A HISTORY OF LOCAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES
IN OHIO TO 1865
BY ROBERT LESLIE JONES
Local agricultural societies are among
the victims of the pres-
ent war. To cooperate in conserving
rubber and in eliminating
unnecessary travel, many of them
cancelled their fairs in 1942, and
doubtless most, if not all, will do so
in 1943. The disappearance
of the fairs, even if it is temporary,
emphasizes their significance
as an institution, and makes it worth
while to trace the early his-
tory of the societies which have
sponsored them.
At the time of the settlement of Ohio,
there were already
agricultural societies in the eastern
states. These were mostly in
the larger towns, and were in practice
restricted to men of capital
and education, that is, to those who
were, or who aspired to be,
gentlemen farmers. They were in general
patterned after British
societies of a little earlier period.
All of them were supported by
fees from their members, which were used
to build up agricultural
libraries and to provide prizes for
essays on various subjects of
farm interest and premiums for the best
crops. They were much
closer in their functions to the learned
associations of the day
than to modern agricultural societies.1
With their New England background, it
was natural for the
Ohio Company pioneers to reproduce in
their new home the
eastern institutions with which they
were acquainted. As early
as they could, which was "soon
after the close of the Indian war
in 1795," they organized an
agricultural society at Marietta. The
members were prominent citizens who
"attempted to aid the com-
munity with their knowledge and
experience." As the society,
1 Rodney H. True. "The
Early Development of Agricultural Societies in the
United States;" Annual Report of
the American Historical Association for the Year
1920
(Washington, 1925), I, 295-9.
(120)
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 121
like its eastern prototypes, made little
appeal to practical farmers,
it did not last long.2
So far as is known, no successor
appeared for more than
twenty years. Then, as in the East,
there was a sudden interest
in agricultural societies, and several
came into existence at ap-
proximately the same time, all modelled
more or less on the Berk-
shire plan of Elkanah Watson. The
Agricultural Society of the
County of Trumbull was organized at
Youngstown in December,
1818. It was dissolved after four years,
owing to a dispute over
changing the place of the annual
meeting. Another was formed
at Marietta early in 1819 by
representative citizens of Washing-
ton County and of Wood County, Virginia.
This had little vitality,
for within two years it was not known
whether it was even in
existence. All that its officers
accomplished was the printing of a
constitution. In July, 1819, a general
meeting of citizens of Cin-
cinnati appointed a committee which drew
up a constitution for
a third society, "The Cincinnati
Society for the Encouragement
of Agriculture and Domestic
Economy," with membership re-
stricted to Hamilton County.3 Other
societies were formed dur-
ing the 1820'S. Their location, their
dates of organization and of
disappearance (when known) and other
remarks in connection
with them will be found in the tabular
summary given later. With-
out state support, and without any
tangible appeal to the rural
population, most of these societies soon
withered away. In October,
1831, it was declared that "we
could have fifty societies where
there are now but five."4
The early societies frequently lacked
even the small amount
of money necessary for printing
announcements or defraying other
incidental expenses. It was therefore
not infrequently suggested
that they should be subsidized by the
State, in imitation of the
practice of Pennsylvania, where, it was
said, a grant of about
2 Julia Perkins Cutler, Life and
Times of Ephraim Cutler prepared from his
Journals and Correspondence (Cincinnati, 1890), 196.
3 Cincinnati Western Spy and
Cincinnati General Advertiser, August 21, 28, 1819;
Marietta American Friend, February
26, 1819; ibid., February 23, 1821; Marietta
American Friend & Marietta
Gazette, August 19, 1825; Ohio State
Board of Agri-
culture, Annaul Report for the Year
1860 (Columbus), Part II, 426-7. Hereafter this
authority is cited as Ohio
Agricultural Report.
4 Farmer's Reporter and United States
Agriculturist; containing Original and
Selected Essays (Cincinnati), October, 1831, 9.
122 OHIO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
fifty dollars
to each county society had given a great stimulus
to the
organization of such bodies.5 As a result of this agitation,
an act was
passed February 25, 1833, "to authorize and encour-
age the
establishment of agricultural societies in the several coun-
ties of this
state." It provided that the county commissioners
should be
required to call a meeting to organize an agricultural
society for
their county; that an assembly thus called, if exceed-
ing twenty
persons, could elect officers, including a president, a
vice
president, a recording secretary, a corresponding secretary,
a treasurer
and ten directors; that the president, treasurer and
directors
should have power to make all necessary by-laws; that
no member
should be required to pay a fee in excess of five dollars
a year; and
that the county commissioners might, "if they deem
it expedient,
appropriate out of the county funds for the bene-
fit of the
society, a sum not exceeding fifty
dollars in any one
year."6
The law of
1833 proved to be most unsatisfactory. It made
no provision
for a state board to collect information or supervise
or coordinate
the county societies. Moreover, the county commis-
sioners were
not obliged to grant money from the county treas-
ury unless
they chose, and most of them declined to do so. Ac-
cordingly,
after a flurry of interest in creating new societies in
1833,
doubtless largely in anticipation of obtaining county grants,
few more were
organized. The existence of many of these, more-
over, was
almost nominal. It was stated in 1841 that there were
in Ohio only
"some half dozen very efficient, and double the num-
ber very
inefficient county societies."7
In the table
below, an effort is made to list the county societies
which had an
existence before 1846. It is not claimed that the
enumeration is
complete, but it is hoped that it will be useful.8
5 Cincinnati Commercial
Register, December 27, 1826, quoted in "Old Northwest"
Genealogical
Quarterly (Columbus), X (1907), 315-6.
