OHIO IN SHORT STORIES, 1824-1839
BY LUCILLE B. EMCH
In the Ohio Valley of the 1820's and 1830's
there occurred a
stir of literary activity which for the
time and character of the
events was most unusual. The perspective
gained by the passing
of more than a century adds to rather
than detracts from the
significance of the movement.
The publishing center of the West during
the twenties and
thirties was Cincinnati, which, with a
population of 24,831 in
1830, was by far the largest city in the
trans-Allegheny region.
"Cincinnati now commands in a
considerable measure the literary
resources of the Western valley,"
remarked the American Quar-
terly Observer in 1834.1 The Queen City had not always held
this position of superiority, for until
the third decade of the
nineteenth century the literary capital
of the West had been Lex-
ington, Kentucky. The focusing of
intellectual and cultural life
at Lexington in the early days was due
to the location there of
Transylvania University, the first
institution of higher learning
west of the mountains.
The significance of the literary
movement in the West can
best be judged against the background of
what was happening in
the East. American literature at this
period was just beginning
to take form. The "Era of Good
Feeling" which followed the
War of 1812 had developed in the East
the hope for a national
literature, a literature expressing
America and independent of
England. In the field of fiction two
precedents had just been
established, the one in the realm of the
short story, the other in
the novel. The publication of Washington
Irving's Sketch Book
(1819-1820) pointed the way to the charm of American legends
as backgrounds for tales. The success of James Fenimore
Cooper's The Spy (1821) turned
the attention of writers to the
1 III (July, 1834), 141.
209
210 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
adaptability of American scenes and
American materials to the
realm of fiction. Cooper had learned his
use of the historical
and the local from Sir Walter Scott,
whose border romances were
the most popular novels of the day.2
The demand for American authors and
American materials
was echoed almost at once across the
Alleghenies, but in a slightly
different form. While the eastern
magazines were asking for a
national literature, the Westerners were
calling for western writers
and western scenes. The individualism
which is characteristic of
the frontier expressed its desire to be
free from dependence on
the East. Dr. Daniel Drake, "the
Franklin of Cincinnati,"3 wrote
in 1833, "We should foster western
genius, encourage western
writers, patronize western publishers,
augment the number of
western readers, and create a western
heart."4 Dr. Drake was,
in effect, pleading for a regional
literature in the West, which for
the purpose of fiction and poetry should
be regarded as possessing
features distinct from those of the
seaboard states.
The initiative for a western literature
was undertaken by the
literary periodicals of the West, of
which there was a surpris-
ingly large number. None survived for
more than five years and
some no longer than a few months, but
their voices, though brief,
were lusty. The two periodicals issued
at Lexington, the Medley
(January-December, 1803) and the Western
Review (August,
1819-July, 1821) were not parts of the
western movement, for
although they did not wholly neglect the
West, they were con-
cerned mainly with academic subjects and
foreign literature. The
Literary Cadet (1819-1820), "the pioneer literary leaf of the
Queen City," and the Ohio (1821-1822) made brief
appearances
on the literary scene.5 On
more solid ground was John P. Foote's
Cincinnati Literary Gazette, a weekly which "thrived" from Janu-
ary I, 1824, to October 29, 1825. Timothy Flint's Western
Monthly Review, of more dignified format, was issued at Cin-
cinnati from May, 1827, to June, 1830. Judge James Hall's
2 See Harry R. Warfel and G. Harrison
Orians, American Local-Color Stories (New
York, 1939), viii.
3 William
Henry Venable, Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley (Cin-
cinnati, 1891), 304.
4 As quoted in New England Magazine, VI
(April, 1833), 343.
5 Venable, Beginnings, 66.
OHIO IN SHORT
STORIES 211
Illinois Monthly
Magazine was published at Vandalia,
Illinois,
from October, 1830, to
September, 1832, and his Western Monthly
Magazine at Cincinnati from January, 1833, to November, 1837.6
The Cincinnati
Mirror, in whose stormy career there were several
changes of editor,
managed to survive from October I, 1831, to
September 17, 1836.
William D. Gallagher's Western
Literary
Journal and Monthly
Review (June-November, 1836) merged
after six months with
the Western Monthly Magazine. The last
magazine to fall
within the period, Gallagher's Hesperian (May,
1838-November, 1839)
was issued first at Columbus, later at Cin-
cinnati. These
periodicals, unlike their Lexington predecessors,
were in large part
western in point of view, in subject matter and
in authorship. It is
true that as each declined it was forced to
draw more and more
upon eclectic materials, but this did not
affect the basic
loyalty to the West.
The western
periodicals which flourished in the eighteen
twenties and thirties
were optimistic of the literary possibilities
of the trans-Allegheny
region. In pleading for a school of belles-
lettres independent of that of the East, the magazinists
developed
their theme along three
lines: first, they claimed that writers of
great talent were
living in the area across the mountains; second,
they pointed to the
abundance of materials in the West for works
of the imagination;
and third, they berated the attempts of eastern
writers to portray the
western locale. The western critics insisted
that only native
authors were capable of describing western scenes.
Writing in
1827, Timothy Flint
stated in the Western
Monthly Review, "We are physically and from our peculiar modes
of existence, a
scribbling and forth-putting people. Little, as
they have dreamed of
the fact in the Atlantic country, we have
our thousand orators
and poets."7 The Cincinnati Mirror, with a
self-confidence
amounting almost to arrogance, said in 1833:
We feel a great
interest in the literature of the West, which is now
assuming an appearance
of some importance. We are strictly within the
bounds of truth, when
we assert, that it is not ten years behind that of the
6 Hall was
editor of the Western Monthly Magazine until June, 1836, J. R. Fry
from July - December,
1836. The Western Monthly was merged with Gallagher's
Western Literary
Journal and Monthly Review and issued
February - June, 1837, under
the title Western
Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. James B. Marshall, its pub-
lisher, and Gallagher
were joint editors of the new publication.
7 I (May, 1827), 9.
212 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
Atlantic States. What Cooper, Bryant,
Halleck, Paulding, Mrs. Hale, Miss
Sedgwick, and even Washington Irving,
were to the lighter branches of the
literature of the East ten years ago,
Flint, Hall, Neville, Curry, Dillon,
Little, B. Drake, and F. W. Thomas, Mrs.
Dumont and Mrs. Hentz, now
are to the literature of the West--its
ornaments and its leading spirits.
And what those are now, will these be before
the expiration of the next
ten years--well known abroad, and justly
appreciated at home.8
These were prideful assertions of the
existence of inspired lit-
erary workers in the West, and were part
of the national aspi-
rations aroused by Scott, Irving and
Cooper.
Another aspect of regionalism expressed
itself in the attempts
to designate the West as an area that
possessed romantic materials
which could be treated in the current
literary patterns. Much in
the manner of W. H. Gardiner,9 who
in 1822 pointed to the
abundance of American materials for
literary works, the West
called attention to the suitability of
its scenes, characters and
events as subjects for belles-lettres. Most eloquent in this con-
nection was the essay of Isaac Appleton
Jewett in the Western
Monthly Magazine.10 Jewett pointed to the romantic materials
of the West, its thrilling history, its
relics of antiquity, its beau-
tiful and varied scenery. He hoped to "induce the writers of
western fiction to confine their range
more within western boun-
daries, and to feel, that while the body
of western literature is
fashioned from native materials, its
spirit should be an inspiration
of western genius."11
Not only was the West self-conscious
regarding its place in
the literary field, but it was also
sensitive of any effort on the
part of eastern writers to deal with its
materials. The West
argued that a realistic picture of
trans-Allegheny life could come
only from the pens of writers personally
acquainted with the
region.
In this respect its literary critics were anticipating the
demands of the local colorists--that
tribe of short story writers
who flourished in the 1870's and
188o's--for native authors de-
scribing native scenes. In accordance with this principle, the
West's reception of James Fenimore
Cooper's The Prairie (1828),
8 II
(June 22, 1833), 158.
9 North American Review, XV (July, 1822), 250-282.
10 "Themes for Western
Fiction," I (December, 1853), 574-88.
11 Ibid., 574.
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 213
James Kirke Paulding's Westward Ho! (1832)
and Robert Mont-
gomery Bird's Nick of the Woods (1837)
was far from hos-
pitable. Reviewing The Prairie in 1831, the Illinois Monthly
Magazine declared it "a complete failure."12 Even
more sarcastic
was the Cincinnati Mirror's notice
of Westward Ho!, the re-
viewer calling it the "novelest
novel" to reach his desk in many
a day.13 Nick of the Woods
suffered a similar fate and was rated
"a failure" by the Western
Monthly Magazine.14 Thus did the
West welcome three of the most important
American novels of
the period, novels which still are read
by students of American
literary history!15
The Cincinnati Literary Gazette and
the western periodicals
which followed it gave emphasis to the
short story as the form
of belles-lettres most suitable
to the character and temper of their
publications. Of poetry there was more
than enough16 but for
stories with scenes laid in the western
country there were frequent
calls from editors. The Illinois
Monthly Magazine promised to
its readers "Original tales,
characteristic of the western people."17
The Western Monthly Magazine and
the Cincinnati Mirror stimu-
lated interest by offering prizes for
the best tales submitted, the
Mirror's editor suggesting to
contributors "the propriety of con-
necting their Tales in some manner with
the West, either his-
torically, or by laying the scene of
action in the Great Valley."18
Another factor to encourage the writing
of tales in both the
East and West was the appearance of
literary gift-books or
annuals in which short stories were the
most important feature.
With the publication at Philadelphia of
the Atlantic Souvenir for
1826, began a literary fashion which
assumed a position of im-
portance in the second quarter of the
nineteenth century. The
12 II (October,
1831), 23. The review of the Western Monthly Review, I (Sep-
tember, 1827), 308, was couched in
equally uncomplimentary terms.
13 II (December 8, 1832), 47.
14 I (n.s., May, 1837), 272.
15 The West could laugh at the eccentricities of frontier characters, but
only when
it Was on the giving--not the
receiving--end of a story. The West loved its Davy
Crocketts, Mike Finks, and Colonel
Plugs, rough and ready sons of the rivers and back-
woods.
16 The poetry of the West during this early period has
been rescued from oblivion
through Gallagher's Selections from the Poetical
Literature of the West (Cincinnati,
1841) and William T. Coggeshall's Poets
and Poetry of the West (New York, 1864).
A few short stories have found their way
into anthologies, but no collection of early
western tales has been published.
17 (October, 1830), 3.
18 II (September 29, 1832), 7.
214
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
trans-Allegheny region was not unmindful
of the stir caused in
the East by the arrival of the
gift-books. Anxious to assert its
position on the literary scene and to be
represented in this new
field, the West prepared for the
publication of its own annual.
Only three years after the Atlantic
Souvenir made its astonishing
debut at Philadelphia, the Western
Souvenir appeared to a waiting
public at Cincinnati. Bound in satin or tooled leather, the
Souvenir was a small octavo volume of three hundred twenty-
four pages, illustrated with six steel
engravings.
