Ohio History Journal

NOTES 223

of the manuscript is reproduced as chapters 7-17 in Mitchel, and the original is avail-

able on microfilm in the Archive of Contemporary Science and Technology, Case

Western Reserve University.

7. Mitchel, 51.

8. Ibid., 52-53.

9. Ibid., 53-54.

10. Ibid., 55-56.

11. Ibid., 123-132.

12. Ibid., 104-122 and 133-140.

13. "Minute Book of the Cincinnati Astronomical Society," November 10, 1842; here-

inafter cited, "Minutes." The original of this document is kept at the Cincinnati Ob-

servatory; a microfilm copy is available in the Archive of Contemporary Science and

Technology, Case Western Reserve University.

14. "Minutes," June 16, 1843.

15. Mitchel, 151-152 and "Minutes," August 8, November 11, November 28, 1843.

Adam's visit to Cincinnati did not receive the universal acclaim that a reading of the

"Minutes" might indicate. The fiercely Democratic Cincinnati Enquirer took exception

to the political tone of Jacob Burnet's introduction of Adams. See Daily Cincinnati En-

quirer, November 11 and 14, 1843.

16. Mitchel, 153-158.

17. The Annual Address delivered before the Cincinnati Astronomical Society, June,

1845, by E. D. Mansfield. Together with the Reports of the Board of Control and of the

Director of the Observatory (Cincinnati, 1845).

18. "Minutes," September 27, 1845 - April 28, 1846.

19. "Minutes," April 1 and 7, 1847.

20. "Minutes," November 13, 1847.

21. "Minutes," March 26, May 14, 1850.

22. "Minutes," June 20, 1850.

23. These broad objectives are outlined in the preamble of the constitution of the

society; a copy can be found in the first pages of the "Minutes."

24. Annual Address . . . 1845, 56.

25. "Minutes," October 12, 1846.

26. "Minutes," March 23, 1852.

27. "Minutes," February 18, 1854.

28. "Minutes," April 28, 1859.

29. Mitchel's military career is told in great detail in Mitchel, 205-388.

30. Everett I. Yowell, "One Hundred Years at the Cincinnati Observatory," Sky and

Telescope, III (December 1943), 4.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

NEGRO SELF-IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS IN

ANTEBELLUM CINCINNATI, 1836-1850

1. Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860

(Chicago, 1961); Carter G. Woodson, "Negroes of Cincinnati Prior to the Civil War,"

Journal of Negro History, I (January 1916), 1-22.

2. Compendium of the Sixth Census (Washington, 1841), 77; Seventh Census of

the United States, 1850 (Washington, 1853), 830.

3. Henry David Shaffer, Cincinnati, Covington, Newport and Fulton Directory for

1840 (Cincinnati, 1840), 483; Charles Cist, Sketches and Statistics of Cincinnati in

1851 (Cincinnati, 1851), 46; Cincinnati Commercial, May 24, 1848; Slave Document,

Methodist Church Papers, Samuel Williams Collection, Cincinnati Historical Society;

Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Proceedings . . . 1835 (1835), 17, 30; Levi Coffin, Rem-

iniscences of Levi Coffin (Cincinnati, 1876), 203; Laura Haviland, A Woman's Life-

Work: Labors and Experiences (Cincinnati, 1882), 111, 117, 140-141; Cincinnati Daily

Microscope, August 13, 1842; Cincinnati Daily Dispatch, June 26, August 19, October

13, 1848.

4. Ibid., February 20, 1849; Commercial, July 14, 1845, March 11, September 23,

224 OHIO HISTORY

1848, January 31, 1849; Cist, Cincinnati in 1851, 44; Works Project Administration,

Writers' Project, Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors (Cin-

cinnati, 1943), 195-196; Lafcadie Hearn, Children of the Levee, 0. W. Frost, ed. (Lex-

ington, Kentucky, 1957), 2.

5. Cincinnati Post and Anti-Abolitionist, January 22, 1842.

6. Cincinnati Directory for the Years 1836-7 (Cincinnati, 1836), 7-197; Ohio Anti-

Slavery Society, Proceedings . . . 1835, 19; Edward S. Abdy, Journal of a Residence and

Tour in the United States of North America, from April, 1833, to October, 1834

(London, 1835), II, 384-385, 414-415.

