Ohio History Journal

BOOK REVIEWS

INDEX TO THE WILLIAM McKINLEY PAPERS. The Library of Congress, Presidents' Papers Index Series. (Wash- ington: Manuscript Division, Reference Department, Library of Congress, 1963. x??482p.; introduction and appendices. $3.25.) An index often is thought of as merely a finding list; but this one functions in numerous ways. Its most important func- tions are three-fold; it testifies, it terrifies, and it teaches. First as to its testimony. It testifies to a growth in recognition of historical needs --by historians and politicians. Time was --and a long time at that--when the tacti- cians of the American Historical Associa- tion thought of government support chiefly in terms of state department publications, and left the continuance of "the Series" mainly to a standing committee of three persons destitute of any budget whatever. The committee chairman often made do by spending a few personal dollars on postage and carfare, and carefully nom- inating the two other members with an eye to their range of political influence, thus occasionally saving a series from congres- sional mayhem. But gradually liaison im- proved, partly in connection with wartime recognition of historians; and awareness of desirable historical potentials widened in government. The council of the associa- tion came to establish a standing commit- tee of as many as nine persons, began pay- ing the cost of bringing them together at Washington twice a year, and officially broadened the pressure on congress for preservation and publication of source materials and for access to them. Testimony to this advance was strik- ingly given by passage of laws on August 16, 1957, and July 31, 1958. These meas-

ures provided for the arranging, micro- filming, and indexing of the presidential papers deposited at the Library of Con- gress, a much favored depository prior to 1929. There, in the manuscript division, were gradually accumulated collections for twenty-three of our presidents, seventeen of them of considerable bulk. Under the leadership of the chief of the division a "Presidents' Papers Series" began to be microfilmed and indexed. To date some ten have been microfilmed and thus made con- veniently available to any purchaser; in- dices have appeared for six relatively small collections and for three of much greater bulk, the latest being this McKin- ley index. In process the series certainly testifies to the growing national regard for historical values, and guild members are glad to testify to their appreciation. But the index of a large collection (that of McKinley consists of 261 volumes and 156 boxes) can be a terrifying thing in this day of the worship of automation, under the tyranny of an inadequate bud- get implemented by prestigious key- punched cards sorted and printed auto- matically. The editors have done remark- ably well under the handicaps thus im- posed on their program, but they could well have been horrified by the bulky conse- quences of technology applied to history. The writer of this review was the first per- son (after McKinley's official biographer, Charles S. Olcott) to be allowed to study the McKinley papers, and gratefully used them in the New York offices of Mr. George B. Cortelyou, Sr. They proved then a keen disappointment, as they must ever be, be- cause they contain very little prior to 1896 and throughout they reflect the fact of McKinley's sedulous avoidance of written

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comment on important matters. The inevit- able result is a bulky load of much incon- sequential stuff meticulously preserved for posterity. Probably there never before has appeared a longer list of marginal and opaque items so painstakingly presented. Take for example the "IBM" preserva- tion of Ida S. McKinley items; they num- ber 1,317 and approximately 79.5 percent of them are nought but invitation accept- ances and regrets. Deluged by such auto- matically indiscriminate data, historians must struggle to surmount it, rather dis- turbed lest fugitive grains of wheat have been missed in the bushels of chaff. Fur- thermore, funds evidently were lacking to hire enough experts in the field to avoid some errors in chronology and identifica- tion. Fearing this hazard, the editors wisely made generous use of asterisks to indicate "information supplied, wholly or in part, or a doubtful reading of name or date"; thus we find, dubiously attributed to the wife of General William Tecumseh Sher- man, five items none of which bears a date earlier than nine years after her death! Also, funds were lacking for a subject index (compensated for somewhat by de- scriptive terms on some items)--a lack which can prove most unfortunate in the case of collections of greater intrinsic value. Automation has too much prestige, making it a tormenting influence. However, on the credit side is the third function of this index. It teaches us in both a negative and positive sense. Nega- tively, its content demonstrates the paucity of personal letters from McKinley; posi- tively, it reveals the most important writ- ten sources of information reaching the presidential office, and some of the secre- tarial uses to which McKinley put J. Ad- dison Porter and George B. Cortelyou. More important, the index takes the user by the hand and carefully tries to help him through the thick maze of marginal material. Most important, this index (like the other indices of the presidential papers) provides as an introductory "Provenance" a clear statement of where else papers of this president are known to be located, and what presumably befell missing files. Be- fore the "Provenance" could be written, there had to be a mature and imaginative exploration for leads to other possible lo-