The guiding spirit behind the Western
Souvenir was James
Hall, who was living at this time in
Vandalia, Illinois, carrying
on his duties as circuit judge and
newspaper editor. While the
Atlantic Souvenirs, the Tokens and the Legendaries laid
emphasis
on the American character of their
contents, the Western Sou-
venir stressed the fact that it was western in materials and
authorship:
It will be seen, that this volume
aspires to something beyond the ordi-
nary compilations of the day, and that
we have endeavored to give it an
original character, by devoting its
pages exclusively to our domestick
literature. It is written and published
in the Western country, by Western
men, and is chiefly confined to subjects
connected with the history and
character of the country which gives it
birth.19
Of the eleven short stories in the Western
Souvenir, all but
three have a western locale.
The second and only other gift-book to
be published in the
trans-Allegheny region at this period is
the Souvenir of the Lakes,
a tiny volume of thirty-nine pages
issued at Detroit in January,
1831.20
Because of the prominence of Cincinnati
on the literary scene,
most of the authors of western short
stories were Cincinnatians
or men and women who at one time or
another visited the Queen
City.
It is important to note that authors and editors did not
stress the fact that they were
Cincinnatians, or Ohioans, but were
proud of being Westerners. It
must be remembered that in the
1820's and 1830's the whole region
across the Alleghenies was
19 P. iii.
20 Reprinted in Historical Society of
Northwestern Ohio Quarterly Bulletin, XI
(April-July, 1939).
OHIO
IN SHORT STORIES 215
known as the West. Ohio and her sister
states were just begin-
ning to emerge from the pioneer stage.
Cincinnati, however, as
the leading city of the West, had
developed beyond pioneer ways
and was devoting more attention to the
arts and to culture.
This study of the western short story
will lay emphasis on
tales with scenes laid in Ohio. This
should not be interpreted
as an indication that the majority of
western stories dealt with
the Buckeye State; it is merely an
attempt at selection from
the great amount of material to be
considered. Other states,
notably Kentucky of the dark and bloody
ground" and Illinois,
were represented by a large number of
tales, and the Far West
of Missouri, New Mexico and Arkansas was
by no means
neglected.
When Gallagher's Hesperian ceased
publication in 1839, it
heralded the close of the first period
of the western tale. Five
years passed before the issuance of the
next periodical to follow
in the same tradition, Judson and Hine's
Western Literary Journal
and Monthly Review (November, 1844-April, 1845). The west-
ern tale of the forties and of later
date was frequently a different
creation; it was likely to be a
"tall tale" told by a "ring-tailed
roarer" or a wild western thriller
of the dime novel class. Per-
haps the transformation was due to the
fact that as the half-
century mark loomed on the horizon, the
West of the early days
was fast becoming the Middle West as
frontiers were driven
across the Mississippi.
BENJAMIN DRAKE, 1795-1841
To Benjamin Drake, lawyer, editor and
biographer, goes the
honor of being the first western author
of a western short story.
His "Bass-Island Cottage"
appears in volume one, number one
(January 1, 1824) of the Cincinnati
Literary Gazette under the
series caption "From the Portfolio
of a Young Backwoodsman."
The name of Benjamin Drake21 has been
more or less over-
shadowed by the brilliance of the career
of his elder brother, Dr.
Daniel Drake. But Benjamin does not need
to rely on family
21 The best account of Benjamin Drake's
life is to be found in Edward Deering
Mansfield's Memoirs of the Life and
Services of Daniel Drake, M.D. (Cincinnati,
Applegate, 1855), 297-302.
216
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
relationship to be remembered by
posterity, for his own life was
one of marked achievement. Benjamin
spent his entire life in
the West. His parents, Isaac and
Elizabeth Shotwell Drake, emi-
grated from New Jersey to Mays Lick,
Kentucky, in 1788, one
year before the Bluegrass region was
admitted to the Union.
Benjamin was born in 1795, spent his
boyhood days on his father's
Kentucky farm, and moved to Cincinnati
in 1814 to clerk in his
brother's drug store. Cincinnati became
his permanent place of
residence and the scene of his literary
activities. Benjamin had
begun the study of law in Mays Lick,
continued it in Cincinnati,
and entered practice with William R.
Moses about 1825. In 1826
in conjunction with Edward Deering
Mansfield he compiled and
edited the handbook, Cincinnati in
1826, a descriptive guide to the
city designed to induce immigration.
From 1826 to 1834, Drake
was editor of the Cincinnati Chronicle,
a newspaper which he
helped to found. He was represented in
James Hall's Western
Souvenir (1829), the
pioneer literary annual of the trans-Alle-
gheny region, by the romantic tale
"William Bancroft." Some
of Drake's short stories were collected
in 1838 and issued as
Tales and Sketches from the Queen
City. Drake was also the
author of two biographies of Indian
chiefs, The Life and Adven-
tures of Black Hawk (1838) and Life of Tecumseh and of His
Brother the Prophet (1841).
It is fitting that the first western
short story should be laid
at a scene certain to capture the
imagination and stir the pride of
all westerners--at South Bass Island,
where Perry's fleet had re-
turned victorious to Put-in-Bay harbor a
little more than a decade
before. "Bass-Island" is
narrated by a volunteer in Old Isaac
Shelby's army which had encamped on the
Island previous to
the descent on Malden.
The story is inconsequential, although
the description of the
Island and of the harbor is well done.
The soldier discovers on
South Bass a dilapidated wooden house in
an advanced stage of
decay. The sight arouses his curiosity,
and he learns its story
from an old man he meets in Maiden. The
house had been in-
habited by the family of an Englishman,
who seemed to be
suffering from some great sorrow and
wanted to withdraw from
OHIO IN
SHORT STORIES 217
the world. The recluse, his wife, and
child were drowned in
Lake Erie during a sudden squall, and
the mystery surrounding
their lives was never solved.
Other of Drake's contributions to the Cincinnati
Literary
Gazette were "The Antiquaries, in the West,"
"Arthur Fitzroy,"
"The Maniac," "A Border
Legend of the Pictured Rocks" and
"The Lovers' Political Race, or a
Kentucky Election." All of
these stories bear the series title
"From the Portfolio of a Young
Backwoodsman" and all are western
in setting. Only one, how-
ever, "The Antiquaries, in the
West" has an Ohio locale. It
relates a dream which comes to the
narrator as he sleeps on an
Indian mound in western Cincinnati, and
is a satire directed
against scholars who attempt to
reconstruct ancient civilizations
by means of a single relic.
Special mention should be made of
"A Border Legend of the
Pictured Rocks" for it is an early
example of the story based on
Indian legend. It is written in the
clear-cut style characteristic
of the work of William Joseph Snelling,
whose Tales of the
Northwest were to appear six years later. "A Border
Legend"
is the tragic tale of Pulille, a
Knistineaux Indian residing on the
southern banks of Lake Superior, and of
Wabego, her forbidden
lover. Wabegois killed in battle, and
Pulille commits suicide by
jumping off a high cliff.
While editor of the Cincinnati Chronicle,
Drake published
several stories in its columns. One,
"The Pirate's Death," has
its finale in Cincinnati, and is a
highly moral tale of a young
Yale student who kills a man in a
quarrel, flees to New Orleans
on a river boat, joins pirates in the
Gulf, is shipwrecked and in-
jured, and finally dies in the
Commercial Hospital and Lunatic
Asylum of Cincinnati, an inmate of
public charity.
Passing now to Drake's volume of
collected stories, one comes
to "The Queen City." In the titular story a solitary hunter
stands on a hill overlooking the Ohio
and contemplates the tran-
quillity of the view before him.
Suddenly the backwoodsman is
stirred from his reveries by the sight
of three Indians returning
across the Ohio from a raid in the
"dark and bloody ground."
Stealthily following his enemies to
their encampment, he succeeds
218 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
in killing one and putting the others to
flight. Many years pass
before the hunter returns to the scene
of his youthful adventure.
What a change has taken place since his
last visit! The hum of
"forty-thousand human beings, rich
in the blessings both moral
and intellectual, of civilized life
falls upon his listening ear."
Before him spreads busy Cincinnati, with
its thousand factories,
stately mansions, its warehouses and
magnificent temples. On
the very spot where he had killed the
Indian stands a church, a
place for prayer and praise. At the
close of the day the pioneer
crosses the Ohio to his humble cabin in
Kentucky, taking his first
and last farewell of the Queen City of
the West.
Drake turns to Gallipolis as the setting
for another story,
"The Grave of Rosalie."
"The Grave of Rosalie" describes the
disappointments of the French colonists
who, lured to America
by the false promises of the Scioto
Company, were finally given
land at Gallipolis, on the Ohio River.
Added to their sufferings
from lack of food and experience was the
danger of Indian
attack. Rosalie, the wife of a French
artist named Telespon, is
taken captive by Indians. After several
days' march, the rescue
party, led by an old Virginia hunter,
overtakes the abductors at
the Falls of the Little Miami. Three of
the four Indians are
killed, but the remaining one shoots the
hunter through the heart.
Telespon rushes to the side of his wife,
only to see her made the
victim of the tomahawk. In a
hand-to-hand combat, Telespon
and the Indian fall over the precipice
to be dashed on the rocks
below.
"The Flag Bearer" appears to
be an historical sketch rather
than a work of fiction. In company with
an interpreter and a
waiter, Major Alexander Trueman22 sets out from
Fort Wash-
ington to bring the white flag of truce
to the Indians on the
Maumee and the Au Glaize. Nearing their
destination, the party
falls in with a group of three Indians.
To show their good faith,
the white men permit one of their
number, the waiter, to be
bound. The savages turn traitor, killing
the officer and his ser-
vant, but permitting the interpreter to
go free.
22 Beverley W. Bond, Jr., The
Foundations of Ohio, Carl Wittke, ed., The History
of the State of Ohio (Columbus, 1941), I, 338, gives Trueman's rank
as that of
captain.
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 219
Drake scores another "first"
in "Brindle and the Buckeyes,"
the first short story of western college
life. "Brindle and the
Buckeyes" descends to farce and
slapstick comedy, but it proves
that even a century ago the young
delighted in teasing their elders.
The students at Cincinnati College play
a prank upon their be-
loved president. When the learned doctor opens the door of
the chapel (located on the second floor)
to conduct morning
prayer, he finds a cow under the pulpit
leisurely chewing her cud.
The order to remove the animal at once
is not easily carried out,
for the cow refuses to go down the
stairway. A shock adminis-
tered by a galvanic battery, the proud
possession of the president,
finally gives old brindle the necessary
impetus to leave the
building.23
Another story in the farcical vein is
"Trying on a Shoe," a
sketch of young love in Cincinnati,
which draws its theme from
the dialogue of Lady Easy and Lady
Modish in Colley Cibber's
The Careless Husband.
The remaining stories in Tales and
Sketches do not have an
Ohio locale, although all of them are
western. Three may be
singled out as worthy of mention:
"A Kentucky Election," which
is a clever satire on politics during
Kentucky's early days as a
state; "Putting a Black-leg on
Shore," which describes steamboat
travel on the Mississippi; and "The
Yankee Colporteur," which
sums up the Westerners' attitude toward
New England peddlers
and gives adequate basis for their
prejudices.
Drake may be commended for the variety
of his source ma-
terials and for his attempts to portray
western character. He is
the author of more Ohio stories than any
other writer of the
period. It is interesting to note that
Drake's career in the short
story covers almost the whole of the
period under consideration.
In 1824 his "Bass-Island Cottage" opens the study
of the early
western tale, and his collected volume,
published in 1838, comes
within one year of its closing date.