7. Dr. Daniel Drake's Letters on Slavery to Dr. John C. Warren of Boston, Reprinted

from the National Intelligencer, Washington, April, 3, 5, and 7, 1851, with an introduc-

tion by Emmet Field Horine (New York, 1940), 31.

8. Daily Cincinnati Republican, and Commerical Register, August 1, 1836.

9. Ibid.; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, Sepember 27, 1835.

10. Drake's Letters, 37.

11. A. D. Barber, "Report on the Condition of the Colored People in Ohio, May

28, 1840", reprinted in the Philanthropist, July 21, 1840.

12. Ibid., May 26, 1841.

13. Drake's Letters, 35; Coffin, Reminiscences, 527-534.

14. Litwack, North of Slavery, 228-229.

15. Philanthropist, November 10, 1841, December 21, 28, 1842.

16. Cincinnati Directory, 1836-37, 7-197; Shaffer, Cincinnati Directory, 1840, 467-477;

Western Christian Advocate (Cincinnati), March 11, 1836; Patrick Sherreff, A Tour

Through North America, Together with a Comprehensive View of the Canadas and

United States (Edinburgh, 1835), 281.

17. Drake's Letters, 31-32; "Journal of Cyrus P. Bradley," Ohio State Archaeological

and Historical Quarterly, XV (January 1906), 222; "Recollections of Amelia Lewis

Thomason, 1799-1903," 25-26, manuscript in the Cincinnati Historical Society; Slave

Document, Methodist Church Papers.

18. Proceedings of the State Convention of Colored Men . . . 1857 (Cincinnati,

1857), 16-17; George W. Williams, History of the Negro Race in America from 1619-

1880 (New York, 1883), II, 143.

19. Cincinnati Daily Dispatch, December 9, 1848.

20. Litwack, North of Slavery, 153-186.

21. Shaffer, Cincinnati Directory, 1840, 467-477; Commercial, February 28, 1845, May

22, 1848, September 14, 15, 1849; Philanthropist, December 28, 1842; Barber, "Report."

22. Morning Herald, April 17, 1845; Wendell P. Dabney, Cincinnati's Colored Citizens;

Historical, Sociological and Biographical (Cincinnati, 1926), 129-133; Coffin, Rem-

iniscences, 339, 342; Shaffer, Cincinnati Directory, 1840, 467-477.

23. Woodson, "Negroes of Cincinnati," 21-22.

24. Cincinnati Daily Atlas, November 3, 1843, February 10, 1844.

25. Woodson, "Negroes of Cincinnati," 21; Morning Herald, March 5, 1845.

26. National Press and Cincinnati Weekly Herald, July 21, 1847.

27. John C. Wattles, Annual Report on the Educational Condition of the Colored

People of Cincinnati . . . (Cincinnati, 1847), 7; Digest of the Laws and Ordinances

of Cincinnati, of a General Nature, Now in Force (Cincinnati, 1842), 25-26.

28. As quoted by Abdy, Journal of a Residence and Tour, II, 393-394, 400-401.

29. Barber, "Report"; James G. Birney to Lewis Tappan, April 29, 1836, in Dwight L.

Dumond, ed., Letters of James Gillespie Birney, 1831-1857 (New York, 1938), I, 319.

30. Philanthropist, February 12, December 9, 1836; Birney to Tappan, July 29, 1837,

Birney Letters, I, 400.

31. Philanthropist, December 24, 1842.

32. Daily Atlas, December 12, 1843; Morning Herald, December 22, 1843.

33. 12 Ohio 237, December 1843.

34. Morning Herald, June 21, August 4, 5, 1844; Wattles, Annual Report, 8-9; Wil-

liams, History of the Negro, II, 171: Dabney, Cincinnati's Colored Citizens, 102-105.

35. Morning Herald, August 8, 11, 1845, January 13, 15, 20, 29, August 14, 1846.

36. Ibid., April 7, 1847.

37. Ibid., April 13, 1847.

38. Ibid., April 13, 14, 22, 23, 29, 1847.

39. Ibid., February 19, 1846, April 27, 1847; Wattles, Annual Report, 8-9; 19 Ohio

NOTES 225

178, December 1850.

