), 475.
65 C. R. Hall, "The Influence of
the Medical Department upon Confederate War
Operations," American Military
History Foundation, Journal (Now the American
Military Institute, Journal), I
(1937), 46.
322
OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
scribing prevailing diseases and
hygienic conditions in early
Michigan.66
The various state and county medical
periodicals such as the
Ohio State Medical Journal (Columbus,
1905-)
with its
monthly "Historian's
Notebook," so ably kept by Dr. David A.
Tucker, Jr., offers evidence which
cannot be ignored. Minnesota
Medicine (St. Paul, 1917), for example, sometimes carries ar-
ticles of interest, such as "The
Background for Medical History
for Northwestern Minnesota and the Lake
Superior Region."67
And certainly a recent article entitled
"Plantation Medicine" in
the Journal of the Medical
Association of Georgia (Atlanta,
1911-) is grist for the mill.68 The New England Journal of
Medicine (Boston, 1828-), to mention another, is alert to the
importance of medical history,69 as
are Colorado Medicine (Den-
ver, 1903-) and the Journal of
Medicine published in Cincinnati
(1921-). One must also mention the Journal of the Iowa
State
Medical Society (Des Moines, 1911-), the
Medical Arts and
Indianapolis Medical Journal (Indianapolis, 1898-), and the
Wisconsin Medical Journal (Milwaukee, 1903-). Here may
be mentioned a stimulating article
concerning the pioneer physician
in northern Wisconsin.70 Medical Times (New York,
1873-)
is consistently interested in cultural
and historic medicine. One
must not forget the Journal of
the American Medical Association
(Chicago, 1883- ) which sometimes is of
use to the historian.
Two outstanding publications devoted
exclusively to the his-
tory of medicine are the Annals of
Medical History (New York,
1917-), edited by Dr. Francis R.
Packard, and the Bulletin of
the Institute of the History of Medicine
of Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity (Baltimore, 1933-). One must not
forget two special-
ized journals, the Military Surgeon (Washington,
D. C., 1891-)
and the United States Naval Medical
Bulletin (Washington, D. C.,
66 E. E. Kleinschmidt, "Pioneer
Health: Prevailing Diseases and Hygienic Condi-
tions in Early Michigan," Michigan
History Magazine, XXV (1941), 57.
67 R. Borden, "The Background for Medical History for
Northwestern Minnesota
and the Lake Superior Region," Minnesota
Medicine, XXI (1938), 121.
68 V. H. Bassett,
"Plantation Medicine," Medical Association of Georgia, Journal,
XXIX (1941), 112.
69 L. Alien, "Early History of
Vermont," New England Journal of Medicine,
CCIX (1933), 792.
70
F. G. Johnson, "Experiences of a Pioneer Physician in Northern
Wisconsin,"
Wisconsin Medical Journal, XXXIX (1939), 576, 682.
OHIO MEDICAL
HISTORY, 1835-1858 323
1907-
). The latter probably is more valuable for the period
1915-1920. By this is meant that more articles pertaining to
medical history appeared during those
years than afterwards.
7. Private Papers. It is unnecessary to emphasize the sig-
nificance of documents and papers
pertaining to research in the
medical sciences. Frequently, such
materials are privately owned
or are held by individuals who consider
them a priceless family
heritage. Yet it is not impossible to
secure the use of family
documents if assurance can be given that
they contain informa-
tion of a contributive value and,
secondly, that they will be han-
dled carefully and will be returned in
good order. The historian
should always be sure that he has
permission to use private col-
lections and should give the owner due
acknowledgment unless
other arrangements have been made.
The letters and correspondence of
scientific men are especially
valuable, as are the personal and
professional diaries of physicians.
Clinical notes, laboratory reports, and
manuscript notebooks re-
cording the results of experimentation
are especially desirable.
Account books and office journals
frequently reveal valuable in-
formation. For example: the office accounts of Dr. Samuel
Thompson of Brookhaven, Long Island, for
the period 1785 to
1800 offer an intimate account of a
country doctor's daily calls
and office practice. County archives are
full of itemized last wills
and testaments which indicate something
of a physician's estate.
The will of Dr. Thompson lists, item by
item, his household
effects, his land and agricultural
implements, and his professional
equipment.
Lecture notes kept by medical students
are another source of
worthy history. For example, Dr. Peter
S. Townsend attended
the College of Physicians and Surgeons
of the University of the
State of New York during the years 1813
to 1817. While a
medical student, Townsend was fortunate
enough to attend the
lectures on medical practice delivered
by Dr. David Hosack.
Townsend's lecture notes, in three
closely written volumes, have
been undisturbed until recently, but
they afford the researcher a
hundred hints upon Hosack, upon medical
education, upon materia
medica, and upon the evolution of
scientific techniques.
324
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
It is hoped that the medical historian
will search for and use
as much documentary material as
possible, for here frequently is
unearthed information available nowhere
else.
8. Biographical and Historical
Dictionaries. Frequently, the
medical historian has need to find
rapidly some biographical char-
acter in whom he is interested. Perhaps
the information desired
is only a date of birth or death.
Sometimes a full sketch is nec-
essary. For purposes such as these there
are three standard sets
dealing with American personalities.