6 Statutes of Ohio and of the Northwestern Territory,
adopted or enacted from
1788 to
1833 Inclusive . . . (edited by S. P.
Chase, 3 vols., Cincinnati, 1833-5), III,
1943-4.
7 Western Farmer and Gardener (Cincinnati), II
(1840-1), 268; Ohio Cultivator;
a
Semi-Monthly Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture (Columbus), II (1846), 36.
8 County
Agricultural Societies in Ohio before 1846.
County Organized Disappeared Remarks
Trumbull 1818 c. 1822
Washington 1819 c. 1821 First society. With Wood County, Va.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 123 The societies of the period before 1846 had a variety of activities. Those in Washington County, which may be regarded as typical, at different times offered prizes for the best fields of wheat and corn, obtained seed wheat for the use of their mem- bers, and built up a small library of eastern agricultural periodi- cals.9 The most noteworthy object, however, was the holding of exhibitions at which premiums were offered. 9 Marietta American Friend & Marietta Gazette, October 25, 1826; Marietta Gazette, August 17, 1833; ibid., March 22, November 8, 1834. |
|
124 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
When and where the
first fair was held in Ohio is not certain.
All of the early
agricultural societies planned to hold fairs, but
not all of them
managed to do so. The society at Youngstown, for
instance, planned to
have an annual cattle show, though it does not
seem to have ever held
one. Similarly, the first society at Cincin-
nati had a meeting in 1820 at which it agreed to award premiums
at its fair, which was
to be held at a local hotel. In 1823, the
Ashtabula County
society held a cattle show and fair at Austin-
burg, and the Geauga
County society one at Chardon. The first
exhibition in
southeastern Ohio was held at Marietta in 1826.
Other counties in
which fairs were held before 1833 were Portage,
Athens and Butler.10
These early fairs did
not much resemble those of today, for
they were close
imitations of those sponsored by Elkanah Watson
and his followers in
the East. The first fair of the Washington
County society was
thus described:
At 10 o'clock, A. M.
the Society met in the Court Room and received
a handsome accession
in numbers--elected the officers for the ensuing year;
at 11 the procession
was formed under Capt. F. Devol, as marshal of the
day, and with music
preceding, marched to the Church fronting the Com-
mon, where we had
music, prayers, and an address by the President,
Joseph Barker, Jr.,
Esq., which was cordially received.
More time having been
taken up in examining the stock &c. &c. than
was anticipated, the
company sat down to an excellent dinner at 3 P. M.--
At 4, the Society
repaired to the Court Room when the several committees,
by their several
chairmen announced the names of the persons to whom
the premiums had been
awarded, & who were requested by the President to
come forward to the
Treasurer, sitting at the table, and take their cash.11
As the items entered
in competition were few, the societies
needed no special grounds
or even buildings for these exhibitions.
In some places the
exhibition was held on the village square. The
Montgomery County
society held its fairs in the wagon-yard,
stables and sheds of a
hotel at Dayton.l2
Judging was informal and unscientific. Its
defects were
10 American Former,
I (1819-20), 295; Marietta American
Friend & Marietta
Gazette, October 25, 1826; Farmer's Reporter, October,
1831, p. 9; Charles M. Walker,
History of Athens
County, Ohio, and inc dently of the Ohio Laid Company and the
First
Settlement of the State at
Marietta (Cincinnati, 1869),
184; Ohio Agricultural
11 Marietta American Friend & Marietta Gazette, October
25, 1826.
12 Western Farmer and Gardener, III (1841-2), 55.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 125
clearly revealed by a critic of the
Hamilton County society (which
disappeared about 1837):
We have never been provided with
suitable pens for the domestic animals
--the committees have thus labored under
the greatest disadvantages in
their examination of them. The animals
have been huddled together in a
small circle, surrounded by the
spectators and owners, this one and that
one obtruding their remarks, confusing
and interfering with the judges.
All that they were enabled to do, was to
give the animals a hasty glance
of the eye, a slight handling, and they
are disposed of about as fast as a
Kentuckian would count over a drove of
hogs! This is very unsatisfactory
both to the committee and owners.13
Premiums were small. At the Ashtabula
County exhibition
of 1823, they amounted to only $40. At
Chillicothe in 1833, they
amounted to about $200, mostly in
silver plate. Yet even prizes
like these were a strain on the meagre
financial resources of the
societies. The Pickaway County society
of 1833 had in its treas-
ury only $188, of which $80 came from
membership fees, $58
from voluntary donations by members, and
$50 from the appro-
priation by the county commissioners.14
It will be noticed that it had no
revenue from admissions.
Possibly the first society to charge
admission was that in Cuya-
hoga County, which in 1841 collected
twelve cents and a half from
non-members who entered the exhibition
room.15
It was doubtless to keep the premiums on
livestock as attrac-
tive as possible that it seems to have
become the practice by the
early 1840's, if not sooner, to award to the
successful competitors
in the class of "domestic
manufactures," which included various
grains, "honey, silk, butter,
&c. &c.," merely medals and cer-
tificates.l6
The show of livestock was ordinarily the
outstanding aspect
of these early fairs. The consequence
was that it became almost
conventional to claim that the local
society, no matter how small or
weak it might be, was doing a great deal
to improve the breed of
13 Ibid., II, 78.
14 "A Brief History &c.," 773; Journal of the Senate of
the State of Ohio,
32 General Assembly, 1 Sess., 1833-4, p.
416; Journal of the House of Representatives
of the State of Ohio, 32 General Assembly, 1 Sess., 1833-4, p. 455.
