OHIO IN KNEE PANTS
by VIRGINIUS
C. HALL
Director, Historical and
Philosophical Society of Ohio
Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen:
Here in Columbus on December 31, 1831,
there was formed
the first historical society west of the
mountains. That Society,
the Historical and Philosophical Society
of Ohio, later removed
to Cincinnati. So in coming to Columbus
as the representative
of that Society, I am coming back to the
birthplace, back to the
old home town, back to our raising.
It seemed to your committee and me that
it might be appro-
priate to bring out this evening some
impressions of our region
as it was at the time the Historical and
Philosophical Society was
founded--i. e., the decade of the
1830's. Ohio by that time had
come out of its pinafores and was
running about in knee pants.
A disproportionate share of this talk is
going to revolve
around Cincinnati, not because my bump
of narrow civic con-
sciousness is overdeveloped, but rather
because some aspects of
life in Ohio which I want to talk about
are best illustrated in
Cincinnati newspapers and periodicals.
The ambition and desire for improvement
which impelled
gentlemen of the State to establish a
historical society in the
1830's are traits highly characteristic
of our region at that time.
Everybody knows that people were coming
out here because the
desire for personal improvement could be
gratified best in a new
country. That lust evinced itself in a
multitude of ways. News-
papers and travelers' accounts convey
the impression of restless
energy, of a region with a head full of
extravagant dreams,
erratic passions, and a willingness to
try anything--the charac-
teristics of a boy in knee pants.
2
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
These energies blew off in every
direction; in commerce, in
politics, in the arts, in social life
(in the narrow sense), and in
popular amusements. And yet the physical
scene, the backdrop
for these energetic actors, must have
been singularly serene, com-
pared with the dynamic and streamlined
staging of our life a
hundred years later. This contributes to
two extreme sentiments
about the past, sentiments which often
fluctuate rapidly in the
same person. On Thursday we talk of the
utopian life of our
horse-drawn ancestors of the last
century; on Friday we deride
those same benighted creatures who
possessed no inside toilet
facilities, who never knew the delight
of Wheaties for breakfast.
On Thursday our Jeffersonian dreams are
uppermost, on Friday
our Hamiltonian appetites have taken
possession of our better
selves.
I have just been looking at five water
colors of Cincinnati
street scenes painted by John Caspar
Wild in 1835. They are
Jeffersonian. The intersection of Fourth
and Vine streets, ac-
cording to Wild, then reposed in quiet
beauty. A benign light
lies on the street, flanked with houses
of charming color and pro-
portions. A gentlemanly horseman and his
lady ride up the street.
Two dogs play unmolested at the corner
where the traffic cop now
blows his whistle. The five scenes are a
bland mixture of pas-
toral simplicity and small town
urbanity. They almost persuade
one to take seriously the Jeffersonian
dream.
But it was only a year later that this
pastoral calm (If it ever
existed!) was broken by more
characteristic violence, a riot
directed against the newspaper printing
office of the Philan-
thropist, James G. Birney's antislavery paper. Type was scat-
tered in the streets, the presses were
torn down, and the office
was completely dismantled. Shots were
fired and citizens were
menaced by an unruly mob. It is a bit of
a shock to read the full
account shortly after dreaming over
Wild's idyllic water colors.
Which scene represents the town as it
was? The obvious answer
is, Both! Then, as now, there was
intricate variation in Ohio.
But the contrasts were likely more
striking at that time; ranging
from tracts of impenetrable wilderness,
through rural simplicity,
to highly urbane neighborhoods and
institutions, to human sav-
OHIO IN KNEE PANTS 3
agery in the city as well as in the
backwoods. Let us try to
arrive at a few well-balanced
impressions of that decade.
Columbus in 1830 was a town of 2,435
inhabitants. Trav-
elers speak of the stream of animated
traffic rattling through the
town. It is pleasant to imagine how the
cows feeding on the
grounds of the capitol building must
have raised their heads from
time to time to gaze soberly on the
passing show of vehicles. If
the population of Columbus seems small,
we may contrast it with
Cleveland, showing a scant thousand.
Cincinnati at that time had
already enjoyed a growth that excited
wonder everywhere. From
1788 to 1830 it had expanded from
nothing to twenty-five thou-
sand. It was by far the largest town in
the State, followed in
order of size in 1830 by Zanesville and
Steubenville, the latter
with 3,000 inhabitants. Marietta, the
first settlement, in the
meantime remained conservative in growth
as it was in politics.