cales of papers, always with a conscious- ness of inconclusiveness and some sense of frustration. This work is beyond the pow- ers of IBM machines up to this time. The informative "Provenance" will save many an historian a trip up a blind alley and may lead to discovery of new avenues. For this invaluable information all per- sons using presidential papers will heap blessings on the hard-working David Mearns and his staff. JEANNETTE P. NICHOLS University of Pennsylvania.       WILLIAM McKINLEY AND HIS AMERICA. By H. Wayne Morgan. (Syracuse, N. Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1963. xi??595p.; illustrations and index. $9.00.) One's first question of a new portrait of this president is how well it compares with Margaret Leech's In the Days of McKinley, published with such wide suc- cess in 1959. This reviewer's judgment is that it compares quite favorably if taken for what it is: a different and complement- ary biography rather than a directly com- peting one. Professor Morgan, who has also written sympathetically of Eugene Debs, is as friendly as Miss Leech in his estimate of McKinley's achievements; he is if anything more thorough in his re- search. It is due him to note that his is an independent effort begun before she pub- lished, and carried to conclusions that for all their similarity are buttressed by his own scholarship. The most obvious difference between the two studies is in their budgeting of space. Leech brought her subject from birth to the opening of his law practice in seven pages. Morgan, who offers McKinley's Civil War years their only detailed treat- ment in print, thanks in part to his dis- covery of a fascinating wartime diary, takes thirty-seven pages to span the same period. His coverage of the congressional years is three times as long; his coverage of the governorship and presidential cam- paign years is twice as long. Where Miss Leech expanded on the details of Washing- ton social life, the Spanish-American War, and the pathos of Ida McKinley's exist- ence, Morgan is relatively compact. In all,

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his is the shorter work by some 60,000 words. And despite the contrary hint in its title, his is the more orthodox biography in its focus of attention. Thanks to the quality of that attention as well as its dis- tribution, his book belongs on the shelf be- side Leech. What justifies all this attention to a president so remote in time and so seldom accused of greatness by his posterity? One possible answer suggests itself only after close reading: it is that this career poli- tician, "whose whole life seems in a sense to have transpired on the stump," who con- tinually gave his level best to his country, and who climbed so smoothly up the lad- der toward a prize the nation gave him twice in his time, would in all likelihood be given that prize again today. Here if anywhere is laid bare the soul of the kind of man the American electorate chooses and molds. It may not raise him to the presidency every time, but it raised Dwight Eisenhower that far rather re- cently and much more rapidly. No student of our politics can miss a sense of involve- ment in McKinley's "dry fatalism" at the unfolding of his destiny. Whether sadly or proudly, he recognizes its justification. Morgan's style is always clear, and when he feels the need to compress his story he can do it masterfully. The passages most likely to suffer from a tendency to overcoloring and triteness are those that spin out a detailed narrative. But in all, the occasion of this new biography is one for what the major would call a jollifica- tion. THOMAS E. FELT College of Wooster         OHIO SCENES AND CITIZENS. By Grace Goulder. (Cleveland: World Pub- lishing Company, 1964. 253p.; maps, bibliographic notes, and index. $5.95.) For twenty-one years in her weekly col- umn in the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Grace Goulder has portrayed memorable Ohioans and their background. From more than a thousand sketches she has now selected seventeen portraits for this collection. She might have assembled that many states-