15 "A Brief History &c.,"
775.
16 Western Farmer and Gardener, III, 245.
126 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
cattle, horses, sheep or swine.17 Unfortunately,
the exhibitors
were often altogether professional
breeders or importers. Never-
theless, the mere display of superior
stock was a great advantage,
for ordinary farmers thus became
acquainted with it, and could
compare it mentally with the grade
animals in their own barn-
yards. Sometimes there were only a few
improved Shorthorns or
Devons, or a thoroughbred, or a couple
of Bedford or Big China
hogs. In 1834, however, the Ohio Company
for Importing English
Cattle exhibited at the Ross County fair
nineteen head of purebred
Shorthorns recently selected by its
agents from some of the best
herds in Great Britain.18 This
came to be considered a landmark
in the history of cattle improvement in
the Scioto Valley.
Yet displays of livestock did not
altogether dominate the ex-
hibitions. Occasionally variations were
introduced into the pro-
grams. In 1834, the directors of the
Washington County society
presented a shepherd's crook to Benjamin
Dana of Waterford,
"as the man who, above all others,
has cherished the wool growing
interest of the County."19 Again,
in 1833 Obed Hussey, who had
recently invented a reaper, gave it a
public demonstration at the
Hamilton County exhibition at
Carthage.20 Threshing-machines,
driven by horse-power, were similarly
demonstrated by their
manufacturers.21 Some of the
exhibitions had plowing matches,
but these were usually disappointing. At
Carthage in 1844, it was
stated that "there was but little
spirit manifested at the Ploughing
Match, and hardly any competition, only
two teams entering the
field. The premium was too small to create any emulation."22
Some of the early exhibitions terminated
in a sale of the articles
which were in competition. At Marietta
in 1826 "several articles
were sold at auction, at fair
prices."23 These seem to have been
mostly butter and cheese. At Chillicothe
in 1833, there was "a
general sale," at which "the
articles sold for very high prices, flour
17 Cf. John Delafield, A Brief Topographical Description of
the County of Wash-
ington, in the State of Ohio (New York, 1834), 31.
18 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1857,
301.
19 Marietta Gazette, November 1,
1834.
20 William T. Hutchinson, Cyrus
Hall McCormick; Seed Time, 1809-1856 (New
York and London, 1930), 159-60.
21 Marietta Gazette, November 11,
1836.
22 Western Farmer and Gardener, V
(1844-5), 81. The premium was $3.00.
23 Marietta American Friend &
Marietta Gazette, October 25, 1826.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 127
(for example) at about $5 and $6 per
barrel, saddles for $30,
leather at an advanced price, jeans and
other woolen manufac-
tures, for more than their intrinsic
value, and hats at the rate of
from $5 to $16."24
The early agricultural societies were at
best small and weak.
The history of any one of them might be
summarized in the
phrases applied by the local historian
to the Licking County so-
ciety of 1833: "Its revenues were
small, exceeding small; the
number of its members was small; . . .
its premiums were small
in amount, and awarded to a small number
of exhibitors; the
attendants at its fairs were small in
number; indeed, it was the
'day of small things' with it from
beginning to end."25
Various explanations were given for
their weakness. A fairly
common one was that the farmers were
apathetic towards the work
of the societies. Thus, the exhibitions
of the Montgomery County
society, organized in 1839, it was
reported,
have been of an interesting character,
but have been sustained by but a
few and have been very slimly attended
by the farmers of the county. To
the disgrace of the farmers, the burden
of the expense of these exhibitions
has been borne by the citizens of the
town, and it becomes more difficult
each year to procure money, as the
argument that "by and by the farmers
will wake up to their interests,"
has grown very threadbare
already.26
The farmers had a reason for this
attitude towards the so-
cieties, as another extract shows.
The farmers say--we know it, for
we have heard it often repeated--
that they were aristocratic affairs, in
which a common, plain farmer had
no voice, and was looked upon as nobody;
that these big-bugs, as they are
termed, did everything their own way;
awarded great premiums, which
they carried themselves, etc., etc.;
that these intruders from the city came
among them to dictate, and to attempt to
teach those who were better
informed than themselves.27
In recognition of the justice of this
assertion, the Montgomery
County society in 1844 decreased the
premiums offered for fine
stock and increased those offered for
grain and farm products.28
24 Ohio Senate Journal, 32
General Assembly, 1 Sess., 1833-4, p. 416.
25 N. N. Hill, History of Licking
County, 0.: Its Past and Present (Newark, Ohio,
1881), 266-7.
26 Ohio Cultivator, I (1845), 62.
27 Western Farmer and Gardener, II,
260.
28 Ohio Cultivator, I, 62-3,
128
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
Nevertheless, when every excuse is made
for the resentment
of the farmers towards the patronizing
city-dwellers, the fact
remains that the farmers did little or
nothing towards maintaining
the societies. The passage last quoted
continues:
. . . Did these very farmers, who now
grumble, and throw the blame upon
others, do their duty? We rather
suspect they did not; and it ill becomes
them to find fault with those who did.
Who furnished the greater part of
the funds? Who did the labor--the hard
work, necessary for carrying on
the affairs of such a society? Did these
gratuitous labors result in no
good? Were the laborers ever even
thanked for their toil, or receive aught
but after-complaints? If evils existed,
how did it happen that farmers
took so much less interest in that which
was intended for their improvement
than the residents of the city? Why was
there not a majority of farmers
in an Agricultural Society?