Only 1,200 persons resided in that
community. But most of us
today are less enthusiastic about mere
expansion and magnitude
than we used to be. We want to know
whether the process is
healthy growth or pathological swelling.
Some people in Cincin-
nati would be willing to swap the near
West End for the Marietta
Campus Martius and throw in something to
boot.
Before turning from statistics to more
intimate matters, let
me report that the annual tax budget for
the entire State in 1830
was a paltry 600,000 dollars and the
rate of taxation about nine
mills to the dollar. That was all! I
tell this at the risk of paining
those of you who live in the upper
brackets. As an offset to this
blessing, however, there was the
terrible cholera epidemic of 1832.
Any sane man, I suppose, would rather
suffer the surtax.
Recently I have been reading the Cincinnati
Chronicle and
Gazette, trying to see something of the social life of the
times.
Cincinnatians were evidently susceptible
to the appeal of those
small luxuries that are said to
accentuate charm and promote the
social amenities. Merchants, then as
now, were ready to gratify
the craving for personal beauty, in so
far as merchandise could
accomplish the thing. Advertisements
present fine soaps and
cologne, lavendar and rose waters,
antique oils, pomatum, Parisian
4
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
cream, extract of roses, and lip salve.
At J. W. Picket's in 1832
double and single-eyed spectacles were
offered, besides a splendid
assortment of precious stones. There are
elsewhere references
to Leghorn, straw, and Navarino bonnets.
Offerings in gentle-
men's wear include stocks, beaver hats,
and handsome tailor-made
coats and pantaloons.
Everybody knows that Mrs. Frances
Trollope wrote such
bitter criticism of our boorish manners
that she excited a squabble
across the water. In contrast to the
complaint of boorishness and
crudity, here is a contemporary satire
on the dandy, evidently
very prevalent at the time and called an
"Exquisite." It comes
from the column of Eleazar Eelskin.
Flora is speaking: "I'll
have a Corinthian for my beau coming
home; I love to walk with
them. They are such sweet fellows that
my very dress is per-
fumed with lavendar and Cologne for a
week afterwards. If
you get to windward of them, it seems as
if the sweet southwest,
as Shakespeare says, was blowing upon
you from a bank of
violets." This Corinthian of
Flora's would be arrayed in tight
fitting coat, similar in cut to the
present-day full dress, the
shoulders padded, and the waistline
waspish; tight sleeves and
pantaloons conforming to every contour
of the limb; a waistcoat
of figured white Marseille, wide open to
display the shirt
bosom; a high stock; a gray beaver hat
with narrow brim; the
hair worn in loose waves over the
forehead; and chin whiskers.
Flora herself might very well be wearing
extravagant leg-of-
mutton sleeves, too voluminous to permit
of passing through a
door head-on. Add a high-crowned Leghorn
hat trimmed with
white ribbons above tight ringlets half
way to the shoulders, and
a dress billowing broadly from the
waist. Such was the appear-
ance of the "exquisites" of
the thirties.
But these Cincinnatians were also
attentive to the more basic
requirements of personal attraction, as
witness this advertisement
of April 10, 1830:
Cincinnati Bath-House, Sycamore between
Third and Fourth Streets
. . . [The proprietor] has been at
considerable expense in preparing [the
bath-house] for the operations of the
present season, and flatters himself
OHIO
IN KNEE PANTS 5
that
by diligent attention to the comfort and convenience of his visitors, he
will
receive a liberal encouragement.
Terms
of Bathing
Season
ticket for a gentleman and his lady .................. 6.00 dollars
" " " " "
alone ......................... 5.00
Five tickets of single baths
................................. 1.00
Entrance
to the ladies' baths on the south side of the building, where a
good
female attendant is provided. For the accommodation of invalids who
are
unable to attend the baths, spare bathing tubs will be sent to any part
of
the city.
Bathed
and adorned these citizens might then attend a theat-
rical
performance at one of two theatres. On the south side of
Columbia
Street, between Main and Sycamore, there was, until
the
fire of 1834, the Cincinnati Theatre, called also the Columbia
Street
Theatre. A second choice in entertainment might be the
New
Cincinnati Theatre on Third, between Sycamore and Broad-
way.
The audiences were composed mostly of men, according to
Mrs.