40. Morning Herald, January 5, 1846; Cincinnati Journal, January 17, 1839; Philan-

thropist, October 27, 1841.

41. Quoted in Cincinnati Journal, January 17, 1839.

42. Ibid.

43. Coffin, Reminiscences, 352, 362, 396; Morning Herald, January 5, 1846.

44. The Address and Reply on the Presentation of a Testimonial to S. P. Chase, By

the Colored People of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, 1845), 33.

45. Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Proceedings . . . 1835, 33; Philanthropist, July 21,

1840; Cist, Cincinnati in 1841: Its Early Annals and Future Prospects (Cincinnati,

1841), 96-97; Cist; Cincinnati in 1851, 80-81.

46. Birney to Tappan, July 4, 1839, Birney Letters, I, 494-495; Philanthropist, July

21, 1840; Woodson, "Negroes of Cincinnati," 20.

47. Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Report on the Second Anniversary . . . 1837 (Cin-

cinnati, 1837), 63-64.

48. Morning Herald, November 19, 1846; Barber, "Report."

49. Morning Herald, July 25, 1844, November 23, 1846; Cincinnati Daily Times,

July 9, 1841; Cincinnati Daily Dispatch, October 5, 1848; Commercial, September 24,

29, 1849.

50. Ibid., July 12-August 30, 1849.

51. Morning Herald, January 22, 1845.

52. Ibid., August 16, 1844 (quoting Daily Inquirer), January 22, 1845; Cist, Cincinnati

in 1851, 151; Williams, History of the Negro, II, 143-144.

53. Morning Herald, January 22, 23, 1845, July 15, 17, 1846, January 5, 6, 1847,

January 7, 1848; Daily Dispatch, December 27, 1848, March 24, 1849.

54. Commercial, April 1, June 13, 1845, March 21, 1846, August 18, September 16,

1848, September 1, 1849; Daily Times, August 17, 20, 27, 1841; Daily Dispatch, July

20, 1848; Morning Herald, May 10, 11, 12, 14, 1848.

55. Commercial, November 20, 1848; Daily Atlas, June 16, 19, 1845; see also Stanley

M. Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago,

1959) for a controversial discussion of the "Sambo" personality.

56. Drake's Letters, 33-34.

57. Commercial, July 10, 1845.

58. William D. Howells, A Boy's Town (New York, 1890), 229-230.

RISE AND DECLINE OF PRIVATE ACADEMIES

IN ALBANY, OHIO

1. For brief statements on academies in Ohio, see Francis P. Weisenburger, The

Passing of the Frontier, 1825-1850 (Carl Wittke, ed., The History of the State of Ohio,

III, Columbus, 1941), 173, and Eugene H. Roseboom, The Civil War Era, 1850-1873

(Carl Wittke, ed., The History of the State of Ohio, IV, Columbus, 1944), 182.

2. Albany's population in 1860 was 541, U. S. Bureau of the Census, Eighth Census

of the United States: 1860. Population Schedules, Athens County (National Archives

Mircofilm), 141-154. More information on Albany, Ohio, can be found in History

of the Hocking Valley (Chicago, 1883), 602-625 and Ivan M. Tribe, "The Development

of a Rural Community: Albany, Ohio, 1840-1880" (unpublished M. A. thesis, Ohio

University, 1967).

3. William E. Peters, Athens County, Ohio (Athens, Ohio, 1947), 56-64.

4. Thomas N. Hoover, The History of Ohio University (Athens, Ohio, 1954), 25-26,

92-93.

5. Fletcher Stanton Coultrap, "Education in Athens County," Centennial Atlas of

Athens County (Athens, Ohio, 1905), 119; Arena, 1959 (Athens, Ohio, 1959), 4-7. The

Akron Law made it possible for municipalities having a population in excess of 200

to organize their own school districts and to set themselves apart from the township

district schools.

6. Census, Seventh Census of the United States: 1850. Population Schedules, Athens

County (National Archives Microfilm), 181; General Catalogue of Oberlin College,

1833-1908 (Oberlin, Ohio, 1909), 592.

7. History of the Hocking Valley, 608; Rebecca Stanley, "Albany Seventy-Five Years

Ago," Albany Messenger, May, 1924, 7.