There were other factors in the weakness
of the societies such
as the farmers' contempt for theoretical
agriculture and their belief
that the agricultural associations could
not help them to make more
money. Again, as mentioned earlier, the
societies had little income,
and worked without knowledge of one
another's activities and
problems.
It was recognized that an agency of
supervision and co-
ordination was needed. Proposals were
therefore made from time
to time for the establishment of a state
board of agriculture, to be
financed in whole or in part by grants
from the government.29 In
1838, on the initiative of the Licking
County Society, a meeting
of delegates from different parts of the
State was held at Colum-
bus. The convention proceeded to
organize a state agricultural
society, and to elect officers. It is
quite clear that this society never
accomplished anything of significance,
for in 1841 its activities
seem to have been limited to holding an
exhibition at Chillicothe,
which drew from only Ross and one
adjoining county.30
During the winter of 1845, several
well-known leaders of
agriculture in the State proposed that a
convention should be held
during the summer to discuss a program
which included the pos-
sible establishment of a state board of
agriculture, governmental
or other encouragement to the county
societies, and suggestions
29 Cf. Ohio Senate Journal, 33 General Assembly, 1 Sess., 1834-5, p. 180.
30 Hill, History of Licking
County, 266; Western Farmer and Gardener, II, 268.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 129
for legislation to be offered to the
General Assembly on such sub-
jects as destruction of sheep by dogs.
The convention accordingly
met at Columbus June 25-26, 1845, and
drew up a series of reso-
lutions. One requested that the next
General Assembly should
make provision for the election of a
State Board of Agriculture.
Another recommended that the General
Assembly should modify
the existing law affecting agricultural
societies, to bring it into har-
mony with the New York law. By this, the
state treasury would
grant a small sum each year to every
county society which raised
an equal amount by fees or
contributions, and complied with what-
ever regulations might be drawn up by
the state board. As the
delegates were of the opinion that a few
thousand dollars of state
money spent for the promotion of
agriculture would be repaid in
greater prosperity and so in more
revenues, they recommended the
appropriation of $2000 to the state
board, and $5000 for distribu-
tion among the county societies.31
On February 28, 1846, the legislature
enacted a law creating
a State Board of Agriculture, consisting
of fifty-two persons, half
to be elected each year. The board was
organized April 1, 1846.32
The act also provided for a fairly
satisfactory arrangement for
financing the county societies. It was
made mandatory, when
thirty or more persons in a county (or
in a district including two
counties) formed an agricultural
society, which then raised $50
or more voluntarily, for the county
auditors to add an equal
amount, this not to exceed $200.33
The effect of the act was to revive a
number of the dormant
county societies and to bring about the
organization of many new
ones. By the end of 1846, there were
nineteen revived or new
county or district societies. Eight more
were added in 1847, nine
in 1848, seven in 1849 and ten in 1850.
By the end of 1852, there
were over seventy in Ohio. In 186O there
were eighty-four county
societies.34
31 Ohio
Cultivator, I, 41, 73, 105.
32 Beginning in 1850, one of the most
important functions of this board was the
holding of the State Fair. Though the
development of this fair falls outside the sub-
ject matter of this article, it is worth
noting that its managers encountered the same
problem as did those of the county
societies.
33 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1846,
71-3.
34 Ibid., 1846-5I, passim; ibid.,
1859, 520; Ohio Cultivator, VIII
(1852), 361.
130 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
The societies organized after 1846
benefited from the pre-
vailing prosperity possibly even more
than from improved organi-
zation. Their fairs became larger and
more popular, and under-
went a rapid metamorphosis. Indeed, the purely agricultural
aspects of the exhibitions tended to be
overshadowed in many
instances by other features. These, if
they added nothing to the
educational value of the exhibitions,
did bring the crowds.
To lure farmers to the exhibitions, some
of the societies re-
vived the attractions of the Log Cabin
and Hard Cider political
campaign. At the Mahoning County
exhibition of 1849 "a marked
feature was the township trains of
working oxen. Boardman, Ells-
worth, Green and Canfield, each
furnished a train containing in
the whole, near TWO HUNDRED PAIRS. . . .
Each train
came on to the ground drawing a huge
wagon decorated with
branches of forest trees, evergreens,
flowers, and flags, and filled
with happy, smiling men, women and
children--and in some a
band of the good old continental music
of the drum and fife."35
Within a few years, the exhibitions were
drawing such large
crowds that the directors, not without
trepidation, decided to en-
close their grounds and charge
admission. It was soon shown that
there was no reason for fearing that the
patronage would end
forthwith. The remarkable growth in
popularity of the fairs of
the various societies may be traced in
the expansion in the size of
the crowds and the corresponding
increase in gate receipts of one
of them. In 1846, the newly organized
Washington County so-
ciety was so uncertain of the success of
its coming exhibition, that
it held a special meeting, and "Resolved,
That we will furnish a
free dinner on the day of the fair, and
invite all to come." Ac-
cordingly, on the day of the exhibition,
"the Society and invited
guests" when to a hotel for dinner.