Trollope; and on the same authority comes praise from
Caesar,
for she adds that the Columbia Street managers, Mr. and
Mrs.
Alexander Drake, were actors of the first rank, even by
London
standards. On the contrary, the behaviour of some per-
sons
in the audience was not of the first quality, if we can judge
from
these samples of regulations from a poster: "Gentlemen
will
be particular in not disturbing the audience by loud talking
in
the Bar-Room, nor by personal altercations in any part of the
house."
(This is reminiscent of the first act of Cyrano de Ber-
gerac,
in which the clash of dueling foils is heard coming from
gentlemen
in the audience.) The practice of cracking nuts during
the
performance was deprecated at the Cincinnati Theatre; also
gentlemen
in the boxes and pit were not expected to wear their
hats
or to stand on the railing; and persons in the upper boxes
and
galleries were admonished "to avoid the uncourteous habit
of
throwing nut-shells, apples etc. into the pit." (If you have
been
to a college town movie house in recent years, you will un-
derstand
what these rules imply.)
The
weather being hot on July 23, 1830, as is still the custom
in
Cincinnati, the management informed the public through the
daily
press that the "Theatre shall be kept open, aired, and watered
6
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY
during the day, to render it as cool and
pleasant as the state of
the weather will permit." This, of course, is the great-great
grandfather of our air-conditioned movie
palaces.
Typical of the theatre was the season of
1832. The company
of N. M. Ludlow opened the evening of
Monday, February 12,
at the Columbia Street with a double
bill: the comedy entitled
"The Dramatist," and the
farce, "The Lottery Racket."
In the
latter, Thomas D. Rice played the role
of Wormwood, but he had
become notorious for his rendition of
the now famous, "Jump,
Jim Crow"; so the audience
interrupted the performance with
demands for his Negro song, although it
had nothing to do with
the case. Then Joseph Burke, the Irish
boy-wonder, drew full
houses in a two weeks' engagement,
including The Irish Tutor,
Speed the Plough, Heir at Law, The
Merchant of Venice, Richard
III, and Weathercock, a diversified repertoire for
anybody.
All this, however, sounds too gay and
giddy to correspond to
the prevailing temper of the town, if we
can believe the account
of Michel Chevalier, who was sent to the
United States in 1834,
under the patronage of the French
Minister of the Interior, to
inspect our public works. He inspected a
good deal more than
public works; and his observations on
American ways remain
highly entertaining reading. Of the
Queen City he writes:
The moral aspect of Cincinnati is
delightful in the eyes of him who
prefers work to everything else, and
with whom work can take the place
of everything else. But whoever has a
taste for pleasure and display, who-
ever needs occasional relaxation from
business, in gaiety and amusement,
would find this beautiful city, with its
picturesque environs, an insupportable
residence. It would be still more for a
man of leisure, desirous of devoting
a large part of his time to the fine
arts and the rest to pleasure!
Chevalier, in a later passage, recognizes
that the New Eng-
land Protestant accent upon thrift and
economic effort had con-
structed an empire with bewildering
speed. Without these homely
characteristics, "Instead of having
that great domain of the West,
immense in its extent and resources,
already cleared and culti-
vated, furrowed with roads and dotted
over with farms, they
would probably be still confined to the
sandy strip that borders
the Atlantic." And yet this
economic asceticism was too much
OHIO IN KNEE PANTS 7
for his catholic and European spirit.
(We can say in parentheses,
that lust for labor is not too common
among us just now.)
Commercial enterprise during the
thirties was responsible for
great development in transportation in
Ohio. It was the heyday
of the canal system that had been
inaugurated in the late twenties,
connecting the Great Lakes and the East
with the Ohio-Missis-
sippi waterway. The first railroad
charter in Ohio was granted
for a road that was never built--the
Ohio and Steubenville. The
date was February 1830. By 1832 Ohio had
got the railroad
fever and ten charters were granted.
That was the year that the
Erie and Kalamazoo, the pioneer road of
the West, was projected.
Going from Toledo to Adrian, Michigan, a
few miles of the road-
bed passed through Ohio. Horses drew the
first trains over oak
rails but were soon superseded by a
Baldwin locomotive capable
of twenty miles an hour.
Simultaneously there was extensive
development of the high-
ways of the State; the National Pike
reached Columbus in 1833.