men, or reformers, or inventors, or enter- tainers, or sportsmen. Instead she offers a cross-section, a mixed gallery that in- cludes Phil Sheridan and Paul Laurence Dunbar, Annie Oakley and the wives of brooding John Brown. The first and lasting impression is of variety. Vermonters may have a common stamp, Texans may share a character, but Ohioans are assorted. Here is variety of race and creed--Negro, Jew, Irish immi- grant, and Yankee emigrant. Variety of background--country, village, town, and city. Variety of temperament--cranky Delia Bacon, indulgent Warren G. Hard- ing, crusading Wayne B. Wheeler. Variety of career--from the gallows to the White House. With a narrative method Miss Goulder finds her people in motion and follows them through varied fortunes. Each sketch is a life story, and here there is a repeated pattern. Most of these citizens rose from lowly station: the elevator boy became a poet, the tanner's son won unconditional surrender, the immigrant rabbi founded a college, the backwoods farm girl became a world celebrity, the canal boy was elected president. One of the freshest chapters tells of Mark Twain (unexpected among Ohioans) and his Cleveland friends aboard the steamer Quaker City in the Mediterranean. It shows Mark Twain more struck by Italy's poverty than its art treasures and unimpressed by some of the hallowed scenes of Palestine. This is already fa- miliar, but Miss Goulder makes an inter- esting correlation of the sentimental jour- nal of Emily Severance with Sam Cle- mens' irreverent reporting. And she shows how Mary Mason Fairbanks abetted Mark Twain's courtship of Olivia Langdon. This is a book of scenes and citizens, and it makes good use of that double ex- posure. The dreaming Ohio and a sylvan island are as clearly pictured as Harman and Margaret Blennerhassett. Along with young Lyss Grant we see drowsing George- town with pigs and geese in the dusty Main Street. Behind Tom Edison is the wheat port of Milan with its vanished basin full of white-sailed schooners. The portrait of agnostic Bob Ingersoll shows

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him at "God's College"--frontier Oberlin. Far from provincial, this book reaches out to places as distant as Ireland, Bo- hemia, and California. It is full of in- formation--sometimes overfull, as though the author could not throw anything away. It seems a haphazard selection, but as one reads, Miss Goulder's intention grows clear: she has shown how the lives of cer- tain Ohio citizens entered into the stream of the nation's history and tradition.   WALTER HAVIGHURST Miami University     AMISH SOCIETY. By John A. Hostetler. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963. xviii??347p.; illustrations, bibliography, and index. $6.50.) Ohioans have an understandable interest in the Amish. This is not only because of the quaint Amish customs, oriented to Old World peasant and religious traditions, but because Ohio has more Old Order Amish and more Amish church districts than any other state, not excepting Pennsylvania. The largest concentration has been in Holmes, Wayne, Stark, Coshocton, and Tuscarawas counties, but there are large numbers also in Geauga and Madison coun- ties. The first Amish settlement in Holmes county was made in 1807, and a high birth rate has greatly increased their numbers during the twentieth century. In 1962, Professor William L. Schreiber, a non-Amish native of Germany, and a professor of German at the College of Wooster, was the author of a very sympa- thetic volume, Our Amish Neighbors, which sought to interpret Amish life to a world which has departed drastically from their simple faith and their disdain for mechanical contrivances and the diversions of a sophisticated world. The present vol- ume is written by one who knows both the appeal and the stresses of Amish society, for he was born to an Amish family and was raised in the traditions of the sect. He, however, broke away to attend a Men- nonite college (Goshen), and he has done extensive work in the field of Mennonite publications. He received a Ph.D. at Penn- sylvania State University and has studied at Heidelberg University in Germany. He

is assistant professor of anthropology and sociology at the Ogontz campus of Penn- sylvania State University, hence he writes as one trained in the scientific approach to social customs and cultural trends. The author has made extensive use of charts, graphs, and splendid ilustrations. Particularly interesting is his discussion of the stresses and strains of the closely integrated Amish society, the "marginal person" who may find employment in an urban community, the methods of enforc- ing discipline, the slow process of chang- ing the patterns of life, and the responses to such changes. He points out that when the members no longer confidently share the same values, disorganization prevails. For the individual this may involve "in- ternal conflict, alienation, and meaning- lessness, often manifested in suicide, alco- holism, and various kinds of neuroses," or in "suspicion, cynicism, isolation, theft, or gang behavior" (pp. 271-272). The bibliographical notes and references are extensive and indicate a comprehensive understanding of the Amish people. Until drastic changes occur, this volume would seem to serve as a synthesis of Amish life. FRANCIS P. WEISENBURGER Ohio State University     A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE GREAT LAKES. By Harlan Hatcher and Erich A. Walter, assisted by Orin W. Kaye, Jr. (New York: Crown Pub- lishers, 1963. 344p.; illustrations, bibli- ography, chronology, and index. $10.00.) The second half of the twentieth cen- tury may be known as the Age of the Pic- ture. The lens of the camera, the "tube" of the television set, and the miracle of Telestar have all changed our private lives and the world is indeed an open book--a picture book. All the perfected techniques of photo- graphic reproduction have been used in the publishing of the modern pictorial, so su- perior to its predecessors. These volumes are accompanied by skillful texts vividly reflecting the immediacy of the picture con- tent. This is particularly true when, as in the volume at hand, the subject is the record of men, events, and their significant combination which we call history.