Two years later, the society
collected $52.25 from admission fees, evidently from those who
wished to view the exhibits of
manufactured articles, for the money
was applied to premiums on these. In
1856, at "the best Fair ever
held in Washington County," the
amount received from an esti-
mated 5,500 persons was $1,141. The next
year the receipts were
over $1,300, and in 1860 nearly $1,400. It is
impossible to tell
35 Ohio Cultivator, V (1849), 323.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
IN OHIO 131
what the attendance
was, for under the "family ticket" system, a
dollar admitted a farmer,
his wife, their children, the hired man
and as many neighbors
as could crowd into a wagon.36
For a few years,
beginning about 1852, the "hen fever" helped
bring crowds to the
fairs.37 The two great drawing cards, begin-
ning about 1850, however, were
sideshows and other amusements
or entertainments, and
horse racing.
As soon as the
exhibitions began to attract even small crowds,
all kinds of parasites
appeared. At the Knox County exhibitions
in 1852, it was stated
that "in the way of 'noise and confusion' we
had any quantity of
catch-pennies, in the shape of peddlers of
soap, toothache drops,
etc."38 Even more of a nuisance than the
medicine-shows were
the refreshment stands located in the vicinity
of the grounds, which
were usually merely "drinking-shanties."
To help eliminate the
latter source of disorder, a law was passed
in 1856 which
prohibited the setting up of shops, booths or tents
within two miles of a
fair ground, and subjected offenders to fines
ranging from $5 to
$50.39
The sideshows proper
were harder to deal with. At first they
were mere
accompaniments of the exhibitions. They came with
their monkeys, fat
women, two-headed calves and other monstrosi-
ties, and their swings
and whirligigs, and established themselves
as near the spectators
as they could. Though the directors of the
societies had no
control over them, they found that they brought
discredit to the
exhibitions. Yet, as the sideshows undeniably
helped to draw crowds,
most of the societies by 1860 were admit-
ting them to the
exhibition grounds for a fee. Sometimes they
became disgusted, and
tried to get rid of them again. One writer,
who had worked for
their elimination from the exhibitions of the
Highland County
society, described the result. He wrote:
I at one time took an
active part in opposition to sideshows, and suc-
ceeded a few years ago
in moving them out; but I now frankly own that
36 Marietta Intelligencer, July 30, October 22,
1846; ibid., November 30, 1848; ibid.,
October 15, 1856; ibid.,
October 14, 1857; ibid. (triweekly edition), October 6, 1860.
37 A report on the
Wayne County exhibition of 1852 asserted that "the hen fever is
raging rather
favorably--some twenty coops of fancy fowls being upon the ground."
Ohio Cultivator, VIII. 315. The rage for "Shanghai" and other
Asiatic fowl had run
its course by 1857. Ohio
Agricultural Report for 1857, 25.
38 Ohio Cultivator, VIII, 309.
39 Ibid., XII (1856), 132.
132
OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
I have changed my opinion. I find that
our funds get low, and our crowds
small. And besides, if we don't let them
in, they will fix themselves up
outside.... When we have them inside, we
have them under our control,
and receive a good deal of money from
them. We rented the right for a
swing for $35, which was perhaps too
low. We must resort to some
means to get the people inside, and, as
the church people say, if we once
get them inside, they can't help but
imbibe some good, and we will get their
money.40
The directors as a rule, therefore, to
get the money necessary to
operate their societies, admitted the
sideshows, though it was said
that probably no society in the State
made as much as $200 directly
from them.41 In 1861 a
"law to protect fairs" made it possible for
them to keep such sideshows as did not
pay a fee, or were other-
wise undesirable, at a distance of a
quarter of a mile from the fair
ground.42
Of course, not all the amusements were
provided by fakers
or sideshows. At the Washington County
exhibition of 1856,
there was a brass band on the grounds
all day long, and a local
fire brigade put on a demonstration with
their new engine.43 In
1858, "a band of Callithumpians
afforded a good deal of amuse-
ment by their grotesque costume and
clownish actions. The Dan
Rice of the band was a fellow of
considerable jest and humor, and
at his second apperance in the ring
caused great merriment." Nor
was this all. "In the evening, the
exhibition of Fire Works, by
Mr. Deihl, drew together 500 or 600
people. It was by far the
finest and richest display ...
ever seen."44
It was found that some type of horse
racing attracted crowds
more effectively than any other
inducement that could be afforded.
Horse racing was, of course, of long
standing in Ohio. There
were three-day meetings on the Pickaway
Plains in 181O, 1811 and
1812, with purses ranging up to $80, and
on the common at Mari-
etta in 1814.45 Annual fall
meetings were held about 1825 at Cin-
40 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1865,
Part II, 57-8.
41 Ibid., Part II, 60.
42 Ohio Cultivator, XVII (186l),
180.
43 Marietta Intelligencer, October
15, 1856.
44 Ibid., October 27, 1858.
45 Chillicothe
Supporter, April 7, 1810; ibid., November 2, 1811; Marietta American
Friend, October 22, 1814. It is worth noting that even the
latter was conducted
"agreeably to the rule of racing in
Virginia."
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 133
cinnati, Chillicothe, Dayton and
Hamilton. About 1838 or 1839,
there were fifteen regular race-courses
in Ohio. Most of these
disappeared in the middle 1840's.46
These races were all of the running
type. Those which came
to flourish at the fairs were trotting
races, or "trials of speed."
These, however, did not obtrude
themselves on the fairs fully
developed. In Ohio at least, they were
preceded by what was
referred to as "female
equestrianism."
In 1851 the Licking County society
offered three premiums
"for ladies' riding horses."
