Book Reviews
Organized for Prohibition: A New
History of the Anti-Saloon League. By
K.
Austin Kerr. (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1985. xvii + 293p.; illus-
trations, notes, note on sources, index.
$25.00.)
The vineyards of temperance history have
been well worked. Since its or-
ganized beginnings in the 1820s, temperance reform has
appealed to count-
less thousands of Americans, old and young, female and
male, wealthy and
poor, liberal and conservative. Consequently, the
movement has had a diver-
sity, a longevity, and a prolific
literature which have allowed historians am-
ple scope for their research and interpretative skills.
The recent work of Nor-
man Clark and Ned Dannenbaum, for
example, has revised earlier portraits
of temperance advocates as cranky political
reactionaries, describing them
instead as perceptive commentators on
the ill effects of alcohol on American
life and genuine reformers.
K. Austin Kerr's history of the
Anti-Saloon League falls within this posi-
tive tradition. Mindful of the large
existing literature, Kerr maintains that this
is a "new history" because it
focuses upon the "nuts and bolts" of the
league's internal structure. Relying upon a massive
collection of the league's
hitherto unused records at the Ohio
Historical Society, Kerr treats the
league as an example of the
"managerial revolution" described by Kenneth
Boulding and Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., an
approach foreshadowed as early
as 1928 by Peter Odegard's Pressure
Politics: The Story of the Anti-Saloon
League.
The book's greatest strength is its
tightly woven and closely argued narra-
tive of the league's internal workings.
With the Ohio league as an organiza-
tional model, the national Anti-Saloon
League was established in 1895, and
"[F]rom its inception was to be
like a modern business firm, bureaucratic
and not democratic" at both the
national and the local levels. This structure
was well suited for fund-raising,
temperance education, and enlisting the sup-
port of Protestant churches and
congregations, as evidenced by the league's
rapid string of victories: the defeat of
"wet" Ohio governor Myron Herrick in
1905, the passage of the federal
Webb-Kenyon Bill in 1913, and the ratifica-
tion of the Eighteenth Amendment in
1919.
However, Kerr argues, although
prohibition may have "worked" because
it curtailed American drinking, the
league itself did not after 1920. Earlier ef-
forts to reform the league bureaucracy
and allow greater participation by
member churches had been only cosmetic,
and as a result, "the league
structure was ill-suited for resolving
the disputes that arose after victory was
achieved." When its leadership
divided over tactics in the 1920s, therefore,
the league found it increasingly
difficult to raise funds from member church-
es, endorsed the Republican Party and
Herbert Hoover in 1928, and was
discredited with them after 1929. Nor
was the rigid league bureaucracy
adapted to building the cultural
consensus on the value of a dry society
which might have given longer life to
the "noble experiment."
Kerr, therefore, attributes the league's
victories before 1919 and its decline
138 OHIO HISTORY
afterward in large part to an
organizational structure which utilized "modern
managerial skills from the business
world." ("Wets" too failed to follow ap-
propriate managerial procedures,
hampering their fight against a dry Ameri-
ca.) Other explanations get only passing
attention although Kerr briefly con-
cedes that the league was on the right
side of the progressive reformers'
reliance upon state and federal
governments, and on the wrong side of the
cultural battles of the 1920s between
nineteenth-century evangelicalism and
self-discipline and twentieth-century
consumerism and self-gratification.
Of particular interest is Kerr's
discussion of the influence of the Nonparti-
san WCTU on league strategy, since the
Nonpartisan, which broke with the
WCTU "regulars" when Frances
Willard endorsed the Prohibition Party,
usually gets scant attention from
historians. Kerr pays too little attention,
however, to the apt parallels between
the league and the National American
Women's Suffrage Association. Like the
league, the NAWSA was a non parti-
san single-issue organization. Unlike
the league, the NAWSA did change its
structure when it became the League of
Women Voters. But this change
could not halt the loss of momentum,
membership, and unity after its own
victory in 1920.
For in fact structure is not everything,
and the application of organization-
al theory to this temperance group is in
many respects unsatisfactory. The
league called itself as "the church
in action"; its strength derived from the
pulpits and collection baskets of
evangelical Protestantism. Kerr himself de-
scribes the league "part of the
social gospel." The use of the business analo-
gy, therefore, seems incongruous-as if
one had come across Washington
Gladden in a grey flannel suit. Although
new models can often lend new in-
sights, historians must also remember to
take the past sometimes at its own
word-in this case to view the league as
an example of the politicization of an
intensely religious impulse rather than
as a variant of American entrepreneur-
ship. What is good for General Motors
may not be good for the Anti-Saloon
League.