23 Dr. Daniel Drake, Benjamin's brother,
was influential in the founding of Cin-
cincinnati College in 1819, organized
its Medical Department, and was a member of its
faculty.
220
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
TIMOTHY FLINT, 1780-1840
Timothy Flint was more familiar with the
vast expanse of
the trans-Allegheny region than most of
his contemporaries. A
Harvard graduate and theologian, he came
to the West as a min-
ister of the gospel, working first under
the auspices of the Mis-
sionary Society of Connecticut and later
carrying on independ-
ently. With his wife and children, he
left Massachusetts in 1815,
boarded a flatboat at Pittsburgh, and
descended the Ohio. During
the next decade his religious activities
centered in the valley of
the Mississippi; he traversed the great
river from St. Louis to
New Orleans. The privation, sorrow and
illness which accom-
panied his pilgrimage in the wilderness
is vividly recorded in his
Recollections of the Last Ten Years, printed in Boston in 1826.
The success of the Recollections and
of his first novel, Frances
Berrian (1826) caused him to forsake his ministerial duties and
devote his energies almost exclusively
to his pen. From 1827 to
I833 he was a more or less permanent
resident of Cincinnati.
While in the literary capital of the
West, Flint issued the Western
Monthly Review, one of the pioneer literary magazines of the
Ohio Valley. During the latter part of
1833 he moved to New
York City to be editor for a brief time
of the Knickerbocker.
Most of the remaining years of his life
were spent at the seat
of his family, Alexandria, Louisiana.24
Flint's novels are fairly well known,
but his short stories
have never been collected from the
periodicals and the annuals in
which they first appeared. Most of these
forgotten stories deal
with definitely western materials and
deserve to be brought to
light.
"Oolemba in Cincinnati," which
is Flint's best story, was
contributed to Hall's Western
Souvenir. The title hero is a
kindly, wise, and pathetic old Delaware
who is driven from his
home by the encroaching pioneers. In
describing the retreat of
the red man before the advancing tide of
the white, Flint uses a
theme popular among writers of fiction,
especially during the
24
For a biography of Flint see John Ervin Kirkpatrick, Timothy Flint, Pioneer,
Missionary, Author, Editor, 1780-1840
(Cleveland, 1911) and the new edition
of
Recollections of the Last Ten Years, edited, with an introduction by C. Hartley Grattan
(New York, 1932).
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 221
eighteen-twenties and thirties. The
romantic view of the Indian
as a vanishing race was first drawn by
N. M. Hentz in Tadeus-
kund, the Last King of the Lenape (1825) and was soon followed
by Cooper's Last of the Mohicans (1826)
and the Wept of the
Wish-Ton-Wish (1829), Catharine Maria Sedgwick's Hope Leslie
(1827) and many others.25 Flint's "Oolemba in
Cincinnati" is
a particularly poignant and sympathetic
treatment of this romantic
subject.
When the settlers seize upon his land in
the Ohio Valley,
Oolemba bows his head to the inevitable
and moves with his wife
and son to the land of the Shoshonees.
Among his new friends
who dwell in the shadow of the Rocky
Mountains, Oolemba and
his family find rest. The idyllic life
among the Shoshonees ends
when a hostile tribe of savages descends
upon the valley bringing
death and destruction. Oolemba's wife
and child are killed. The
aged Indian, overcome with grief, wants
to visit once more the
spot on the Ohio where his cabin nestled
and where his son was
born. The weary journey by foot and by
canoe is finally com-
pleted. What a change in scene awaits
Oolemba! In the forty
years since he left home, the wilderness
has been transformed into
a bustling city. The very place where
his house had stood is occu-
pied by a cold building of stone--the
white man's bank. Un-
willing to stay the night in this
horrible place, he again turns his
face to the West to spend the remainder
of his days among the
remnants of the Shoshonees.
"Oolemba in Cincinnati" may be
compared with Drake's "The
Queen City," for the transformation
of wilderness to metropolis
is the background of both stories.
Drake's narrative, however,
lacks the emotional appeal and the
dramatic power of Flint's tale.
To his Western Monthly Review, Flint
contributed "Jemima
O'Keefy,--a Sentimental Tale." This
is a witty and amusing
story in which Flint's propensity for
satire was given free rein.26
25 For a full treatment of this subject
see G. Harrison Orians, "The Cult of the
Vanishing American; a Century View:
1834-1934," in Bulletin of the Universitty of
Toledo, XIII (November, 1935), no. 3.
26 Mrs. Trollope remarked, in one of the
few instances in which she praised an
American: "The most agreeable
acquaintance I made in Cincinnati, and indeed one of
the most talented men I ever met, was
Mr. Flint, the author of several extremely
clever volumes, and the editor of the Western
Monthly Review. His conversational
powers are of the higher order: he is
the only person I remember to have known with
first-rate powers of satire, and even of
sarcasm, whose kindness of nature and of manner
remained perfectly uninjured." Domestic
Manners of the Americans (New York, n.d.),
I, 124.
222 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
Jemima,an Irish vixen,
by virtue of a hooked nose and a look of
defiance in her keen
eye is master of any situation. She rules
her husband Jacob, a
surly Dutchman of six feet two, and her
children with an iron
hand. Jemima is stolen from Red Stone
by a wandering band of
Shawnees, who carry her to the shores
of the Big Miami. While
the Indians can keep her a captive,
they can by no means
break her spirit. Five years later she
escapes from the camp
and wanders on foot the hundred and
twenty leagues to her
Pennsylvania home. On finding that Jacob
has married again and
added several little ones to his progeny,
Jemima, a female Enoch
Arden, retraces her steps to the Shawnee
village. Here she
becomes the wife of To-ne-wa, a huge warrior
with painted face and
silver nose jewel. "By hook she managed
his savage and fierce
spirit this way, and by crook she swayed
him that way, until she
had him as completely in check, as she
ever had Jacob."
Against his will To-ne-wa builds a log cabin,
surrounds it with a
neat fence, and plants an apple orchard and
corn field. Dressed in
American fashion, the children of this
strange union are not
permitted to follow savage ways but are
given schooling. Their
father, who has been forced through the
years into civilized
habits, finally boasts that his papooses read
better than white
children and that his house and fields are the
most trim in the
village.
Flint's other western
tales (but not with Ohio settings) are
"Agnes Sorel de
Merivanne, the Recluse Coquette," "The Hermit
of the Prairies,"
"The Indian Fighter," "Nimrod Buckskin, Esq.,"
"Violetta and
Thoroughgrab," and George Mason, the Young
Backwoodsman (a novelette). His short stories constitute but
a minor part of his
literary activities. In the decade from 1826
to 1836 he turned out a
vast quantity of material; he wrote novels,
biographies, histories,
travel sketches, essays, lectures and reviews.
Like James Hall, he
considered the West his chief subject matter,
and most of the
products of his pen deal with this region.
Flint's short stories,
although few in number, exhibit a wide
range in style. He is
sentimental and florid in "The Indian
Fighter,"
realistic (at times) in George Mason, the Young Back-
woodsman, sympathetic and appealing in "Oolemba in
Cincinnati"
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 223
(his best story), and witty and
satirical in "Jemima O'Keefy."
Flint could write and could write well.
It is unfortunate that
he devoted so much energy to composing a
great mass of litera-
ture and so little to polishing and
perfecting that which he had
produced.
MORGAN NEVILLE, 1783-1840
If we were to select the single story
most popular with west-
ern readers during the period under
consideration, it would un-
doubtedly be "The Last of the
Boatmen." Written by Morgan
Neville, this sketch of Mike Fink, the
legendary hero of the Ohio
and the Mississippi, first appeared in
the Western Souvenir
(1829). The figure of Mike, the
hard-drinking, straight-shooting
braggart of the river, is an odd
companion to the polished gen-
tlemen and dainty women who grace the
other pages of the gift
book.
The passengers of an Ohio River
steamboat are given an
opportunity to witness one of Fink's
feats of skill when the vessel
makes a stop near Letart's Falls on its
journey from Pittsburgh
to Cincinnati. Mike, a tall, muscular
figure with tanned skin and
raven-black hair, bets a quart of
whiskey that he can shoot a tin
cup off the head of his brother at a
distance of thirty yards.
With utter confidence the Ohio William
Tell takes aim and fires;
the bullet pierces the cup two inches
from the skull of his willing
accomplice.
The story continues with a brief sketch
of Mike's life. "The
hero of a hundred fights" and
"the leader in a thousand adven-
tures" started life as an Indian
scout. When the red men re-
treated beyond the Mississippi, Fink
changed from roaming the
woods on foot to riding the rivers on
board a keel-boat. He soon
became the acknowledged chief of that
tribe of burly men who
navigated the western waters during the
early days of inland
commerce. With the advent of the
steamboat, an invention which
he viewed with scorn, Mike emigrated to
the Missouri. Here
he met his fate in a characteristic way.
Shooting at the tin cup
while under the influence of liquor,
Fink aimed too low and killed
his companion. Suspecting foul play, a
friend of the deceased
224
OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
ended the career of the boatman by
putting a bullet through his
heart.
The story gave, "as far as it went,
a most exact and faithful
likeness of an actual personage of flesh
and blood, once well
known on our waters, and now no
more."27 With this
initial
appearance of the king of the boatmen on
the pages of fiction
began a long series of sketches,
half-true and half-imaginary, in
which this picturesque figure was made
the hero of many an ad-
venture.28 To the stories of
Mike Fink, the marksman, are added
the tales of Mike Fink the outlaw, the
humorist, the trapper, the
lover. In contrast with the accounts
which follow, Neville's Mike
Fink seems a mild and almost well-bred
figure. "The Last of
the Boatmen" was the pioneer in the
"tall story" tradition of the
frontier which was to flower in the Davy
Crockett myths and
William T. Porter's collection, The
Big Bear of Arkansas.
Westerners loved Mike Fink and
references to his exciting
career are frequently found in the pages
of western periodicals.
Other stories of river travel begin by
paying a tribute to the king
of the inland waters. The Cincinnati
Mirror reprinted "The Last
of the Boatmen" and called Mike a
"true and legitimate son of
the 'far west' in earlier days,"
and a decided contrast to Paulding's
Sam Hugg of Westward Ho!29
Morgan Neville is a particularly
interesting subject for west-
ern literary historians because he was
the first notable writer of
fiction to be born across the
Alleghenies. His birthplace was
Pittsburgh, the date 1783. Neville came
fom a well-known fam-
ily; his father, Major Presley Neville,
was aide-de-camp to La-
fayette, and his maternal grandfather
was General Daniel Morgan.
During the visit of the Duke of Orleans
(later Louis Philippe) to
Pittsburgh in 1796, the boy became the
favorite of the French
nobleman. Neville moved to Cincinnati in
1824, where for a
brief period during 1826 he edited the
Cincinnati Commercial
Register, the first daily newspaper west of Philadelphia. La-
fayette called on the son of his
aide-de-camp when his tour
27 Western Monthly Review, III,
15. The article, furnished by a correspondent in
St. Louis, gives an account of
further adventures of Mike Fink.
28 For a compilation of the Fink legends see Walter
Blair and Franklin J. Meine,
Mike Fink, King of Mississippi
Keelboatmen (New York, 1933).