Evidently the intention was that each
rider should put her horse through a few
conventional paces in the
ring, displaying as she did so the
latest in riding habits. The
directors were as much astonished as any
of the spectators when
a country tomboy (who had probably never
heard of Godey's
Lady's Book) upset their program.
Three horses were entered, and made
their debut within the ring at
an easy pace. Misses Seymour, of
Madison, and Marple, of Newton, at
first led the ring with decided
advantage. Miss Hollinbeck, of Hanover,
followed riding the horse of N. B. Hogg,
in walking dress, but being a
girl of true knightly grit, soon
dexterously reined in her horse, and by a
few well applied blows from her riding
whip, brought up his mettle to the
guage of her own, then giving him rein,
dashed forward, and taking the
"inside," such a wild Arab
flight sober Buckeyes never saw before. On,
on flew the beautiful steed, and the
thousands cheered heartily--the winds
played the mischief with her petticoats,
but her victory was complete. Then
a series of evolutions, curvettings and contra
pas, showed what country
girls can do when they get the reins
into their own hands.47
The next year, as one would expect, many
societies offered
prizes for ladies' saddle-horses, that
is, for displays of riding.48 At
the Columbiana County exhibition in 1854
it was announced that
"the steed with his fair rider will
grace the ring and draw thou-
sands to the exhibition, notwithstanding
some considerate people
have voted ladies riding a very
indelicate business. . . . The first
premium is to be a splendid horse! and
the second a gold watch."49
The exhibitions by the equestriennes in
some instances,
46 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1857,
356; Hill, History of Licking
County, 155.
47 Ohio Cultivator, VII (1851), 331.
48 Ibid., VIII, 329.
49 Ibid., X (1854), 161. About 1854, "female equestrianism"
became a popular fea-
ture of fairs in other parts of the
country. Wayne C. Neely, The Agricultural Fair
(New York, 1935), 193-4: Blanche H.
Clark, The Tennessee Yeomen, 1840-1860 (Nash-
ville, 1942), 88-9.
134 OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
strange to relate, became very partisan
in character. At the Wash-
ington County exhibition in 1855, a girl
from Wood County, Vir-
ginia, won the first prize, a $50 gold
watch, one from Athens
County the second prize, a $40 gold
watch, and one from Wash-
ington County the third, a gold chain
and locket. The spectators
were much displeased by the award of the
first prize to the Vir-
ginia girl, claiming that it should have
gone to the Ohioan from
Athens County, and made remarks
"calculated to wound the com-
petitors, and judges."50 The
following year, evidently as a con-
sequence of the hard feelings thus
engendered, only two ladies
appeared in competition, both from
outside the county. "If the
'Lady Equestrian Performances'
degenerate as rapidly the year to
come as they have the last twelve
months," the local editor wrote,
"they must be given up entirely at
our next Fair."51 Though as
late as 1859, the equestriennes
"proved to be the great attraction
of the day" at the Franklin County
fair,52 they had, for the most
part, lost their popularity throughout
the State. It would seem
that few of them revealed the
unconventional enterprise of the
spunky Miss Hollinbeck.
Men regarded the best performances of
the equestriennes with
an amused condescension, but they became
passionately excited
over the trotting matches which
displaced them. At the Washing-
ton County exhibition of 1856, there
was, for the first time, a
trotting match with four horses entered.
Though one of the horses
proved to be "a wheezy old fellow,
[who] lost his wind after two
or three rounds, and 'give out',"
the competition seemed to please
the spectators. The only drawback was
"a trifling disturbance in
the trotting ring" of a nature not
specified, but presumably con-
sisting of somewhat drunken fisticuffs
among the supporters of the
different horses.53 In 1857,
the "Trotting Match was the most
exciting exhibition of the
afternoon." It was so exciting, in fact,
that before the next year's exhibition
was held, the directors of
the society enlarged the ring.54
50 Marietta Intelligencer, October
17, 1855.
51 Ibid., October 15, 1856.
52 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1859, 157.
53 Marietta Intelligencer, October
15, 1856.
54 Ibid., October 14, 1857:
ibid., October 27, 1858.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 135
Why did there thus come to be such an
emphasis on horse
racing? Some of the agricultural society
directors rationalized an
explanation.
The design was to afford an opportunity
of introducing horses of great
speed to the notice of the public. For
fast trotters there is high market
value. In the eastern, and in all our
city markets, they sell for great, and
sometimes enormous prices; for hundreds,
and sometimes for thousands
of dollars. Even horses of quite rough
and common appearance, with this
one recommendation, sell at high rates.
This quality is property, and when
known, may be a source of income to the
individual owner, and wealth to
the county. It is an appropriate part of
our Fair to develop it, and likely
to result more in the pecuniary benefit
of those taking part in it, than
anything connected with the Society. A
common work horse, worth prob-
ably $90 or $100, was exhibited at our
last Fair. His speed as a trotter
was there made known. This one quality
got him into notice, and he has
since been sold for $300, simply because
he would trot fast.55
But no matter what was claimed, the
truth was that the horse
races with their attendant excitement
brought the crowds, and
nothing else would.