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A Pictorial History of the Great Lakes is the newest in a series of pictorials pub- lished by the Crown Publishing Company. A magnificent volume, rich with pictures, it ranges from the well reproduced old print or contemporary document to the finest in modern panoramic photography. This feast for the eyes is accompanied by a lucid, lively narrative of the history of the Great Lakes region from their carving out by glacial action eons ago, to their physical remodeling by the great canals of today. A striking feature of this handsome book is the unique picture captions. These not only identify the picture but relate event, anecdote, or literary allusion associ- ated with the subject. Beneath an impres- sive aerial view of Tahquamenon Falls, "two hundred feet wide in their sweeping are," is related the story of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's collection of legends and folk- lore of the Chippewas, followed by a dra- matic quotation from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Hiawatha, which had its setting in this area. The editors make use of humor too, in their lively cap- tions. Page 261 shows a famous "View of Indians in 1908 taking a group of pas- sengers down the rapids at Sault Ste. Marie." This caption refers to Mrs. Anna Jameson's comment, when as the first European woman to make the hazardous trip, she said it gave her a sensation of "giddy, breathless, delicious excitement." Comment the authors dryly, "This excite- ment, of course, was what stood in the way of interlake transportation." The range and sweep of this volume is as diversified as the Great Lakes area it- self and as the talents of the men who dis- covered and developed it. Chiefly chrono- logical in its successive chapters, it is also topical. The first introductory chapter views the great inland seas as an astronaut might see them from a high and unob- structed view. Next, chapters on "Geology" and "Early History" give the reader the picture of this world as it was. For the many devotees of ships and col- lectors of rare ship pictures who form a significant group of Great Lakes enthusi- asts, there are chapters that cover the old- time vessels, their construction and use, and their heroic careers battling their

natural enemies, wind, fire, ice, and colli- sion. Here are enough fine pictures and text to be rich fare for the debates regard- ing specifications, ownership, and other pertinent data that so enthrall the old- timers. The cities of the lakes, those vital cen- ters, at once created by the lakes and cre- ating the great development of them, are portrayed in picture both in their youth and in their maturity. The panorama of the story then unrolls in chapters on "Locks and Canals, and the Men Who Made Them" and "Lighthouses, Beacons, and Buoys," concluding in a thrilling cli- max with the most dramatic features of all, "The Great Lakes Bridges" and "The St. Lawrence Seaway." To keep the reader oriented there are maps, charts, diagrams, and colored plates of house flags. To enable him to locate spe- cific data there are appended a chronology, a bibliography, and a full index, in which ship names are easily located by the bold- face type in which they appear. The refer- ence value of these features also makes the book an indispensable tool for libraries. And behind the smooth-flowing text, the successful selection of pictures, and the excellent job of bookmaking lies unob- strusive evidence of the hours of research in the archives of libraries, museums, and special collections that taxed the talents of the authors. Dr. Hatcher, president of the University of Michigan and a former vice president of Ohio State University, is well known as a Great Lakes author and historian. Together with his collaborators, he has made a major contribution to Great Lakes history. DONNA L. ROOT Cleveland Public Library     FROM PRAIRIE TO CORN BELT: FARMING ON THE ILLINOIS AND IOWA PRAIRIES IN THE NINE- TEENTH CENTURY. By Allan G. Bogue. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963. x??310p.; figures, tables, bibliography, and index. $6.95.) Among the desiderata of American agri- cultural history, and for that matter, of American economic history in general, are