John Carroll University Marian J. Morton
The Falls City Engineers: A History
of the Louisville District, Corps of Engi-
neers, United States Army 1970-1983. By Leland R. Johnson. (Louisville:
United States Army Engineer District,
1984. v + 346p.; illustrations, notes,
bibliography, index. $8.00.)
This book is designed as a supplement to
the author's The Falls City Engi-
neers: A History of the Louisville
District, Corps of Engineers, published
in
1975, and, as its predecessor, is an
encyclopedic treatment of the activities of
the Louisville Engineer District for the period
covered. Chronologically this
is a period of change for the Engineers,
involving major alterations in the mis-
sion of the organization from basic
military construction to a "realignment in
response to the national environmental
movement" (p. i). It also is a period
marked by a growing clamor of voices
questioning some of the activities of
the Corps of Engineers, climaxing with the tumultuous
controversy over the
proposed construction of a dam on the
Red River of Kentucky which would,
Book Reviews
139
it was contended, destroy the famous Red
River Gorge, one of the most
scenic and environmentally unique areas
in the nation.
This volume would have been an excellent
opportunity for the Corps to air
its side of this controversy and to
present its arguments in support of policies
which critics have dismissed as
"boondoggles," but the author downplays
these controversies. The Red River Gorge
dispute, for example, is not dealt
with per se, but rather is
presented piecemeal as the result of a rigid chrono-
logical structuring of the text. The
result is a presentation which lacks coher-
ence, and, in the process, gives the
impression that dealing with political
controversy is something with which the
author is uncomfortable.
Of course, this is an inherent problem
facing any historian who takes upon
himself the task of writing a
"house history." It is much easier to work with
facts, statistics, and
"accomplishments" than with controversies. And facts
are to be found throughout this book. It
is thorough in its coverage of the ac-
complishments of the Corps; from the
modernization of navigation on the
Ohio to the construction of a new chapel
at Fort Knox, this volume catalogs
the construction of every dam and the
building of every structure undertaken
by the District.
Many of the Corps' activities have all
of the characteristics of high drama,
such as the successful removal of a
barge loaded with potentially deadly
chlorine which broke away from a tow and
lodged against McAlpine Dam in
Louisville in 1972, or another chemical
barge, this one leaking noxious fumes,
which was hung up on Markland Dam in
1974 and which was safely neutral-
ized in a touchy project dubbed
"Operation Big Stink."
But the drama of these events and other
challenging activities is largely
obscured by the turgid writing style of
the author-let's face it, the book
reads like an engineering manual, and to
browse through it for recreation
would generate about as much excitement
as watching scum grow on a stag-
nant pond.
Yet this book, along with its
predecessor volume, should be in every li-
brary with an interest in the history,
economy or environment of the Ohio
Valley, and every collection with an
interest in the workings of the federal
government and its agencies-in short,
this is a most valuable volume to have
on the shelf as a ready reference for
anything from the building of a flood-
control dam in Indiana to the
government's response to the "Day of a Hun-
dred Tornadoes" on April 3, 1974.
For Kentuckians there is also an essay
entitled "Upriver to the Three
Forks: Kentucky River Project
Construction, 1836-1917," which is included
in this volume as an appendix. Not only
does it describe the incredible diffi-
culties involved in bringing navigation
to the Kentucky River valley, it in-
cludes some rare and historic
photographs.
Thus, despite its weaknesses, this is an
important work, and the author is
to be commended for his diligent
treatment of a complex subject. The Corps
of Engineers, in sponsoring this work,
has made available a book which will
be the standard treatment of the subject
for the foreseeable future, and
which will be a gold mine, both in its
text and footnotes, for students doing
research into the many activities of the
Falls City Engineers.
Kentucky Wesleyan College Lee A. Dew
140 OHIO HISTORY
Voice of the New West: John G.
Jackson and His Life and Times. By
Stephen
W. Brown. (Macon, Georgia: Mercer
University Press, 1985. xxv + 262p.;
illustrations, notes, bibliography,
index. $22.95.)