Side roads were demanded as feeders to
the canals and highways,
with the result that road construction
was in full swing during
this decade. The Ohio National Stage
Company was also main-
taining regular schedules over the
National Road. Add to this a
teeming steamboat traffic on the Ohio
River. In Cincinnati alone
twenty-two steamboats were built in
1835, and in the following
year twenty-nine. When we consider that
commerce commensu-
rate with these transportation
facilities had been developed here
in Ohio, we get some notion of this age
of miracles, in which free
enterprise, with a head full of
prodigious dreams, was building
an empire on the Western Waters. The
Panic of 1837 put a
temporary crimp in many of these
schemes.
Commercial enterprise, in fact, was not
entirely absent even
in Mrs. Trollope's undertaking. I mean
the Bazaar, situated on
the south side of Third Street, Cincinnati,
and just east of Broad-
way. She was trying to refurbish the
Trollopes' faded fortune,
and so built an emporium worthy of her
imagination. The ap-
pearance of the Bazaar is given us by
Captain Thomas Hamilton,
English author, who visited Cincinnati
in 1832:
OHIO IN KNEE PANTS
The most remarkable object in Cincinnati
is a large Graeco-Moresco-
Gothic-Chinese-looking building--an
architectural compilation of prettiness
of all sorts, the effect of which is
eminently grotesque. Our attention was
immediately arrested by this
extraordinary apparition, which could scarcely
be more out of place had it been tossed
on the earth by some volcano in
the moon. While we stood opposite to the
edifice, contemplating the gor-
geousness of its effect, and speculating
"what aspect bore the man" to
whom the inhabitants of these central
regions could have been indebted for
so brilliant and fantastic an outrage on
all acknowledged principles of taste,
a very pretty and pleasant-looking girl,
came out, and invited us to enter.
We, accordingly, did so and found
everything in the interior of the building
had been finished on a scale quite in
harmony with its external mag-
nificence.
A ladies' periodical of the same year
describes the Bazaar with
genteel female malice as "A great
omnigatherum establishment,
somewhere between Noah's ark and the
tower of Babel, where
everything should be sold from a needle
to a blunderbuss."
The Bazaar had been designed, however,
not only as an em-
porium but also as a kind of dispensary
of culture. Mrs. Trollope
and Monsieur Hervieu, the artist, had
hoped to plant the seeds of
good taste in the community, and to
provide the town with facili-
ties for polite amusement, according to
the Continental pattern in
these things. Hervieu's discouragement
appears in this pathetic
card in the Chronicle of January
9, 1830:
To the public of Cincinnati: "M
[monsieur]. A. Hervieu presents his
respectful compliments to the ladies and
gentlemen of Cincinnati. It was
his earnest wish to have offered to them
such an entertainment, every
Thursday evening, as might have obtained
their patronage. Painting,
Poetry, and Music were put in
requisition at the great room of the Bazaar,
Mrs. Trollope hoped, by means of her
Bazaar, to reform Cincinnati's
system of traffic and change the place
and the objects of its commerce.
She found that Cincinnatians were in the
habit of transacting their business
in the center of town, and "of
devoting too much attention to pork, flour,
corn, whiskey, &c., and of
neglecting toys, trinkets, and tawdry finery. . . ."
So she erected her Bazaar "in a
very retired part of the Town . . .; in a
style of architecture totally dissimilar
to any other building in the country,--
so that it should have no competitors
for our admiration; and calculated
for a kind of business of which we never
experienced any necessity." The
project failed and the building was sold
to its constructors in payment of
their claims.
10
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
to gratify their taste and to win their
favor--but it has failed--on Thurs-
day last, half a dozen gentlemen from a
steamboat, were all who presented
themselves. He therefore respectfully
withdraws the attempt.
The Bazaar in succeeding years suffered
many vicissitudes, too
numerous to detail here.
You may remember that other Cincinnati
institution designed
to enlarge the mind and refine the taste
of the community; I mean
the Western Museum, directed by that
interesting Frenchman,
Monsieur Dorfeuille, and its rival,
Letton's Museum. In the
spring of 1829, when Andrew Jackson,
hero of the West, was
inaugurated President of the United
States, the Western Museum
rode the wave of his popularity.