29 II (December 8, 1832), 49.
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 225
brought him to Cincinnati; on hearing
that Neville was ill and
in debt, the French general gave him
stock in the United States
Bank to tide him over his
difficulties.30
John T. Flanagan,31 writing
in the Western Pennsylvania
Historical Magazine in 1938, claims that Neville was a member
of the party of fifteen youths who left
Pittsburgh on December
13, 1806, to join Aaron Burr at New
Orleans. This fact casts
a new light on Neville's "The Lady
of Blennerhassett," published
in the Gift for 1836. "The
Lady of Blennerhassett" chronicles
the events which follow when the young
men from Pittsburgh
are seized by the militia and brought to
the mansion on the Island
to stand trial for treason. Harman
Blennerhassett had deserted
his "castle" but a few days
before. In the absence of the colonel
of the regiment, the youths are brought
to trial before three
justices, described as being the most
stupid representatives of
the western bar. The boys plead their innocence of any un-
patriotic act, claiming to be interested
only in forming a colony
similar to that of Robert Owen.
Overwhelmed by the knowledge
of the law and the wit and intelligence
of the prisoners, the judges
are forced to grant their release. In
the meantime the militiamen
have wrought havoc in the mansion,
breaking into the wine cellar
and destroying the furniture. In the
midst of this destruction,
Madame Blennerhassett returns from an unsuccessful visit to
Marietta, where she had hoped to get a
keel-boat for a journey
down the Mississippi to join her
husband. Colonel Phelps, arriv-
ing shortly after, berates his followers
for their unseeming con-
duct; he describes Blennerhassett, not
as a traitor to the American
cause, but as a visionary led astray by
false promises.
"The Lady of Blennerhassett"
appears to be Neville's attempt
to offer an explanation for his part in
the Burr conspiracy. The
majority of the materials in the story
are based on historical fact.32
In "Poll Preble; or The Law of the
Deer Hunt," which
appears in the Gift for 1839,
Neville forsakes the simplicity of
style which marks "The Last of the
Boatmen" and becomes ex-
30 Venable,
Beginnings, 373-6.
31 "Morgan Neville, Early
Western Chronicler," XXI (December, 1938), 257.
32 In "The Last of the Boatmen," the narrator of the story
recalls the tragic history
of Blennerhassett as the steamboat passes
the island.
226 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
cessively florid and sentimental. It
takes place on the banks of
the Ohio between the Great Scioto and
the Little Miami. The
main portion of the story concerns the
love affair of a visitor
from the East and an accomplished
Kentucky maiden, whose
chief delight is reading Chateaubriand's
Atala on the edge of the
river.
The story is saved from inanity by the
description of Poll
Preble, the daughter of an Ohio River
ferryman. Poll is one of
the first women in early fiction who is
a living, breathing human
being. Poll is not the familiar ladylike
figure of the drawing
room, but an outdoor girl who can row a
boat and shoot a rifle
like an expert. Her courage and skill
are shown during the
hunting "frolick," which is
given in honor of the visitor from
the East. According to the law of the
hunt, the game becomes
the property of the man who kills it.
When four deer are driven
into the water by the hounds, Poll takes
to her canoe and goes
after a large buck. Fearful that another
may claim the prize,
she hangs on to its horns and calls to
her sweetheart on the banks
to fire. Bill, confident of his ability
as a marksman, shoots
straight, securing the buck for Poll and
himself.
"The Exile of Mexico" appears
in the Cincinnati Mirror
above the signature "N" and is
probably the work of Neville. It
is the story of a political refugee from
the Mexican revolution
of 1828, who comes to Cincinnati to
await safer conditions in
his native country. Western (but not
Ohio) is the "Remem-
brance of Pittsburgh," first
published in the Cincinnati Chronicle
and later reprinted in Hall's Illinois
Monthly Magazine. The
visit of the Duke of Orleans to the
frontier settlement of Pitts-
burgh provides the chief plot
ingredient. Other stories (not
western in setting) signed "N"
in the Cincinnati Literary Gazette
and the Chronicle may also be
Neville's.
Neville's tales, though few in number,
show a wide variety
in plot and treatment, and each has its
mark of individuality.
"The Last of the Boatmen"
brings to the pages of fiction a charac-
ter who takes his place with Davy
Crockett, Mike Shuck and
Colonel Plug as one of the definitely
western products of the
frontier. "The Lady of
Blennerhassett" softens the usual harsh
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 227
view of the Burr conspirators by
portraying them as men misled
by false ideals. "Poll Preble"
is noteworthy for its picture of
the title heroine, a figure as western
among women as Mike
Fink among men.
WILLIAM D. GALLAGHER, 1808-1894
An outstanding figure in the early
Cincinnati literary field
was William Davis Gallagher. With Judge
James Hall, Galla-
gher ranks as one of the two men most
responsible for the de-
velopment of literary talent in the West.
Through the several
periodicals of which he was editor,
Gallagher made frequent
appeals for the support of a Western
literature.
William D. Gallagher was born in
Philadelphia, August 21,
1808. He came to Cincinnati with his
widowed mother and three
brothers in ISIS, making the journey down
the Ohio on a flat-
boat. In Cincinnati, Gallagher early
fell under the spell of printer's
ink; he was but thirteen when he learned
to set type in the office
of a small paper, the Remembancer.
Gallagher's life was a long and eventful
one, for at various
times he was printer, poet, journalist,
editor, orator, short story
writer, publisher, politician and
farmer. Usually he was occupied
with more than one task at a time. As a
sponsor of western tales,
it is the 1830 decade of his life which
is of most interest. In 1831
Gallagher began his career with the Cincinnati
Mirror, leaving the
Xenia Backwoodsman to accept the
editorship of the literary
journal. Gallagher, either alone or in
conjunction with others, was
editor of the Mirror during the
greatest share of its rather hectic
existence. At one time also he was, with
Thomas H. Shreve, its
publisher.
The last issue of the Mirror for
which Gallagher was respon-
sible was that of April 30, 1836. Less
than two months later
found him editor of the Western
Literary Journal and Monthly
Review, sponsored by Smith and Day. This short-lived venture
was sold after six months to James B.
Marshall, who combined
it with his Western Monthly Magazine which
he had recently
purchased. Gallagher became joint editor
with Marshall of the
228 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
new publication, the Western Monthly
Magazine and Literary
Journal, of which only five issues were published.
Misfortunes did not easily daunt the
young journalist, who
was convinced that the West could
support a really good literary
monthly. A year later at Columbus, where
he had gone to assist
his brother John on the Ohio
State Journal, he, together with
Otway Curry, became editor of the
Hesperian. Curry dropped out
at the end of six months, and Gallagher
continued alone for the
next year, at the end of which time the
periodical "folded." From
June-November, 1839, the Hesperian was
issued at Cincinnati.33
For the Cincinnati Mirror Gallagher
wrote three stories of a
settlement founded by Pennsylvania
Germans in the interior of
Ohio, which he names Rock-Hollow. The
first of these, "The
Heiress of Rock-Hollow" is a
hilarious tale of Johannes Puter-
baugh,34 a stuttering and
tyrannous Dutchman, and of his daughter
Mary. Mary "made the best
smear-case and sour-kraut that were
to be had within half a week's ride, and
could milk a cow in less
time than any other lass in the
country." Trouble comes to the
Puterbaugh household when Johannes tries
to make his daughter
wed Diederick, the handy man on the farm
and a recent immigrant
from "der Faderland." Mary's
choice is a "tam Yankee" school-
teacher, Edward Cunningham. Mary gets
her way, of course, but
only after outwitting her father and
Diederick by escaping from
her locked bedroom through a window.
At a later date Gallagher took "The
Heiress of Rock-
Hollow"; combined it with parts of
"Derrick Vandunk; or the
Dutch Philosopher"; changed the
names of some of the charac-
ters; polished Mary's manners; gave the
story an indefinite location
in the West; and expanded the whole into
a novelette which he
33 Gallagher pours forth his
troubles as editor in an excellent article in Judson and
line's Western Literary Journal and
Monthly Review, 1, 1-9 (November, 1844). This
article was a revision of an
earlier one in the Hesperian, II (May, 1838), 90-94. Gal-
lagher lists as causes underlying the
failure of western periodicals (1) the general
indifference of the western newspaper press
to these productions, (2) the failure of able
writers to submit materials, (3) the
negligence of subscribers in paying for their
periodicals, and (4) the lack of
enterprising publishers to handle the mechanical and
business details. The last he claimed to
be the most important cause.
34 In the preface to the story,
Gallagher writes, "In portraying the character of
Johannes Puterbaugh, the author was not
indebted to fancy. There was an original
Johzanes,--a man of real flesh and blood,--(and who considered
himself a marvel-
lously proper man too) and the likeness
will be recognized by many in the interior ...
He will endeavour to give a correct
portraiture of one of the most useful classes of the
inhabitants of the Backwoods,--the
honest, sturdy, and thrifty Dutch farmer,--that may
be taken for a caricature, which
is nearly a fac-simile."
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 229
issued in four parts in the Hesperian.
After all these labors, the
resulting product, "The Dutchman's
Daughter," is a much less
charming tale than the original
composition.
"The Militia Rivals," another
chapter in the "Chronicles of
the Dutch Village," is written in
the same satirical vein as "The
Heiress of Rock-Hollow." Two
members of the militia, Captain
Hanse Van Schickle and Lieutenant Martin
Schmidthammer, are
suitors for the hand of Betty Fromm.
When Hanse orders the
militia to march past Betty's house in
full array, Martin gives a
counter order to halt. The result is a
split in the army into two
divisions, one going one way, one
another. Betty solves the prob-
lem of rivalry by marrying an outsider,
Charles Derffenderffer
of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
"Old Van--A Character," the
third tale of Rock-Hollow, is
a serious sketch in which a father on
his deathbed gives advice to
his wayward son.
"Cobe Slaco" has some Ohio
materials. Two travelers on a
stage journey from Dayton to Cincinnati
are joined by a third
member at Hamilton. The newcomer tells a
story of the West,
but the scene of his sketch lies in
Indiana. "The Deserted Cabin,"
Gallagher's only remaining western
story, is the chronicle of the
misfortunes endured by a pioneer family
in Illinois.
Gallagher's best story, of course, is
the "Heiress of Rock-
Hollow." So many of the short
stories of the period are serious
tales of sickness, misery and death,
that a humorous sketch to
relieve the tension is more than
welcome. In his choice of the
Dutch settlers as his characters, and of
satire as his mode of ex-
pression, Gallagher follows the trail
blazed by Washington Irving,
"the keeper of the Dutch tradition
of the Hudson," of whose
work he was a great admirer.35
35 Gallagher remarks in Cincinnati
Mirror, III (May 3, 1834), 229, that he "grew
merry over the incomparable 'Rip Van
Winkle,' and drowsy over soporific 'Sleepy
Hollow'."
230
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
MRS. JULIA L. DUMONT, 1794-1857
One of the most popular writers of tales
and sketches in
the early days was Mrs. Julia L. Dumont,
of Vevay, Indiana.
Mrs. Dumont was the first woman to
achieve literary prominence
in the Ohio Valley. Her poems and tales
were eagerly awaited
by readers of western journals, and the
promise of a story by
her in a future issue of a periodical
was considered sufficient
inducement for subscription. At a time when
it was not the cus-
tom to copyright periodicals, many of
her stories were copied in
the magazines of both East and West.