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descriptions and evaluations of farming in specific regions. This volume would therefore be welcome even if it were much less thoroughgoing and competent than it actually is. As the title indicates, the study is con- cerned primarily with the evolution of farming in the prairie lands of Iowa and central and northern Illinois from the ad- vent of the first settlers to about 1900. Accordingly, as would be anticipated, there are descriptions of land breaking, live- stock care and up-grading, the manage- ment of grain and grass crops, and the introduction of machinery. Considerable attention is given to the problem of obtain- ing land, the role of the land speculator, and the impact for good and bad of the farm mortgage and of the farm-tenancy system. All of these reflect the special training of the author, as does a whole chapter on such costs of production as taxes, hired labor, and short- and long-term credit. Descriptions of the activities and difficulties of several farm families which preserved records add to the interest of the book. It would not be fair to criticize the author for what he has put in his book, because it seems to be eminently sound in its interpretations and accurate in its factual detail. However, it does have a few deficiencies, or perhaps they might be called blind spots. The most notable is in connection with farmers' organizations. The description of the role of the agricul- tural societies (and their fairs) is quite weak, and unnecessarily so, considering the quantity of sources available. There are a few references to the Patrons of Husband- ry, but nothing to indicate their vital role in the contests against railroads and mid- dlemen. There is, indeed, no mention of the "Granger laws" or of Munn v. Illinois, and no more than an inkling of the rural dis- trust and hatred of the railroads which culminated in the passage of the interstate commerce act. Another general deficiency is in the omission of any significant dis- cussion of the role of the metropolis in the development of prairie agriculture; Chi- cago does not even appear in the index. Finally, not much is said about either farm life or community life. It does not seem altogether unreasonable to expect that a

study which has space for land speculators, hog cholera, and the introduction of the side-delivery rake might give some atten- tion to implement agents and general-store keepers as well as to schools and churches and perhaps even politics. These deficien- cies are by no means trifling, but From Prairie to Corn Belt remains nevertheless a first-rate contribution to American agri- cultural history. ROBERT L. JONES Marietta College     THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI: A SUCCESS STORY IN URBAN HIGHER EDUCATION. By Reginald C. McGrane. (New York: Harper and Row, 1963. xiii??364p.; illustrations, map, appendices, and index. $6.00.) Because of its complexity the writing of the history of a college or university is difficult. In many ways the growth and development of such an institution are among the most devious, troubled, and un- predictable of any human activity. These truisms are well illustrated in this history of the University of Cincinnati by Dr. Reginald C. McGrane, for many years head of that university's history depart- ment. It would be simple to take 1819 as the date of the founding of what ultimately became the university, and 1870 as the time when the Ohio General Assembly chartered it as a municipal university. But as the tenuous details spelled out by Dr. McGrane show, it was a slow and often difficult process, with the future uncertain. As with any man-made agency its fate was plagued often by human problems. But the author, fortified by many years of first-hand knowledge of its affairs, de- velops the story with skill and authority. In twenty-two chapters he brings out the essential details between its "early efforts and false starts" to the "dreams that came true." The problem in such a portrayal is to make a well-balanced choice between the essential facts and those that make the running story come alive and give it life and color. On the whole, Dr. McGrane has done this well. There are times when the wealth of detail is somewhat confusing,

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but this difficulty is resolved in part by the generous use of chapter subheads. There is a parallel of sorts between the University of Cincinnati and the Ohio State University. Each in its way is the largest public institution of learning in Ohio and among the largest in the United States. Cincinnati dates its reorganization from the charter act of 1870. By a coinci- dence the Ohio Agricultural and Mechani- cal College, which became the Ohio State University, was created also by the legis- lature in 1870. Cincinnati's academic de- partment dates from 1873, when Ohio State first opened its doors. Both Cincin- nati and Ohio State had their first formal commencements in 1878. And General Jacob D. Cox, who was president of the University of Cincinnati from 1885 to 1889, declined the Ohio State presidency in 1871. The list of distinguished Ohioans who have been identified with the University of Cincinnati is impressive. The univer- sity, in fact, reflects the very special kind of community that Cincinnati has been. This the author brings out adequately. Inevitably, as in any factual book, there are minor errors or "typos" to mar an otherwise good account. A few: a refer- ence (p.126) to James B. Angel (sic), the president of the University of Michigan; to the score of the 1897 football game with Ohio State (p.161) as 34 to 0, in favor of Cincinnati--the Ohio State records show 24 to 0--and, most incredibly, a reference (p.319) to Proctor (sic) & Gamble! The story of the evolution of the Univer- sity of Cincinnati of 1963 with its graduate school, eleven colleges, and other facilities has been traced adequately by Dr. McGrane. It is one of accomplishment that is a credit to the city of its origin and principal sup- port. JAMES E. POLLARD Ohio State University     ARK OF EMPIRE: THE AMERICAN FRONTIER, 1784-1803. By Dale Van Every. Foreword by Henry Steele Com- mager. (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1963. xii??383p.; maps, bibliography, and index. $6.00.) This is the third volume of what the