By the late 1850's, there was a real
danger that horse racing
would ruin the exhibitions. In 1857 and
1858, the independent
agricultural society in Scioto County held
fairs, which were "uni-
versally acknowledged to have been
decided failures--the fast
horse mania having destroyed all of
their interest, excepting in
the one article of horse flesh."56
That there was a horse-racing
mania at this time there is no doubt. In
1858 and 1859 there were
several exclusive
"horse-shows," nominally exhibitions, but actually
nothing but horse races, and those often
of a discreditable kind.57
The editor of the Ohio Cultivator, after
attending one of them,
held at Orwell in Ashtabula County,
remarked that "we never can
help laughing under our beard to see the
comical juxtaposition of
the deacon managers about the stand, and
the devil jockeys in the
ring, thus mutually engaged in
'improving the breed of horses'."58
The situation was such that the friends
of agriculture all over the
State were alarmed. Accordingly, in 1858 the State
Board of
Agriculture decided to offer no premiums
at the State Fair for
55 Ibid. (triweekly
edition), August 27, 1859.
56 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1858, 235.
57 Ohio Cultivator, XIV (1858),
344; ibid., XV (1859), 209.
58 Ibid., XV, 209.
136 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
trials of speed, and recommended that
the county and district
societies should follow its example.59
In spite of this recommenda-
tion, horse racing was not eliminated
from the exhibitions.
The directors had problems in addition
to those created by
sideshows and horse racing. One problem
was the tendency on the
part of a certain class of members to
take no responsibility in the
affairs of the society or in its
exhibitions, except to pay their
membership fee, and endeavor to get it
back, and more with it, in
premiums.60 Another was in
connection with the judging of the
exhibits or races. Sometimes the judges,
however competent,
could scarcely manage to give
satisfaction, owing to the difficulties
under which they worked. Thus at
Marietta in 1853, nearly 100
cattle were turned into an open lot, and
the judges had to go about
finding the animals before they could
come to any decision on
their merits.61 Sometimes,
unfortunately, the judges were chosen
for their personal popularity, without
regard to their qualifications
as experts. An inhabitant of Butler
County showed the rather
ludicrous results.
Several years since, at our county fair,
a three year old colt received
the premium as the best yearling--a stallion
was awarded the ribbon as
the best draft stallion, when at
the same time he would not, to my certain
knowledge, draw his day's rations! At
our last county fair, a stallion that
ran at least one mile of the three, in a trotting race, was
awarded the first
premium over a stallion that trotted the
entire three miles within 8 seconds
of his running competitor.62
Though the accommodations provided for
the patrons of the fairs
were primitive enough, there were few
complaints about them.
Little would have been expected at a
picnic, which the fairs in
some ways resembled, with groups of
friends and relatives sitting
on the grass eating their lunches and
visiting.
As the societies grew in resources and
experience, their direc-
tors were able to avoid many of the
mistakes they had made
earlier. Moreover, by 1860 most of them
found it possible to
acquire permanent fair grounds. That of
the Medina County
society in 1864 had sixteen acres of
land, partly covered with
59 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1858,
176-7.
60 Ibid., 1860, Part II, 3-4.
61 Marietta Intelligencer, October
26, 1853.
62 Ohio Cultivator, XIV (1858), 6.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 137
woods, a race-track a third of a mile in
circumference, a large
exhibition hall, a dining hall, an
oyster saloon and a grocery.63
In addition to the county agricultural
societies, there were
sometimes local ones, which drew their
members from a few town-
ships at most. One of the first of these
was established at Oberlin
in 1835, under the name of the Oberlin
Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society. It was evidently very
short-lived. Another came
into existence at South Charleston in
1837, and was still in exis-
tence in 1845. In 1845 several
others appeared, in Licking,
Muskingum, Franklin, Washington and
Lawrence counties, at
least, and possibly elsewhere. These
local societies, often called
"farmers' clubs," began to be
fairly numerous throughout the State
during the late 1850's.64
These clubs owed their formation to
varied factors. Some of
them were evidently the outgrowth of a
suggestion made by Mor-
ton Townshend of Elyria in a letter to
the Ohio Cultivator. In
this he proposed that farmers should
meet once a month or oftener
to discuss the merits of different
practices, describe experiments,
and, in general, stimulate one another
to improvement. If possible,
they should obtain lecturers to give a
course of instruction, as was
later to be done by the farmers'
institutes.65 One such club was in
operation in Lawrence County in 1846.
Its activities were de-
scribed as follows:
The meetings are held monthly--one at
the house of each member of
the "Club" in rotation. The
member at whose house the meeting occurs,
is required to furnish the company with
"a substantial farmer's dinner," and
to exhibit to them such improvements as
he may have made on his farm
during the year, and give a statement of
any experiments that he may
have tried, etc. Others may entertain
the company with short addresses,
discussions or remarks on matters
relating to the objects of the Society.
In this way the meetings never fail to
be highly interesting and profitable,
and greatly conducive to improvement in
agriculture, as well as to friend-
ship and good will among the members and
their friends. We were told
that the meetings are fully attended, in
all seasons of the year, and are
looked forward to by all as occasions of
much social enjoyment as well as
63 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1864, 173.
64 "A Brief History &c.," 774, 781; Ohio Cultivator, I,
42; Ohio Agricultural Re-
port for 1846, 47-8, 57, 111; ibid., 1859, xiv.