The most comprehensive American work
probably is the
National Cyclopaedia of American
Biography.71 Here may be
located scores of individuals who do not
appear in the early Ap-
pleton's Cyclopaedia of American
Biography.72 This second
work,
published towards the close of the past
century and on the eve of
the twentieth century, contains fairly
long articles, few bibliog-
raphies, many portraits, and many
facsimiles of autographs. One
peculiarity in the set's arrangement
must be mentioned. Under
each family name, arrangement of
individuals is by seniority in
the family. And one caution must be
made. This work is not
always accurate and, in some cases,
there appear the biographies
of individuals who, as far as the
historian is able to ascertain,
never lived at all.
The third general biographical
dictionary, less than a decade
old, is the great Dictionary of
American Biography.73 These
twenty volumes include noteworthy
persons of all periods who
lived in the territory now known as the
United States, excluding
British officers serving in America
after the colonies declared their
independence. Biographical sketches are
signed and each sketch
carries a bibliography which guides the
researcher to other ma-
terials bearing upon the same character.
Biographies of medical men in particular
begin earlier than
the nineteenth century, but the first
attempt of note was pub-
lished in 1828 when James Thacher's American
Medical Biog-
71 National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. New York, White, 1892-1938. 26v.
72 Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. New York, Appleton, 1887-
1900. 7v.
73 Dictionary of American Biography. New
York, Scribner's Sons, 1928-1937. 20v.
and index volume.
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY, 1835-1858 325
raphy74 was printed in Boston. Other similar volumes appeared
from time to time, but it was not until
1845 that there became
available a biographical volume of use
today. This was S. W.
Williams' American Medical Biography.75 An outstanding and
exceedingly informative volume,
appearing on the eve of the Civil
War, was S. D. Gross's Lives of
Eminent American Physicians
and Surgeons of the Nineteenth
Century.76 Many physicians
have
used this work to advantage in their
biographical or genealogical
research. Finally, Howard A. Kelly and
W. L. Burrage issued
a collection of medical biographies in
1920 under the title Ameri-
can Medical Biographies.77 There are other works of this type,
of course, but those indicated here seem
to be among the most
outstanding and the most reliable of
this type of research materials.
Perhaps it would be well to mention one
dictionary of Ameri-
can history whose use is indicated for
those who wish to check
significant national events in an easily
available and entirely reliable
set. For this purpose is recommended the
Dictionary of American
History,78 published in 1940.
The history of medicine in this Nation
is not yet written--it
cannot be written until we have scores
of biographies of medical
men from colonial times to the present;
until we have numerous
monographs describing the development of
diagnostic technique
and treatment; until we have numerous
studies showing the evo-
lution of instruments of precision and
laboratory methods; until
we chart the rise of asylums, hospitals,
and sanitariums; until we
develop the narrative of medical
literature; until we narrate the
story of allied areas of scientific
knowledge, such as pharmacology
and bacteriology; until, in short, men,
like yourselves and your
colleagues, using bibliographical aids
such as those here mentioned,
laboriously investigate and write. The
historian and physician
need to join forces to do this task
well.
74 James Thacher, American Medical
Biography. Boston, Richardson and Lord,
1828. 2v. in 1.
75 S. W. Williams, American Medical Biography. Greenfield, Mass.,
Merriam,
1845.
76 S. D. Gross, Lives of Eminent
American Physicians and Surgeons of the Nine-
teenth Century. Philadelphia, Lindsay and Blakiston, 1861.
77 H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage, Dictionary
of American Medical Biography;
Lives of Eminent Physicians of the
United States and Canada from the Earliest Times.
New York, Appleton, 1928. Published in
1920 under title: American Medical Biog-
raphies.
78 J. T. Adams, ed., Dictionary of
American History. New York, Scribner's
Sons, 1940. 5v. and index volume.
OHIO MEDICAL HISTORY OF THE PERIOD,
1835-1858*
SOME BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND RESEARCH AIDS
TO
AMERICAN MEDICAL HISTORY
By PHILIP
D. JORDAN, PH.D.
The history of medicine in the United
States is a relatively
recent field of investigation.1 Historians
and scientists too long
ignored the fertile field of the
progress of medical and surgical
practice in this Nation. If the scholar concerned himself at all
with the advance of medicine and its
auxiliary disciplines, he
usually turned his attention to a study
of technique as applied to
a specific disease, or to a definite,
and sometimes baffling problem
in diagnosis. The nineteenth century,
however, saw the historians
become interested in the history of
medicine as an aid to an under-
standing of the social environment. At
the same time many prac-
tising physicians became aware of the
lure of this type of research
not only as an avocation, but also as a
highly important contribu-
tion to scientific knowledge.
Both the professional historian and
physician, in too many
instances, are unaware of the variety of
bibliographical and re-
search aids serving as tools for the
guidance of those interested
in preparing an academic monograph or a
popular paper in the
general field of American medical
history. In addition, many
scholars are unaware of the vast amount
of source materials
available.
Aids to research in medical history may
be divided into eight
* The eight papers under this heading
were read before the third annual meeting
of the Committee on Archives and Medical
History of the Ohio State Archaeological
and Historical Society, at the Ohio
History Conference, 1941, in the Society's Library,
Ohio State Museum, Columbus, April 4,
1941, Jonathan Forman, M. D., chairman.
This is the second group of papers to
appear covering this period, the first having
been issued in this periodical a year
ago (XLIX, 315-397). See volume XLVIII (1939),
pages 181-256, for the first group of
papers in this general series, covering Ohio
medical history for the period,
1788-1835.
1 I am indebted to the following for
many suggestions and aids: Professor E. W.
King, Miami University Library;
Professor C. R. Hall, Adelphi College, Garden City,
New York; and Miss Lillian Kessler,
State director, Ohio Historical Records Survey,
Columbus.
(305)