publisher is pleased to call Mr. Van Every's "monumental history of the fron- tier people." For want of a government which would or could protect their inter- ests, the vast trans-Appalachian frontier is seen as constantly on the verge of se- cession. Thus, impending disaster faced the nation from day to day during the years 1784 to 1803. We are told, via the attractive dust jacket, that the multiple threats "of that first cold war" fell upon our first three presidents with the same harrowing effects as have today's threats on Presidents Tru- man, Eisenhower, and Kennedy. The claim is somewhat comprehensive. The story opens with chapters entitled "A New Nation," "Congress Proposes," and "The Frontier of 1784." Thereafter, Brant, McGillivray, Robertson, Sevier, and Wilkinson are allotted chapters. Theme is then intermixed with two chapters on Washington, another on Brant, and the crescendo of Fallen Timbers. By the time Jefferson's first administration closed, statehood for Ohio had removed the threat that the West would be lost. The thesis has some validity, yet it is vastly overplayed here. One is puzzled that such considerable and discerning scholars as Commager can be led to endorse it by the gambit of a foreword. The work is less than "monumental." It rests upon negligible research, four pages of stand- ard references passing as the bibliography. There is an apparent innocence of the existence of such riches as repose in the Draper Manuscripts, the Newberry Li- brary, the Burton Collection, the Ohio State Museum, and the Marietta College Library--to indicate but a few such which abound in the Great Lakes, Ohio-Missis- sippi country. No use is made of the multi- tude of articles to be found in the many learned journals of the area. Nothing new whatsoever appears in this book. Without question, Mr. Van Every writes well and imparts freshness to old material. He succeeds very well, too, in creating an air of excitement through much of the work. It is clear also that he understands the usages of synthesis. Newspaper reviewers have been more kind in assessing Mr. Van Every's writ- ing. One of these sees in the author a

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latter-day Francis Parkman. Those who still marvel at Parkman's identification with the wilderness and his superb style will understandably reject the comparison. RUSSELL CALDWELL University of Southern California       LIST OF CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE (Record Group 49). Compiled by Laura E. Kelsay. National Archives Publica- tion No. 64-9, Special Lists No. 19. (Washington: National Archives, 1964. v??202p.; maps and index. Paper.) Federal land administration started with enactment of the Ordinance of 1785. Inheriting an accumulation of records and duties, the General Land Office was cre- ated in 1812. Among its important activi- ties were the surveying and mapping of public lands. Until it was consolidated into another bureau in 1946, the GLO acted as the official repository of all the pertinent documents which now compose Record Group 49 in the National Archives. The cartographic records of the present compilation consist of four series. Two, the "Old Map File" (manuscript and annotated maps), and published records, are related to the progress of surveying and the dis- posal of public lands in states and terri- tories. The other two, maps and diagrams

of boundary surveys, and the "Old Case 'F' File" (field notes and related records), are primarily concerned with the survey of the boundaries of the public land states and territories themselves. Also, some of the notes in the last one are related to items in the "Old Map File" series. Not included in this listing are other GLO maps and carto- graphic records in the National Archives among the records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Those interested in Ohio history will find fifty-five manuscript and annotated maps cataloged, ranging from a 1790 Is- rael Ludlow surveyed tract within the Ohio Company lands to an 1847 fractional town- ship survey in Cincinnati; eleven descrip- tive entries of field notes of surveys, dat- ing from the 1792 determination of the boundaries of the Symmes purchase to an 1881 survey in the Toledo Marsh area. The analytical index reveals many other Ohio and Ohio-related items. Similar coverage is made for much of the rest of the country. By publishing this list of a considerable body of its cartographic holdings and de- scribing them adequately, the National Ar- chives further emphasizes and enhances its use function to historians and other re- searchers. DWIGHT L. SMITH Miami University

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