Following is one of its adver-
tisements:
The proprietor flatters himself that he
can now present to the public
a specimen of art and taste which may
vie with anything of the kind in
the United States. To those who are
acquainted with the genius and talents
of Mr. Hiram Powers it will be only
necessary to say, that the work to be
exhibited is the production of his hands
. . . The subject is a Group,
modelled in wax and composed of two figures,
A LOVELY FEMALE
crowning with laurels THE HERO OF
ORLEANS. This female figure
who, by universal assent, merits the
appellation Beautiful, is habited a la
Turque, and stands most gracefully in
the attitude of placing the crown on
the hero's brows. General Jackson, a
fine likeness taken from life, is
dressed in the Roman Costume, and seems
unconscious of the compliment
Beauty is offering him.
Monsieur Dorfeuille had set out to offer
Cincinnati a museum
of natural history, scientific and
serious: Lack of public response
caused him to turn to more picturesque
and sensational displays.
His most extravagant effort was the
"Infernal Regions" or Dor-
feuille's Hell, thus described in the Advertiser
during the winter
of 1831:
Upwards of thirty wax figures (size of
life) consisting of phantoms,
imps, monsters, devils, among which
Beelzebub and Lucifer are conspicuous,
with a variety of human sufferers, in
every stage of mental and bodily
torment, are seen; some of them moving
in such a surprising manner as to
almost inspire the beholder with a
belief that they are living, whilst unseen
sufferers are emitting unearthly sounds,
horrid groans, and terrible shrieks
in every direction.
Interplay of light and darkness, aided
by an electrically charged
OHIO IN KNEE PANTS 11
rail, served to accentuate the horrors
of this exhibit. When it is
remembered that many of the spectators
had been recently ex-
posed to the fire and brimstone of
revival preaching it is easy to
believe that the effect must frequently
have been truly diabolic.
Michel Chevalier in his fruitless search
for the light touch in
Cincinnati should have visited some hot
spot like the Appollonian
Garden. The proprietors advertised it in
a most engaging way:
Although the verdure of summer has
received its blight, and the livery
of spring which mantled creation, has
been supplanted by the fleecy robe
of winter, the APOLLONIAN GARDEN is not
destitute of attraction.
Refreshments suitable to the season and
what ever of good cheer the country
affords, will here be found in
perfection. N.B: Rieter and Ott (the pro-
prietors) have on hand Cologne Water of
a very superior quality, and
Bologna sausages made in the Italian
manner; all of their own manufacture.
Or the traveler might have lingered long
enough to pay a
visit to one of those polite dancing
classes. There he might have
found old-world urbanity and polished
manners; if we can be-
lieve this advertisement from the Gazette:
Messrs. Tosso and Pius deem it
altogether gratuitous and unnecessary
to say anything in extenuation or praise
of themselves, conscious (inde-
pendent of their good feelings to
please) that they have in their possession
the most splendid Ball Room and the most
Classical Music for these
refined amusements west of the mountains
and will of course be patronized
by those who know how to appreciate
these important advantages.
In much of the literature of the time
there is the same self-
conscious note of elegance. This is
especially true of the ladies'
magazines. Highly characteristic are the Ladies Museum and
Western Repository of Belle Lettres, and the Cincinnati Mirror
and Ladies' Parterre. The
precious quality of the contents may
be tasted in the titles alone, but I do
want to read a few extracts
from the Mirror. This one, called "A Sketch":
A mother was kneeling in the deep hush
of evening, at the couch of
two infants, whose rosy arms were twined
in a mutual embrace. A slum-
ber, soft as the moonlight that fell
through the lattice over them like a
silvery veil, lay on their delicate
lids--the soft bright curls, that clustered
on their pillow, were slightly stirred
by their gentle and healthful breath-
ings and that smile, which beams from
the pure depths of the fresh glad
spirit, yet rested on their red lips.
The mother looked upon their exceeding
beauty with a momentary pride--and then
as she continued to gaze on the
lovely slumberers her dark eyes deepened
with an intense and unutterable
12 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
fondness, and a cold shuddering fear
came over her, lest those buds of
life, so fair, so glowing might be
touched with sudden decay and gathered
back in their brightness to the dust.
After roistering around with such
gentlemen as Dreiser,
Hemingway, and Faulkner, loud-mouthed
and obsessed with the
subhuman, it is refreshing to take a
literary shower in the pure
cool water of the Mirror. Here is
another:
If there be, in the long catalogue of
guilt, one character more hate-
fully despicable than another, it is the
libertine. Time corrects the tongue
of slander, and generosity of friends
makes atonement for the depredations
of the midnight robber. Sufferings and
calamities may be assuaged or
mitigated by the sympathies of kindred
hearts, and the tear of affection is
sufficient to wash out the remembrance
of many sorrows to which the flesh
is heir. But for the venom of the
libertine, there is no remedy--of its fatal
consequences, there is no mitigation.