Ohio can claim Mrs. Dumont equally with Indiana, for it
was on the banks of the Muskingum36 that
Julia Louisa Cory
was born in October, 1794. Her parents37
were among the
original settlers of Marietta, coming
with the Ohio Company from
their home in Rhode Island. A few months
before Julia was
born, her father was found killed, it
was believed at the hands of
Indians.38 The next spring
Mrs. Cory, carrying her infant daugh-
ter in a saddle bag, made the difficult
trip across the wilderness
to New York State.
Mrs. Cory (later to become Mrs. Mandville)
was a well-
educated woman for her day and the
author of at least one book,
Lucinda, or the Mountain Mourner. She saw to it that her daugh-
ter received an excellent education and
that she had access to the
best books. Julia attended Milton
Academy, Saratoga County,
New York.
Julia Cory began at an early age to
teach school in New York
State. Her literary efforts also began
early, for it is known that
on July 4, 1812, while the
growing tension between Great
Britain and the United States was at its
peak, she wrote a patriotic
poem at Saratoga, New York. It was
through the medium of her
poetry that Julia met John Dumont, whom
she married in August,
36 Mrs. Lucille Skelcher in "Julia
L. Dumont and Her Descendents," a paper read
at the Switzerland County Historical
Meeting of January 13, 1938 (printed in Vevay-
Reveille-Enterprise, February 10, 1938), gives Marietta as her birthplace.
Edward
Thomson in Coggeshall Poets and Poetry, 43, says that
she was born at Waterford,
Washington County, Ohio.
37 Thomas W. Lewis, History of
Southeastern Ohio and the Muskingum Valley,
1788-1928 (Chicago, 1928), 62, lists Ebenezer Corry as one of the
forty-seven original
colonists of Marietta. Mrs. Skelcher,
"Julia L. Dumont," the great-granddaughter of
Mrs. Dumont, is the authority for
the spelling of Mrs. Dumont's maiden name as
"Cory." There are other divergent spellings.
38 Skelcher, "Julia L.
Dumont."
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 231
1812, at Greenfield, New York. Dumont had been so impressed
by a poem of hers which he had read,
that he wrote to the youthful
teacher, and later met and courted
her.39
The Dumonts moved to Cincinnati in the
spring of 1813,
where John served as land agent for
General William Henry
Harrison.40 The next year the
couple settled at Vevay, Indiana,
in Switzerland County, which became
their permanent home. It
was here that Julia Dumont raised a
large family, taught school
for thirty-five years, and found a few
leisure moments to devote
to a literary career. Her husband, a
lawyer, was a prominent figure
in early Indiana politics, serving in
the state legislature, both in
the House and Senate, for several years.
He ran for governor of
the state against David Wallace but was
defeated.
The first story of which it is certain
Mrs. Dumont is the
author is "Theodore Harland,"
a prize tale which she wrote for
the Saturday Evening Chronicle. "Theodore
Harland" appears
in the issue of the Chronicle for
April 21, 1827, and was copied
by the Rural Repository under
date of October 13, 1827. Other
of her stories which were published in
the Chronicle are "The
Soldier's Son" reprinted from the Crystal
and the Casket, "The
Orphans" (from the Philadelphia
Souvenir), a story without title
(reprinted from the Casket), by which magazine it had
been
awarded a prize), and "Scenes of
the Wilderness" (from the
Cincinnati Mirror). Only one of these stories, the last named,
deals with western materials. Mrs.
Dumont, however, may be
the author of five earlier stories
published in the Cincinnati
Literary Gazette in 1824-1825, a periodical to which she submitted
several poems. The signature at the end
of the stories is in each
case the initial "D," the same
means by which Mrs. Dumont signs
her work in the Chronicle.
Mrs. Dumont wrote extensively for the Cincinnati
Mirror.
Of her stories in the Mirror, it
is "Ashton Grey" which is of
most interest, even though its plot is
involved and confusing. The
title hero is an Ohio River boatman, a
member of the celebrated
tribe of Mike Fink. Whereas Mike Fink
was a crude and uncouth
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
232 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
figure, Ashton bears the marks of a
well-bred and educated gen-
tleman. The scene of the story is in the
frontier town of Cincinnati.
Ashton, because of circumstantial
evidence, is accused of the mur-
der of a man whose body was found in the
Ohio. At the trial,
all the evidence points to Ashton's
guilt and he is about to be
sentenced. At the last moment his father
(whom the reader learns
later is really his foster father)
confesses to the crime. Ashton is
reunited with his sweetheart, who is the
ward of a man who turns
out to be Ashton's own father.
"Scenes of the Wilderness" and
"Boonesborough" are two
western (but not Ohio) stories of Mrs.
Dumont's which appeared
in the Mirror. "Boonesborough"
won for its author a prize of
fifty dollars for the best original tale
submitted.
For the Western Literary Journal and
Monthly Review she
wrote "The Picture," a tale of
Fort Washington at the time of
the Indian uprisings. Edith Lennox, a
Kentucky maiden, is a
visitor at the Fort, where she is
courted by Major Armar. Edith's
real love, however, is Russell Carr, a
Kentucky backwoodsman.
also stationed at the Fort, whom she had
known in childhood.
Both Armar and Carr are members of St.
Clair's tragic army
which meets defeat at the site of Fort
Recovery. When Armar is
wounded in battle, Carr comes to his
assistance and is himself
more seriously wounded. Both men are
brought back to Fort
Washington, where Armar recovers
quickly, but Carr lies close
to death. Carr, given a zest for living
by Edith's declaration of
love, is finally nursed back to health.
Edith and Carr become
early settlers of Cincinnati.
"A Family History," appearing
in Judson and Hine's West-
ern Literary Journal (November, 1844), falls beyond the closing
date of this article, but because it
stresses the use of western
materials may well be included. When an
old lady offered to pro-
vide the plot for a story, the author
replied, "Let it be Western,
however . . . we go in distinctly for
consumption of home mate-
rials." "A Family
History" takes place at Cincinnati, "not a
hundred paces from the center of our
queen and queenly city."
It concerns George Ellesly, a true son
of the West, who, although
illy treated by his family in his youth,
returns incognito to aid
his half-brother and his father when
they are in trouble.
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 233
The work of Mrs. Dumont is significant
only in reflecting
the popularity of the sentimental tale
in the thirties. Following
closely the Lady's Book pattern
set by feminine writers in the
East, Mrs. Dumont peoples her stories
with saintly heroes and
Dresden china heroines. The polished
characters of the drawing
room seem especially ludicrous when set
against the crude and
rough background of the frontier. To
bring tears to the eyes
of her readers by relating a tragic tale
of love seems to be Mrs.
Dumont's objective in writing fiction.
Her language is at all times
stilted and florid; elaborate similies
and metaphors crowd every
page. Coincidence--frequently a highly
incredible factor--is the
chief plot ingredient. The author is
concerned with "uplifting"
her public; the good, although subjected
to many trials, always
emerge triumphant.41
But perhaps this is too harsh a
criticism of the first woman
writer of the West. Edward Eggleston,
the Hoosier novelist,
who was one of her pupils at Vevay,
writes of Mrs. Dumont in
Scribner's Monthly:42
Mrs. Julia L. Dumont is, like all our
Western writers of that day,
except Prentice, almost entirely
forgotten. But in the time, before rail-
ways, when the West, shut in by the
Alleghenies, had an incipient litera-
ture, Mrs. Dumont occupied no mean place
as a writer of poetry and prose
tales. Eminent litterateurs of the time,
from Philadelphia and Cincinnati,
used to come to Vevay to see her; but
they themselves--these great lights
of ancient American literature away back
in the forties--are also for-
gotten. Who remembers Gallagher and the
rest today?
MRS. PAMILLA W. BALL
Another feminine writer of the thirties
was Mrs. Pamilla W.
Ball of Zanesville. A widowed lady, Mrs.
Ball became editor of
the Zanesville Evening Visitor, a
Saturday newspaper, in 1837
in an attempt to earn a living for
herself and her children. The
pen must not have proved a lucrative
tool, however, for the paper
lasted but a few months. Mrs. Ball
submitted several stories to
41 In an article in the Cincinnati
Mirror "Brief Notices of Western Writers, no. IV.
Mrs. Julia L. Dumont" (III, May 3, 1834), 229,
William D. Gallagher comments
favorably on the work of Mrs. Dumont, but criticizes
her ornate style and long,
involved sentences.
42 "Some Western School Masters," Scribner's
Monthly, XVII (March, 1879), 750.
234
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
the Cincinnati Mirror, several of
which concern the hardships
endured by women in pioneer days.43
"Woman's Destiny," the first
of her stories in the Mirror, is
a western tale of a young wife whose
life is ruined by a drinking
husband. In "Man and Woman,"
the heroine must bear not only
the drinking of her husband, but his
infidelity as well. The title
hero of the "Recluse of the
Desert" is a tired and broken man
whose daughter has married an Indian
warrior. "Chapter in the
Life of a Pioneer's Wife" is the
story of an attack by bandits of a
pioneer party crossing the mountains on
their way to the West.
Of higher calibre is Mrs. Ball's
"The Haunted Tree," which
takes place on the banks of the
Muskingum. Onaloosa, an old
chief of eighty winters, believes that
his tribe should leave its
hunting grounds before the advance of
the pioneers. As he is
talking to his men, the song of the
boatmen is heard and a white
girl and her husband are seen
approaching in the boat as passen-
gers. The girl is captured and killed by
the Indians against the
wishes and advice of Onaloosa. Following
this deed, the old
Indian gives up his symbols of authority
and supervises the burial
of the girl beneath a spreading sycamore
tree.
Two other Ohio stories which Mrs. Ball
wrote for the Mirror
are "A Tale of the Early
Times" and "Woman's Trials." The
first concerns a Virginian of good
family who marries a poor
servant girl he finds in a pioneer's
cabin. The main plot con-
stituents of "Woman's Trials"
are drink, intrigue, false identity
and infidelity--a heady potion to say
the least.
OTWAY CURRY, 1804-1855
Otway Curry is of interest to this study
chiefly on the basis
of a single story, "The Wolf
Hunter" which appeared in the
Hesperian.44 Curry was joint editor with Gallagher of the Hespe-
rian during the first six months of its existence. A native
of
Highland County, Ohio, Curry enjoyed a
large measure of fame
in his day as a poet.
43 Western Monthly Magazine, n.s. I (April, 1837), 215.
44 Two other sketches which Curry contributed to the Hesperian,
"The Doomed
Wyandott," an account of the death
of the Indian chief Leatherlips, and "Sketch of a
Pioneer," the life of Samuel Davis,
are in the realm of history rather than fiction. One
other story "Prize Writing," a
tale of Louisiana, appeared in the Cincinnati Mirror.
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 235
Most of the action of "The Wolf
Hunter" takes place in the
vicinity of what is now Toledo. The
narrator of the tale is
making a journey by stage coach from
Lower Sandusky (Fre-
mont) through the Black Swamp to
Detroit. Arriving on the
banks of the Maumee (or the Miami of the
Lakes) at the end of
the second day, he decides to board a
schooner for the remainder
of the trip. Since the boat is not due
to sail until the morrow,
he accepts the invitation of the
supercargo to spend the night at
his home "near half a score of
miles below the rapids, in a small
village which stood immediately on the
bay shore."45 The next
day, to wile away the hours until the
arrival of the vessel, the
traveler rows a small skiff across the
bay to the opposite side.