Professor Stephen W. Brown chose his
subject well; John George Jackson
appears to have been a fascinating man. Jackson was
born during the Revolu-
tionary War near what is now Buckhannon, West Virginia,
and spent most of
his life at nearby Clarksburg, on the
West Fork of the Monongahela River.
During his early years he studied
surveying and the law, without the benefit
of formal schooling; fathered an
illegitimate son, John Jay Triplett, and was
subsequently sued for breach of promise
by the boy's mother; supported
the famous resolutions against the Alien
and Sedition Acts while serving in
the Virginia legislature; and married
Mary Payne, a sister of Dolley Madison.
All this before reaching the age of
twenty-five.
The second half of John G. Jackson's
life was even more eventful. Within a
few months of the death of his wife, the
thirty-year-old Jackson was smitten
with another Mary, this time the
daughter of the eminent Ohio politician,
Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. She was
precisely half his age when they met,
and during the two years it took to
convince the hesitant Miss Meigs to marry
him, Jackson was involved in at least
one other serious courtship. For a man
who described himself at this time as
balding and "fat as an Italian singer"
(p. 98), Jackson had more than his share
of romantic encounters. His political
career also proceeded apace. He served a
total of six terms in the House of
Representatives (1803-10, 1813-17),
where he abstained from voting on an
unusually large number of important
bills, and his vituperative attacks on col-
leagues who differed from him led to a
duel which left Jackson gravely
wounded. He returned to the Virginia
legislature between congressional
stints, was elected a brigadier general
in the state militia, and served briefly
during the War of 1812. In 1819 he was
appointed by President Monroe to a
federal judgeship for the western
district of Virginia. Jackson died at Clarks-
burg six years later, at the age of
forty-seven. The author, a lifelong resident
of West Virginia, makes a strong case
for viewing John G. Jackson, above all,
as a westerner who labored diligently to
extend the franchise and secure
proportional representation in the
Virginia legislature; but, as Brown points
out, most of the gains in this regard
came long after Jackson's death.
In addition to his public career,
Jackson was an entrepreneurial westerner
of the first rank. His Clarksburg
industries included an impressive array of
sawmills, saltworks, gristmills, cotton
and woolen factories, ironworks, and
tanneries-all operated by hired white
laborers and many of the forty-one
slaves he eventually acquired. He also
had extensive holdings in lands,
banks, and internal improvement
companies. Brown does an admirable job
of documenting Jackson's business
successes and disappointments, but he
occasionally presents facts and figures
without explanation. For example, in
1809 Jackson owned nearly thirty-five
hundred acres in Harrison County
valued at almost twenty-nine thousand
dollars; yet, Brown reports without
comment that while his holdings had more
than doubled by 1821, their to-
tal value had increased by less than one
thousand dollars. More importantly,
it is curious that the author makes no
mention of the panic of 1819, or any im-
pact it may have had on Jackson's
diverse business interests.
Professor Brown acknowledges that this
book is an outgrowth of his doc-
Book Reviews
141
toral studies (and the bibiliography
reveals that Jackson was also the sub-
ject of his master's thesis), and it frequently bears
the markings of a basically
unrevised dissertation. The author
appears to have relied heavily on dated
secondary sources, and he generally
avoids critically analyzing motives and
actions. Brown seems to be particularly
attracted to Henry Adams's nine-
volume History of the United States
of America, published seventy-five years
ago, and his bibliography includes
several citations to the original American
Nation Series. The lack of comprehensive
analysis is a more significant short-
coming. The reader is left without an
understanding of why Jackson and
those close to him acted as they did.
Why did Mary Meigs Jackson, the
daughter of a senator, refuse to live
with her husband when he served in the
House? Why did Brigadier General
Jackson, after being ordered by the gov-
ernor of Virginia to march his
militiamen to Point Pleasant, suddenly show up
at Franklinton [Columbus], Ohio with a
small band of friends who then
joined General William Henry Harrison's
forces as an informal "corps of
mounted Riflemen" (p. 114)? And
why, after displaying his martial fervor by
offering to pay the expenses of his
Clarksburg cavalrymen, did Jackson ab-
ruptly return home, before seeing any
military action, merely because a few of
Harrison's subordinate officers objected
to his lofty rank? While a federal
judge, Jackson presided over several
cases which personally involved close
relatives; again, no explanation is
offered as to why he did not disqualify
himself. Furthermore, no attempt is made
to reconcile his Jeffersonian princi-
ples with the proposed constitutional
amendments Jackson introduced in
Congress, which included explicit
authorizations for federally funded roads
and canals and the chartering of a
national bank. Those who seek more infor-
mation might wish to consult Dorothy
Davis's biography of Jackson, as well
as Brown's work.