His victims, blasted in reputation, are
forever excluded from the pale of
virtuous society. The visitation of Death,
appalling as is his approach to the
unprepared, were a mercy compared to
the extent and permanency of this evil.
And now a final refutation of Michel
Chevalier, and his
choleric picture of the Queen City;
this, too, from the Mirror.
A gentleman, native of New England, is
writing back home from
the city of his adoption. He had attended a ball the evening of
April 7, 1835, and says:
There is no mistake, my dear sir, in the
style wherein these things
are done in Cincinnati. The social
character of its citizens is most vivid,
most lively, most electrical. Never have
I resided among a people so uni-
versally buoyant. Each individual seems
to be an extract of the condensed
essence of hilarity. For myself, once
arctic and icy, living here, I have
become so socially electrified that, I
doubt not, I could charge a whole
community of New Englanders, and make
every one thereof a prodigy of
vivacity. This vivacity is never more
actively manifested than on an occa-
sion like the present. With you, a
ball-room is nothing more, at most, than
a receptacle of beautifully wrought
statues, gently stimulated into a very
gentle motion. With us it is a scene of
the most exhilarating, the most
joyous life.
Other ventures in the periodical field
are the Western Monthly
Magazine of James Hall, with a list of notable contributors; the
Western Messenger, devoted to literary subjects under Unitarian
sponsorship; the Hesperian, first
published in Columbus, later in
Cincinnati; the Telegraph and the
Wahrheitsfreund, devoting
themselves to news of interest to Roman
Catholics of the diocese.
OHIO IN KNEE PANTS 13
The decade of the thirties was one of
dynamic movement in
solid education. Let me mention a number
of the institutions of
the State that made their start at that
time: Oberlin Collegiate
Institute, also the colleges now known
as Marietta College, Deni-
son University, and Muskingum College;
then at Oxford, the
Oxford College for Women, the Akron
Lyceum and Library
Society, the Young Men's Mercantile
Library of Cincinnati, and
the state school for the blind in
Columbus. In 1832 regular
courses were being offered in the study
of medicine in two in-
stitutions in Cincinnati, the Medical
College of Ohio and the
Medical Department of Miami University,
recently established
through the influence of Dr. Daniel
Drake; in addition, the Acad-
emy of Medicine offered summer work to
students. The Wood-
ward Free and Grammar School announced
as its chief object
"to furnish the means of a
classical and scientific education, to
such indigent boys as show sufficient
talent to justify it." The
Mechanics' Institute proposed to furnish
"scientific information
to the laboring classes in the city
gratuitously by means of lec-
tures and recitations." The
Institute had purchased Enon Baptist
Church which was to be rebuilt,
according to the announcement,
"into a splendid Doric Hall, as
soon as circumstances will permit."
The Cincinnati Lyceum, a scientific and
literary association, was
formed for mutual improvement, and in
order to accomplish this
purpose, collected a public library. The
promotion of mutual
improvement was also an objective of the
Western Academic
Institute and Board of Education; but
another aim, allied to the
first, was the encouragement of
"harmony and energy amongst
teachers"-a rather quixotic
undertaking, it seems to me.
Then Lane Seminary is listed in the Directory
of 1831, with
this pleasing piece of information: "The Reverend Lyman
Beecher, D.D. of Boston, Mass. has been
appointed President
and Professor of Didactic and Polemic
Theology." The same
Directory tells of the founding during the previous year of a
Roman Catholic Collegiate Institution,
to be called the Atheneum.
They had nearly completed a splendid
building on Sycamore
Street, adjoining the cathedral.
Eighteen free common schools
were then in operation in Cincinnati,
besides many private schools
for young gentlemen, and seminaries for
young ladies.
14
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
It was in this decade that two famous
series of school text-
books were inaugurated. Dr. Ray began his important contri-
butions to school arithmetic with the
publication of Calculations
for the Head. The date is 1831. Then in 1836 William H. Mc-
Guffey and his younger brother,
Alexander, introduced the first
of those spellers and readers that made
McGuffey a household
word for generations, and popularized
"The Spider and the Fly,"
"The Melancholy Days Are
Come," "How Does the Water Come
Down at Lodore," "Meddlesome
Matty," and scores of others.