Here he finds the wigwam of an Indian
and is so interested in
talking to its occupants, a white man
(Louis Vincent) and an
Indian chief (Red Mingo) that he misses
the schooner. The
narrator decides to accompany his
newly-made friends on a wolf-
hunting expedition up the river to a
spot near the "fallen timber."
During the three days that it takes the
trio to reach their desti-
nation, the traveler learns that Vincent
is plotting revenge against
Red Mingo for the murder of his father.
In the high grass of the
hunting grounds, the men erect a
scaffold to protect themselves
from the wolves. Red Mingo is sent to
arouse the animals, while
the traveler and Vincent remain atop the
tower. When the Indian
returns with the wolves howling at his
heels, Vincent prevents his
climbing the scaffold. Before the
frightened eyes of the narrator,
the savage is torn to pieces by the wild
animals.
"The Wolf Hunter" contains
much which is of value his-
torically. The account of the journey
through the Black Swamp
with its attendant trials and
discomforts is graphically done. Also
well drawn is the description of the
site of the Battle of Fallen
Timbers, near which the wolf hunt took
place. The story of the
wolf hunt is by no means pure fiction,
because wolves were
numerous in northwestern Ohio in the
first quarter of the nine-
teenth century.46 At one time
a bounty was paid by the State
for their destruction. Finally,
"The Wolf Hunter" deserves
45 Probably Manhattan.
46 Francis P. Weisenburger, Passing
of the Frontier, Wittke, ed., History of the
State of Ohio, III,
6.
236
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
special mention because it is the first
and only story of the period
which is laid at the scene of the infant
Toledo. Curry had made
a trip to Detroit in the summer of 1823,
and it may be that he
himself visited the territory which he
describes.
THOMAS H. SHREVE, 1808-1853
JAMES H. PERKINS, 1810-1849
Briefly should be mentioned Thomas H.
Shreve and James
H. Perkins, two close associates of
William D. Gallagher, both
of whom contributed numerous western
short stories to western
periodicals. loth served with Gallagher
for short periods in the
editorship of the Mirror. The
stories of Shreve and Perkins are
for the most part moral tales in which
the scene of action has
little to do with the plot.
Shreve wrote three Ohio stories. Two of
them "The Wages
of Ambition" and "The Rise and
the Fall," chronicle events in the
lives of two young lawyers who suffer
the consequences of their
own ambition and lust for pleasure. In
quite a different vein is
"'Black-Eyed Sue'" (of
Cincinnati), a satirical love story in
which the Queen City belle forsakes her
handsome lover for a
wealthy bachelor.
James H. Perkins, author of Annals of
the West (1846) and
a Unitarian minister in the Queen City,
entered almost imme-
diately into the literary life of
Cincinnati upon his arrival from
Boston in 1832. The greater share of his
work appeared in the
Western Messenger, the organ of the Unitarian movement in the
West.
Even before he entered the pulpit,
Perkins was interested in
pointing the way to the good life, using
his pen whenever pos-
sible. Three Ohio stories are "The
Winning and the Gaining
Candidate," "The Ball
Room" and "Alms-Giving and Loaning."
In the first, Samuel White, a young Ohio
lawyer, runs for the
office of State senator, but is
defeated. His old uncle Stephen,
confidant and adviser, insists that he
meet his successful rival
and congratulate him. Samuel profits by
this advice and as a
result "gains heaven."
"The Ball Room" follows the misfortunes
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 237
of a young couple, who are led on the
road to destruction by
attending a Birth Night Ball at Bazaar
Hall in Cincinnati. In
"Alms-Giving and Loaning," a
poor engraver in Cincinnati is
saved from the crime of counterfeiting
by the intervention of a
charitable man.
JAMES HALL, 1793-1868
But what of James Hall? It is agreed
that no one did more
than he to encourage western writers and
western literature. As
editor of the Illinois Monthly Magazine
and the Western Monthly
Magazine, he called continually for new talent to assert itself.
It
was he, too, who sired the Western
Souvenir, the first literary
annual to be published west of the
Alleghenies. As an author,
Hall regarded the West as his chief
subject matter and devoted his
energies almost exclusively to it.
The number of Hall's stories dealing
with the trans-Alle-
gheny region far exceeds that of any
other writer at the period.
Of the stories collected in the four
volumes: Legends of the
West (1832), The Soldier's Bride and Other Tales (1833),
Tales
of the Border (1835), and The Wilderness and the War Path
(1846), more than two-thirds have
western characters and west-
ern settings.
Except in "The War Belt,"47 Hall
did not lay the scenes of
his stories in Ohio. Most of his tales
grew out of his experiences
in Illinois, where for eight years in
the 1820's he rode the circuit
as prosecuting attorney and judge in the
southern part of the
state. Several of his stories have an
indefinite locale in the Ohio
Valley and describe journeys on Ohio
River boats, but this does
not provide sufficient evidence to claim
them for Ohio. Perhaps
Hall's failure to write of Ohio in
fiction is due to the fact that he
did not move to Cincinnati until 1833;
by this date the larger
share of his labors in the short story
had been accomplished,
and he was turning his talents to other
fields.
It may be well to mention the names of
other contributors to
western periodicals who, although they
wrote of the West, did
47 More properly in the realm of history
than fiction, "The War Belt" is a sketch
of George Rogers Clark in his
dealings with the Indians at North Bend in 1786.
238
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
not locate their tales in the Buckeye
State. They are Mrs. Caroline
Lee Hentz, Mrs. H. S. Haynes,48 Anna
Peyre Dinnies ("Moina"),
James B. Marshall, John A. McClung and
John Russell.
ANONYMOUS OHIO STORIES
Published in the early western
periodicals are several tales
with Ohio locales whose authorship is
unknown. "Tecumseh,"49
appearing in the Cincinnati Literary
Gazette, is the tale of the
love and marriage of Onewequa and
Elohama, and of the birth
of their son, Tecumseh, near the
Muskingum. After the death of
of Onewequa at the hands of white men,
Elohama takes her son
to her husband's grave. Here the
four-year-old Tecumseh vows
eternal vengeance on the white man for
the murder of his father.
Five anonymous Ohio stories are to be
found in the Cincinnati
Mirror: "Alice Leslie, the Young Artist," "The
Adopted," "The
Bohemian Girl," "The Little
Pacer; or, Going Without Break-
fast," and "The Wampum
Belt." Two of these are worthy of
comment. In "The Adopted" a
white girl is cared for by an In-
dian chief, Te-huck-ne-hu, at a spot
near the Falls of the Miami.
"The Wampum Belt" is an
above-the-average tale of Indian love
and sacrifice which takes place between
the Great and the Little
Miamis.
Anonymous Ohio stories in the Western
Monthly Magazine
include: "A Border Narrative,"
"Circumstantial Evidence," "Love
and Mosquitoes," "Youth and
Womanhood," "James Kirrwood"
and "Seth Bushnell." The best
of these is "A Border Narrative,"
an account of Indian troubles following
St. Clair's defeat and of
a renegade who repents of his actions
and returns to help the
settlers at Colerain. The hero of the
tale, who for some months
is held by the Indians, escapes from his
captors and furnishes
General Wayne with information
concerning Indian movements.
48 Mrs. Hentz's "Origin of the White Indians" has some Ohio
materials.
49 This story is signed "D"
and may be the work of Dumont or Drake, both of
whom were interested in the Indian chief
Tecumseh. Gallagher, in his article on
Mrs. Dumont (Cincinnati Mirror, III, May 3, 1834,
229) says that she "has on hand
a manuscript Life of Tecumseh,
which is a work of much interest. Besides what was to
be gathered from the common sources of information relating to this
celebrated Indian
chief, she has obtained many interesting
particulars of his early life, from an individual
who was a captive among the Shawanoese
during the boyhood of Tecumseh." Drake,
of course, was the author of a biography
of Tecumseh.
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 239
Wayne sends the backwoodsman to Fort
Washington as the
bearer of important despatches.
OHIO STORIES PUBLISHED IN THE EAST
CHANDLER ROBBINS GILMAN
There were three men in the
eighteen-thirties who wrote
stories with Ohio backgrounds, but whose
works were published in
the East. All three, however, were
familiar with Ohio: one was
born at Marietta, one lived on the banks
of the Muskingum, and
the third, a New Yorker, toured the West
and visited Cincinnati.
The men were Chandler Robbins Gilman,
Mark Bancroft and
Charles Fenno Hoffman.
Chandler Robbins Gilman was born at
Marietta in 1802; his
ancestors were among the earliest
settlers of Ohio. After the re-
moval of his family to Philadelphia,
Gilman entered the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, where he received
the degree of Doctor of
Medicine in 1824. He began the
practice of his profession in
New York City, his permanent place of
residence from that time
on. During his busy life as a physician,
he found some moments
to devote to literary activities.
Associated for a time with Charles
Fenno Hoffman on the American Monthly
Magazine, he con-
tributed stories to that periodical.
Gilman's Legends of a Log
Cabin "by a Western man" was published anonymously
in New
York City in 1835. He was also author of
a work of travel in
the West, Life on the Lakes; Being
Tales and Sketches Collected
During a Trip to the Pictured Rocks
of Lake Superior (1836).
Legends of a Log Cabin is a collection of short stories pur-
ported to have been told in the home of
a pioneer to wile away
the long winter evenings. In the cabin
of Bart Williams, an old
hunter, in the upper Wabash country, are
gathered a Methodist
circuit rider, an Englishman, a
Frenchman, a Yankee peddler, an
old Negro and a Wyandot Indian. Each is
asked to tell a story,
and each responds with a characteristic
yarn. The stories told by
Old Bart and Chargha, the Wyandot, have
Ohio locales.
"The Hunter's Vow," Old Bart's
contribution, takes place
near Harmar on the banks of the Ohio,
shortly after the defeat
240
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
of St. Clair. John Cass, a Virginian,
settles here with his wife,
two sons and a niece. His wife and elder
son die with the fever
during the "sickly year" and
Hamilton, the younger boy, is weak-
ened by the disease. During his long
convalescence, Hamilton is
taught to read by his doctor and spends
much of his time poring
over books. On recovering his health,
the boy refuses to learn
the manly sports--hunting, riding,
shooting and the like--but
continues to devote himself to study.
One day, contrary to his
usual custom, Ham accompanies his father
on a hunting expedi-
tion. The father is attacked by an
Indian, and Ham, picking up
the rifle at his side, fires at the
savage but misses him by several
yards. Unsuccessful in reloading his
gun, he is forced to stand
useless while the Indian tears the scalp
from the old man's head
and buries a knife in his heart. Ham
resolves to get revenge.
After practicing with a rifle until he
becomes an expert shot, the
youth sets out in search of the
murderer. One month later, worn
and wasted, he returns to the burial
ground of his father. His
revenge is complete for with him he
carries the skull of his
enemy.
While marred by many digressions,
"The Hunter's Vow"
has a charm which is undeniable. The
author has a mild humor
which he uses to relieve the horror of
the main theme. He smil-
ingly describes the frontiersmen of
Harmar: there is old Hezekiah
Curtis, the tailor of the settlement and
a former school teacher,
who speaks for the superiority of the
"eddicated" man; Sip, the
Squire's black servant, whose propensity
for hunting bear leads
him into difficulties; Jim Johnson, the
Indian hater, who pouts
when the hunting party gives him no
chance to collect a single
scalp; and Joe Davis, another pioneer,
who, in criticizing Ham's
search for revenge, thinks one Indian's
scalp is as good as
another's.