65 Ohio Cultivator, 1, 31.
138 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
instruction. The ladies, too,
have of late participated quite generally in
these social meetings.66
Another of these discussion clubs,
located in Montgomery County,
had a library of forty-two books, and
met once a month to hear a
lecture from one of the thirty-nine
members, and to discuss reports
from the standing committees. These
committees were supposed
to collect information on such subjects
as farm conveniences,
implements, horticulture, and farm stock
from the library, and to
embody their findings in an essay.67
Other clubs were formed because the
farmers felt the need of
improving their agriculture, and yet did
not think that they would
derive much benefit from the county
society. Thus one in Wash-
ington County, in giving its reasons for
continuing a career inde-
pendent of that of the county society,
stated that the benefits of the
county society "would only be
realized in this part of the County
by a few of the more opulent men, while
the common farmer, the
class who most need information, will be
but little benefitted. They
will not be willing to spend two or
three days, and as many dollars,
to attend the meetings and exhibitions
of the society, and even
that would be inadequate to take stock
to the county seat for
exhibitions."68
These clubs were in most respects like
the county societies.
The South Charleston society, for
example, held exhibitions every
year from 1837 to 1845. One in Muskingum
County had exhibi-
tions in 1845 and 1846, and that in
Washington County in 1845
and later. In 1851, other clubs
in Cuyahoga and Summit counties
were said to "hold their annual
fairs."69
Occasionally the clubs considered
branching out into sub-
sidiary activities. The Madison Township
Club in Licking County,
for instance, proposed to buy a
threshing-machine, as well as some
other implements, to be used by the
members in rotation. As the
editor of the Ohio Cultivator pointed
out the difficulty of assur-
66 Ibid., II. 114.
67 Ibid., IX
(1855), 84.
68 Marietta Intelligencer. July
2, 1846.
69 "A Brief History
&c.," 774; Ohio Agricultural Report for 1846, 57;
Marietta
Intelligencer, November 2, 1848; Western Agriculturist (Columbus),
1 (1851), 339.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OHIO 139
ing agreement in the use of these
machines, it is possible that the
experiment was not made.70
The Civil War tested the quality of the
societies, large and
small, especially in the southern part
of the State. As soon as the
war broke out, many societies found
themselves in doubt whether
to proceed with their arrangements or to
abandon their exhibitions
temporarily. For some of them, the
problem disappeared when
their grounds were taken over by the
military authorities. This
was the case in Washington, Muskingum,
Ross, Lawrence,
Hamilton and other counties.
Unfortunately for these societies,
the soldiers felt themselves under no
obligation to preserve the
property they were using. In Lawrence
County they destroyed
everything that would burn, except the
buildings they used for
shelter, and in Ross County, through
carelessness, they even burned
the sheds and other structures.71
The other societies found that their
patrons were too much
affected by the war to be interested in
exhibitions. The low prices
of produce in 1861 had a depressing
influence, with farmers exer-
cising as much economy as they could.
People were in an unsettled
state, "with a disposition to
congregate where the latest news was
to be had, there to discuss the affairs
of the country."72 Many of
the societies therefore did not hold
exhibitions, and those that did
found the attendance limited, and the
receipts correspondingly
small. In 1862, the
exhibitions were still further handicapped. In
Clermont County, for example, the
exhibition was almost a failure,
because a rebel raid was expected at any
hour. Elsewhere in the
State, the military draft came at about
the same time as most of
the fairs, with the result that there
was a feeling of depression, as
well as difficulty in getting in the
crops. In 1863, except where
the grounds were occupied by the troops,
and along the Ohio
River, the exhibitions showed signs of
revival. They were held
in more counties than in 1862, and had a
larger attendance.73
With the advent of peace in 1865, almost
all the societies
70 Ohio Cultivator, III (1847), 49.
71 Ohio Agricultural Report for 1862, 171; ibid., 1865, Part II, 228.
72 Ibid., 1861, 148-9.
73 Ibid., 1862, 142, 158-8, 174; ibid., 1863, vii.
140
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
revived. Once more farmers loaded their
families into wagons
and drove off to the exhibitions, where
the children could drink
pink lemonade and ride on the
merry-go-round, the women could
gossip and the men could wrangle with
one another over the trials
of speed. The difficulties incident to
the war had proved the vital-
ity of the fairs. Working solutions had
been found for most of
their problems. In the future there
would be many variations and
some improvements, but their essential
character would be little
changed.
A HISTORY OF LOCAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES
IN OHIO TO 1865
BY ROBERT LESLIE JONES
Local agricultural societies are among
the victims of the pres-
ent war. To cooperate in conserving
rubber and in eliminating
unnecessary travel, many of them
cancelled their fairs in 1942, and
doubtless most, if not all, will do so
in 1943. The disappearance
of the fairs, even if it is temporary,
emphasizes their significance
as an institution, and makes it worth
while to trace the early his-
tory of the societies which have
sponsored them.
At the time of the settlement of Ohio,
there were already
agricultural societies in the eastern
states. These were mostly in
the larger towns, and were in practice
restricted to men of capital
and education, that is, to those who
were, or who aspired to be,
gentlemen farmers. They were in general
patterned after British
societies of a little earlier period.
All of them were supported by
fees from their members, which were used
to build up agricultural
libraries and to provide prizes for
essays on various subjects of
farm interest and premiums for the best
crops. They were much
closer in their functions to the learned
associations of the day
than to modern agricultural societies.1
With their New England background, it
was natural for the
Ohio Company pioneers to reproduce in
their new home the
eastern institutions with which they
were acquainted. As early
as they could, which was "soon
after the close of the Indian war
in 1795," they organized an
agricultural society at Marietta. The
members were prominent citizens who
"attempted to aid the com-
munity with their knowledge and
experience." As the society,
1 Rodney H. True. "The
Early Development of Agricultural Societies in the
United States;" Annual Report of
the American Historical Association for the Year
1920
(Washington, 1925), I, 295-9.
(120)