Oh, how one ugly trick has spoiled
The sweetest and the best!
Matilda, though a pleasant child,
One grievous fault possessed,
Which like a cloud before the skies,
Hid all her better qualities.
Sometimes, she'd lift the tea-pot lid
To peep at what was in it;
Or tilt the kettle, if you did
But turn your back one minute.
In vain you told her not to touch
Her trick of meddling grew so much.
After a grievous episode, you remember,
we have stanza nine:
Matilda, smarting with the pain,
And tingling still, and sore,
Made promise to refrain
From meddling evermore;
And 'tis a fact, as I have heard,
She ever since has kept her word.
Add to this list of educational efforts
three public libraries
with a total of 10,000 volumes. Consider
further that fourteen
newspapers and periodicals were
published in Cincinnati alone.
In line with this evidence, the Directory
of 1831 contains
the
following note:
The number of books sold in a place is
some evidence of the number
read--and the latter fact affords some
proof of the progress of education.
During the four months past, there have
been issued from the Cincinnati
presses, a total of 86,000 volumes. Of
these, 20,300 volumes were of
original works.
There were dancing academies, schools of
music, French
OHIO IN KNEE PANTS 15
schools, cotillions, a Bachelors' Ball
organized for the purpose
of enabling young men to pay off their
social obligations, at-home
parties where an extravagant outlay of
meats greeted the gentle-
men in the dining room, and the
gentlemen brought more delicate
plate offerings to the ladies in the
parlor. Newspapers, memoirs,
travelers' narratives, and collections
of old letters testify to a
very pleasant and cultivated polite
society in the town during the
thirties.
No doubt public places such as theatres
and gardens were
perfumed with a melange of tobacco,
onions, and whiskey; no
doubt the consumption of ardent spirits
was high throughout the
State; no doubt that lounging, slovenly,
and coarse manners
were commonly observed where the
populace was gathered to-
gether in town and country. Worse still,
down on the levee,
flatboatmen roared and fought, kicked
and gouged. But that is
only a part of the story. Up on the
terraces of Cincinnati and
in other towns, were residences where
citizens had set up a mode
of living that seems surprisingly
cultivated and urbane, when
one considers that the region was only
one generation removed
from the howling wilderness.
Here then are a few impressions of our
region, especially
Cincinnati, in that age of wonders, the
1830's. Measured in
terms of pleasure and pain, I suppose
that the balance lay then
just where it lies now, even with that
nine mill tax rate thrown
in. For that blessing was
counterbalanced by greater bodily dis-
comforts and uncontrolled plagues. But
the most vivid impres-
sion for me is Ohio in the rowdiness of
its youth, growing rapidly,
charged with ambition, and determined
that increasing wealth
and industry must help to promote better
manners, better educa-
tion, and a more satisfactory enjoyment
of the arts of civilization.
OHIO IN KNEE PANTS
by VIRGINIUS
C. HALL
Director, Historical and
Philosophical Society of Ohio
Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen:
Here in Columbus on December 31, 1831,
there was formed
the first historical society west of the
mountains. That Society,
the Historical and Philosophical Society
of Ohio, later removed
to Cincinnati. So in coming to Columbus
as the representative
of that Society, I am coming back to the
birthplace, back to the
old home town, back to our raising.
It seemed to your committee and me that
it might be appro-
priate to bring out this evening some
impressions of our region
as it was at the time the Historical and
Philosophical Society was
founded--i. e., the decade of the
1830's. Ohio by that time had
come out of its pinafores and was
running about in knee pants.
A disproportionate share of this talk is
going to revolve
around Cincinnati, not because my bump
of narrow civic con-
sciousness is overdeveloped, but rather
because some aspects of
life in Ohio which I want to talk about
are best illustrated in
Cincinnati newspapers and periodicals.
The ambition and desire for improvement
which impelled
gentlemen of the State to establish a
historical society in the
1830's are traits highly characteristic
of our region at that time.
Everybody knows that people were coming
out here because the
desire for personal improvement could be
gratified best in a new
country. That lust evinced itself in a
multitude of ways. News-
papers and travelers' accounts convey
the impression of restless
energy, of a region with a head full of
extravagant dreams,
erratic passions, and a willingness to
try anything--the charac-
teristics of a boy in knee pants.