"The Wyandot's Story,"
Chargha's tale, gives the Indian's
view of the white man's cruelty and is
based in part on historical
fact. Chargha's father, on a hunting
expedition to the Blue Licks,
is shot by a Long Knife, merely because
his bosom makes a good
mark for the pioneer's rifle. Two
brothers also are victims of
the Long Knives. Chargha's mother,
unable to bear further sor-
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 241
row, commits suicide by drowning in the
Ohio. Orphaned by
these sad events, Chargha and his sister
Outesie set out for the
Great Lakes to join relatives there.
Reaching the Muskingum
after a journey of three days, Outesie
is captured by the white
men, while Chargha is shot in the arm.
The boy follows closely
on the heels of the abductors, hoping to
secure the release of his
sister. Finding that the Indian maiden
is a burden to the group,
one of the Americans orders the girl to
stand up and face him
while he takes aim. As the bullet
pierces the body of Outesie,
she sees her brother in the bushes and
with her last expiring
breath calls vainly to him for help.
MARK BANCROFT
Mark Bancroft is the author of numerous
western short
stories which he contributed to
Atkinson's Casket published in
Philadelphia. According to bits of
autobiography which he scat-
ters through his tales, Bancroft came to
the West as a child of
six when his parents settled near
Washington, Pennsylvania, in
1781.50 During these early days the
Indians were causing much
disturbance on the border, and on one
occasion the Bancroft
family was forced to fly to Wolf's
Blockhouse for safety. Of
the Moravian massacre of 1782 Mark heard
first-hand accounts,
because Washington County was the
headquarters for the regi-
ment which campaigned against the
Christian Indians.51 When
Bancroft was mature, he moved to Ohio,
where he purchased a
farm on the banks of the Muskingum.52
The author remained in
the West until 1815, or until he
was forty years old. In justifica-
tion of the references to personal
history he remarks, "Self-
biography is introduced to establish the
fact . . . that I am writing
of events, to which I was either an eye
witness, or a very close
hearer."53
Two of Bancroft's stories deal with the
treatment of the
Christian Indians who founded the towns
of Schoenbrunn,
Coschocton and Gnadenhutten in eastern
Ohio. "Letburn Park-
50 Casket, IX (December, 1834), 543.
51 Casket, VIII (May,
1833), 196.
52 Casket, IV (July, 1829), 367.
53 Casket, IX
(July, 1834), 302.
242
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
man; or, The Maniac," has its
historical background in the expe-
dition under Colonel Andrew Brodhead
which was directed
against the Delawares at Coshocton in 1781. Lucy Ryland, a
maiden living in Washington County,
Pennsylvania, braves her
father's anger and another suitor's ill
will to marry Letburn
Parkman, a "hunter-warrior."
Dressed in men's clothes and under
the name of "Isaac Carr," Lucy
joins her husband as a member
of Brodhead's army. Eli Bringham, the
disappointed suitor, is
also in the regiment. On the return
from Coshocton, Eli, over-
come with blood-lust, aims his tomahawk
at a defenceless Indian
squaw who is being held captive.
"Isaac Carr" springs forward
to protect the woman and receives the
full force of the blow.
Witnessing the attack and believing that
his wife has been killed,
Letburn Parkman is overcome by the
tragedy and turns into a
raving maniac. Although Lucy does not
die immediately, she
succumbs sometime later as a result of
the wounds.
From the many accounts he had heard as a
boy of the mas-
sacre of the Delawares on the
Tuscarawas, Bancroft gathered his
material for "The Moravian Indians."54
A few years before this
sad event, Saul Garvin, the victim of an
unhappy love affair, had
fled from home to join the Moravians at Schoenbrunn. Saul
adopted the name of "Peter,"
married one of the Indian maidens,
and soon became a leader in the tribe.
Saul lived contentedly with
his new friends until 1782, the fatal
year. It was at this time that
the pioneers, aroused by border warfare,
sent a party of soldiers
to wipe out the Indian menace. The
innocent and peaceful Mora-
vians, through no fault but their red
skins, were easy victims of
the militiamen. Saul was among the group
of nearly one hundred
54 In the preface to "The Moravian
Indians," Bancroft remarks: "The murder of
the Moravian, or Christian Indians on
the Tuscarawas, in 1782, was amongst those acts
which make a nation blush; but like all
other acts of man it has been discolored. The
name of Col. David Williamson, who was
the nominal commander of the party who
were the perpetrators, has been held up
to infamy as a monster. This preface and the
Tale which follows, were neither of them
written to excuse the deed of horror, nor
have I ever heard a single voice raised
in its justification, though I was bred from a
child to mature years near Washington,
Pennsylvania, and of course in the very section
from whence the actors proceeded.
". . . With many of the actors I
was personally acquainted, and must say, that
the result of the expedition could never
have been premeditated, except by a few if
by any single person.
". . . In the Tale my object has
been to paint the times, and give the feelings
of the men as they were then agitated.
Those feelings had their play in my presence
at an age when impressions are not
simply deep, but indelible."
Bancroft mentions several points in
which he differs from Heckewelder's
description of the massacre.
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 243
who were murdered at one fell swoop.
Loyal to his adopted race,
he refused to ask for mercy from his
white brethren.
Bancroft's three remaining Ohio tales
are of less interest.
"The Vendue" takes place on
the Muskingum River. Mrs. Swan-
sey, a deserted wife and the mother of
two children, is about to
lose her home through a sheriff's sale
when her husband, missing
for eighteen years, returns to save the
family from destitution.
"The Wedding" is a
melodramatic tale in which Powers Osborne,
a soldier left on the field as dead
following Crawford's defeat
near Upper Sandusky in 1782, returns
nine years later to prevent
the marriage of his "widow,"
Anna Osborne, to Matthew Johnson.
Matthew had been with Osborne during the
battle and had stolen
his friend's horse to make his get-away.
Osborne, captured and
held by the Indians during the
intervening years, finally makes
his escape and arrives in time to save
his wife from a disgraceful
marriage. "Ann Dillon," the
biography of one of the settlers on
the Muskingum, is full of hair-raising
episodes, and describes the
journey of the widowed Ann, her two
children, and her niece
down the Ohio and the Mississippi to
Natchez.
The chief interest in the work of
Bancroft lies in his use of
historical materials as the backgrounds
for fiction. His references
to events of the early West appear to be
accurate and well-
authenticated. From the standpoint of
literary value, however, his
stories are completely lacking in merit,
for they are overdrawn,
sentimental and melodramatic. They are
even more absurd and
fantastic than those of Mrs. Dumont.
Bancroft gives free rein to
a vivid imagination in constructing his
plots; the result is a suc-
cession of illogical and wholly
incredible happenings.
CHARLES FENNO HOFFMAN
In his discussion of the Semicolon Club,
a literary society
which thrived in the Cincinnati of the
eighteen-thirties, Venable
remarks, "The Semicolon Club had
its eastern lion, who, however,
was both hunter and hunted. He was none
other than Charles
Feno [sic!] Hoffman, of New York.
This versatile and pleasing
author visited Cincinnati and was a
frequent guest of the club."55
55 Venable, Beginnings, 420.
244
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
Hoffman made a tour of the West on
horseback and published the
results of his experiences in A
Winter in the West (1835). Wild
Scenes in the Forest and Prairie, a collection of Hoffman's short
stories issued in 1839, includes five
western tales, two of which
have scenes laid in Ohio.
Both of Hoffman's Ohio stories deal with
the difficulties en-
countered in training and disciplining
the early armies of the
West. "The Twin-Doomed" takes
place on the banks of the Ohio,
where General Wayne establishes his camp
prior to his Indian
campaign in the Northwest.
"Mad" Anthony, in an effort to pre-
vent desertions from his ranks,
establishes martial law and pro-
claims that any man, of any rank, who
passes beyond the lines
without a special permit will be tried
as a deserter. Twin brothers,
Ernest and Rupert Dewitt, Indian
fighters, are present at the
reading of the orders. Rupert's name is
entered on the muster-
roll, but Ernest decides not to join.
After saying goodbye to his
brother, Rupert discovers a fresh
moccasin print on the trail
which he decides to follow. Missing from
camp, he is listed as a
deserter. It is Ernest, however, and not
Rupert, who is arrested,
brought to trial, and sentenced to be
shot. As Ernest faces the
firing squad, Rupert leaps in front of
the deadly muzzles, and
both boys are killed as the order to
fire is given.
The protagonist of "The Major's
Story" is a dealer in patent
medicines who serves as a doctor in the
Western Army of the War
of 1812. Totally ignorant of the fundamentals of his
alleged pro-
fession, "Dr. Peabody" causes
the death of many patients through
neglect and malpractice. The doctor is
attached to the western
forces at Urbana and proceeds with the
army to the Miami of the
Lakes. Until the surrender of Detroit,
he serves in a fever hos-
pital there; he buries as many soldiers
as he cures. In his last
official action he is a member of
General Winchester's army which
fights at the Battle of the River
Raisin. His description of the
events of that fatal January day is
graphically drawn. For his
"services" in the War,
"Dr. Peabody" is awarded a large share of
western lands.
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 245
CONCLUSION
The demand for a regional literature in
the West, a literature
by western authors devoted to the
western scene, was in itself
unusual. So was its answer. In the field
of the short story alone,
more than two hundred and fifty tales
from 1824 to 1839 have
locales laid in the trans-Allegheny
region. Ohio is well repre-
sented in this number, for at least
fifty-five may be claimed for
the Buckeye State.
It is true that the western magazines
which were the chief
sponsors of the western movement failed
to survive. This is in
no sense an indictment of the literary
activities of the West. On
the contrary, it is a tribute to the
region that they were founded
at all. In the 1830's the territory
across the Alleghenies was still
in a pioneer stage; many of the
inhabitants were busy clearing the
land, ploughing virgin fields and making
homespun garments.
Lack of adequate transportation
facilities made it difficult to
secure printing supplies and to deliver
the magazines to sub-
scribers. In the face of these trials
the courage of the early editors
must be recognized. "A publishing
ambition outrunning the abil-
ity of the constituency to support it is
one of the truest char-
acteristics of a good frontier
city," says Mott.56 Cincinnati, the
publishing center of the West, was a
"good frontier city."
While Westerners insisted that a
faithful picture of trans-
Allegheny life could come only from the
pens of native authors,
they themselves did little to portray
the West realistically. Their
attitude towards their materials was
chiefly one of romance. For
the most part, they were interested in
depicting the West as a
promised land, where honest hearts beat
under rough exteriors. A
favorite device was to pit an educated
Easterner against a hardy
backwoodsman; in knowledge and courtesy
the son of the fron-
tier was more than a match for his
eastern brother.
The ingredients of the western short
stories of the period are
so fundamentally the same that they may
be reduced to a formula.
Mrs. Dumont, in effect, does this very
thing in the introduction to
her tale "The Picture":
56 Frank Luther Mott, A History of
American Magazines, 1741-1850 (New York,
Appleton, 1930), 387.
246
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
Now what was this Sketch to be? Romantic
it must certainly be, and
pathetic, and chivalrous, and tender,
and glowing, and imaginative; and
above all it must be western. It
was for a western magazine--it was in-
tended for western readers--and the
writer, said I, drawing myself up with
the thought, to all intents and
purposes, western.
The search for romantic materials in
Ohio ended in many
cases on the author's own doorstep. A
large proportion of the
tales written by Cincinnati authors are
about the Queen City itself,
her settlers, her early history, her
inhabitants. The Ohio River is
glowingly described in many stories.
Other favorite spots for the
imagination of the early fictionists are
the borders of the Musk-
ingum and the Miamis. Ohio's troubles
with the Indians and her
part in the War of 1812 serve as
backgrounds in several stories.
With relatively few exceptions, no one
would choose to read
the western stories of the twenties and
thirties for enjoyment or
relaxation, but stripped of excess
verbiage and undue sentimen-
tality, they reveal a framework which is
not without its merits. If
one were to compile an anthology of Ohio
stories of the period,
the volume should include: Drake's
"Bass-Island Cottage" (the
first Ohio story) and his "The
Queen City"; both of Flint's Ohio
stories, "Jemima O'Keefy" and
"Oolemba in Cincinnati"; Neville's
"The Last of the Boatmen";
Mrs. Dumont's "Ashton Grey";
Mrs. Ball's "The Haunted
Tree"; Gallagher's "The Heiress of
Rock-Hollow"; Curry's "The
Wolf Hunter"; Bancroft's "The
Moravian Indians"; Gilman's
"The Hunter's Vow"; and Hoff-
man's "The Twin-Doomed."
Anonymous stories should by no
means be excluded; the best ones are
"A Border Narrative,"
"Tecumseh," and "The
Wampum Belt."
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES, 1824-1839
Under each author's name, short stories
are arranged alpha-
betically by title. Anonymous stories
are arranged alphabetically
by title following the list under
authors.
To avoid repetition of the facts of
publication, the full infor-
mation for each collection of short
stories is given only under the
first entry of the volume in the
bibliography.
This is not a bibliography of short
stories by Ohio authors,
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 247
but a bibliography of short stories with
Ohio locales, most of
which (but not all) were written by
Ohioans.
BALL, Mrs. Pamilla W.
"The Haunted Tree"
in Cincinnati Mirror III (June 7,
1834), 269
"A Tale of the Early Times"
in Cincinnati Mirror IV (March 28, 1835), 173-4
"Woman's Trials"
in Cincinnati Mirror IV (September 5, 1835), 360-2
BANCROFT, Mark
"Ann Dillon"
in Casket [V] (February, 1830),
52-9
"Letburn Parkman; or, The
Maniac"
in Saturday Evening Post
Casket [X] (February, 1835), 73-81
"The Moravian Indians"
in Casket [VIII] (May, 1833),
196-201
"The Vendue"
in Saturday Evening Post
Casket [IV] (July-August, 1829), 317-23, 345-9, 367-70
"The Wedding"
in Casket [XI] (July, 1836), 349-57
CURRY, Otway
"The Wolf Hunter"
in Hesperian I (June, 1838),
128-36
DRAKE, Benjamin
"The Antiquaries, in the West"
in Cincinnati Literary Gazette I
(January 24, 1824), 27-8
"Bass-Island Cottage"
in Cincinnati Literary Gazette I
(January 1, 1824), 2-4
"Brindle and the Buckeyes"
in his Tales and Sketches from the
Queen City (Cincinnati: Mor-
gan, 1838)
"The Flag Bearer"
in his Tales and Sketches from the
Queen City
"The Grave of Rosalie"
in his Tales and Sketches from the
Queen City
"The Pirate's Death"
in Saturday Evening Chronicle I
(August 18, 1827), 1
"The Queen City"
in his Tales and Sketches from the
Queen City
"Trying on a Shoe"
in his Tales and Sketches from the
Queen City
248 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
DUMONT, Mrs. Julia L.
"Ashton Grey"
in Cincinnati Mirror I (May 12,
1832), 132-4
her Life Sketches from Common Paths (New
York: Apple-
ton, 1856)
"A Family History"
in Western Literary Journal and
Monthly Review I (November,
1844), 34-46
"The Picture"
in Western Literary Journal and
Monthly Review I (October,
1836), 289-309
FLINT, Timothy
"Jemima O'Keefy,--A Sentimental
Tale"
in Western Monthly Review I
(November, 1827), 384-93
"Oolemba in Cincinnati"
in Western Souvenir for 1829
(Cincinnati: Guilford, 1829)
GALLAGHER, William Davis
"Cobe Slaco"
in Cincinnati Mirror IV (January
31, 1835), 110-1
"The Heiress of Rock-Hollow"
in Cincinnati Mirror III (October
5, 1833), 1-4
"The Militia Rivals"
in Cincinnati Mirror IV (November
22, 1834), 37-9
"Old Van--'A Character'"
in Cincinnati Mirror IV (May 30,
1835), 248-9
GILMAN, Chandler Robbins
"The Hunter's Vow"
in his Legends of a Log Cabin (New
York: Dearborn, 1835)
Abridgement under title of "The
Hunter's Perils" in Casket
[XI] (January, 1836), 33-4
"The Wyandot's Story"
in his Legends of a Log Cabin
Casket [XI] (May, 1836), 222-5
HAYNES, Mrs. H. S.
"Origin of the White Indians"
in Cincinnati Mirror III
(February 8, 1834), 132-4
HOFFMAN, Charles Fenno
"The Major's Story"
in his Wild Scenes in the Forest and
Prairie (London: Bentley,
1839)
"The Twin-Doomed"
in New York Mirror XIV, 329-30
Casket [XII] (July, 1837), 326-30
his Wild Scenes in the Forest and
Prairie
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES 249
NEVILLE, Morgan
"Exile of Mexico"
in Cincinnati Mirror I (October
1, 1831), 1-2
"The Last of the Boatmen"
in Western Souvenir for 1829
Mary Russell Mitford, ed., Lights and
Shadows of American
Life, III, 331-44 (London: Colburn and Bentley, 1830)
Cincinnati Mirror III (December 22, 1832), 49-57
Samuel Cummings, The Western Pilot (Cincinnati:
Guilford,
1829). Other editions: 1832, 1834
Banyard's Panorama of the Mississippi
(Boston: Putnam,
1847)
Hiram
Kaine, Cincinnati Miscellany, or Antiquities of the
West (October, 1845), 31-2
A. de Puy Van Buren, Jottings of a
Year's Sojourn in the
South (Battle Creek, Michigan: 1859), 305-12
V. L. 0. Chittick, ed., Ring-Tailed
Roarers (Caldwell, Idaho:
Caxton, 1941), 287-302
"Poll Preble; or, The Law of the
Deer Hunt"
in Gift for 1839 (Philadelphia:
Carey & Hart, 1838)
"The Lady of Blennerhassett"
in Gift for 1836 (Philadelphia:
Carey & Hart, n.d.)
PERKINS, James H.
"Alms-Giving and Loaning"
in Hesperian III (October, 1839),
407-10
"The Ball Room"
in Western Messenger
Hesperian III (August, 1839), 233-5
"The Winning and the Gaining
Candidate"
in Cincinnati Mirror V (March 5,
1836), 44
SHREVE, Thomas H.
"'Black-Eyed Sue'"
in Western Literary Journal and
Monthly Review I (July, 1836),
92-100
"The Rise and the Fall"
in Western Literary Journal and
Monthly Review I, 257-60
"The Wages of Ambition"
in Cincinnati Mirror II (March
30, 1833), 105-9
ANONYMOUS
"The Adopted"
in Cincinnati Mirror III (October
12, 1833), 11-2
"Alice Leslie, the Young
Artist"
in Cincinnati Mirror III
(February 22, 1834), 145-7
"A Border Narrative"
in Western Monthly Magazine n. s.
I (April, 1837), 172-80
250
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
"The Bohemian Girl"
in Cincinnati Mirror II
(September 13, 1833), 201-2
"Circumstantial Evidence"
in Western Monthly Magazine V
(November, 1836), 678-82
"Croghan; or, The Hero of Fort
Sandusky"
in Casket [VIII] (April, 1833),
147-54
"James Kirrwood"
in Western Monthly Magazine III
(August, 1834), 423-6
"The Little Pacer; or, Going
Without a Breakfast"
in Cincinnati Mirror IV (May 2,
1835), 213-4
"Love and Mosquitoes"
in Western Monthly Magazine IV (October, 1835), 227-31
"Maria--A Scene in Ohio"
in Cincinnati Chronicle V (April 16, 1831), 1
"Seth Bushnell"
in Western Monthly Magazine III
(August, 1834), 426-9
"Tecumseh"
in Cincinnati Literary Gazette II
(October 9, 1824), 113-5
"The Wampum Belt"
in Cincinnati Mirror II (June 22,
1833), 153-5
"Youth and Womanhood"
in Western Monthly Magazine III
(June, 1834), 281-95
PERIODICALS EXAMINED
Casket [II]-XV, January, 1827-December, 1839
Cincinnati Chronicle I-IX,
December 30, 1826-April, 1835
(1826-
November, 1827 as Saturday Evening
Chronicle)
Cincinnati Literary Gazette I-IV, January 1, 1824-October 29, 1825
Cincinnati Mirror I-V, October 1, 1831-September 17, 1836
Hesperian I-III, May 1838-November, 1839
Illinois Monthly Magazine I-II, October, 1830-September, 1832
Knickerbocker Magazine I-XIV, January, 1833-December, 1839
New England Magazine I-IX, July, 1831-December, 1835
Western Monthly Magazine I-V, January, 1833-December, 1836; n. s.
I, February-June, 1837
Western Literary Journal and Monthly
Review I, June-November,
1836
Western Monthly Review I-III,
May, 1827-June, 1830
OHIO IN SHORT STORIES, 1824-1839
BY LUCILLE B. EMCH
In the Ohio Valley of the 1820's and 1830's
there occurred a
stir of literary activity which for the
time and character of the
events was most unusual. The perspective
gained by the passing
of more than a century adds to rather
than detracts from the
significance of the movement.
The publishing center of the West during
the twenties and
thirties was Cincinnati, which, with a
population of 24,831 in
1830, was by far the largest city in the
trans-Allegheny region.
"Cincinnati now commands in a
considerable measure the literary
resources of the Western valley,"
remarked the American Quar-
terly Observer in 1834.1 The Queen City had not always held
this position of superiority, for until
the third decade of the
nineteenth century the literary capital
of the West had been Lex-
ington, Kentucky. The focusing of
intellectual and cultural life
at Lexington in the early days was due
to the location there of
Transylvania University, the first
institution of higher learning
west of the mountains.
The significance of the literary
movement in the West can
best be judged against the background of
what was happening in
the East. American literature at this
period was just beginning
to take form. The "Era of Good
Feeling" which followed the
War of 1812 had developed in the East
the hope for a national
literature, a literature expressing
America and independent of
England. In the field of fiction two
precedents had just been
established, the one in the realm of the
short story, the other in
the novel. The publication of Washington
Irving's Sketch Book
(1819-1820) pointed the way to the charm of American legends
as backgrounds for tales. The success of James Fenimore
Cooper's The Spy (1821) turned
the attention of writers to the
1 III (July, 1834), 141.
209