Parenthetically, this reader was
distracted by a number of problems
which could have been cleared up by a
scrupulous copy editor. Among
these are the intrusive and seemingly
arbitrary use of the term "sic," and a
number of striking redundancies. We are
informed on four separate occasions
that John W. Eppes was a son-in-law of
Thomas Jefferson, and are twice told
that Jackson purchased $367 worth of
silverware in Georgetown while serv-
ing in Congress.
In conclusion, Professor Brown instills
in the reader a sense that John
George Jackson was peripherally involved
in many of the important events of
the early national period, but this
biography falls somewhat short in re-
vealing and illuminating the man and his
age.
Wichita State University Willard Carl Klunder
John Carroll University: A Century of
Service. By Donald P. Gavin. (Kent:
The Kent State University Press, 1985.
xx + 553p.; illustrations, chronolog-
ical tables, appendixes, notes, notes on
sources, index. $27.50.)
Founded in 1886 as the nineteenth of
twenty-eight Jesuit colleges and
universities in the United States, St.
Ignatius College-now John Carroll
University-would undergo a
"sometimes painful transition" (p. xi) from tra-
142 OHIO HISTORY
ditional church college on Cleveland's
ethnic West Side to modern universi-
ty crosstown in University Heights. And
from long association University
Historian Donald P. Gavin well knew the
"minefield" of sensitivities (p. xi)
that awaited any scholarly study of such
a Catholic institution run by a relig-
ious order. Three major conflicts
between diocesan bishop and collegiate
rector give particular focus to his
account of the first half-century; thereafter
the search for a new balance among
consultors, trustees, administrators, and
faculty receives more attention,
especially following Vatican II and student
protest of the sixties. Even by 1980,
where the story intentionally breaks off,
old and difficult problems remained for
a second century's accounting; the
quest for their resolution, and for true
university recognition, still persists.
Gavin's research has been thorough, his
noting of even minor details,
meticulous. Into the web of
administrative maneuvering, moreover, he has
sought to weave academic developments
and student activities, including a
whole chapter on "Football Fame: An
Elusive Goal, 1916-1935." And in the
post-1945 era, where he draws upon
personal observation of such important
rector-presidents as Father Welfle
(1946-1956) and Father Dunn (1956-1967),
his interpretation achieves an
especially authoritative delineation.
This 553-page volume will most interest
those familiar with Catholic educa-
tion and Cleveland's particular
situation. The relation of parish to college, im-
portant as it was to St. Ignatius'
founders, may well elude non-Catholics, as
will many of the disputes within the
Cleveland diocese over educational
tasks. The seeming lack of local
controversy during the 1914-18 war-given
the school's German associations-may
puzzle historians also, as will its sup-
posed lag "almost a generation
behind" many American colleges, "including
Catholic ones" (p. 165). For
Cleveland's Catholic community and Jesuit edu-
cational leaders, however, and for
alumni/ae since the "Iron Ages" of 1886-
1914, this detailed, candid, often wryly
humorous history should be quite
revealing. Certainly it will provide the
vital perspective that John Carroll
needs today.
Among the many illustrations are a few
buildings, some student scenes,
several maps, and seemingly countless
photographs of individuals-all iden-
tified briefly on the page. Included
also, beyond acknowledgements and a
most informative preface, are two
chronologies; six narrative appendices in-
cluding the "Mission
Statement" of John Carroll University; six further ap-
pendices listing Jesuit and Catholic
leaders, enrollments and degrees grant-
ed, faculty and student awards, and
student-union presidents; sixty pages of
"Notes" and four of
"Notes on Sources." Amid such centennial plenty,
where the dust jacket even explains the
university seal, only the sixteen-page
index loses out: it lacks numerous
academic and non-academic categories,
omits many page references, and will
otherwise frustrate would-be users.
Within each chapter, Gavin has utilized
section headings to promote clari-
ty; unfortunately they also interrupt
flow and can obscure general argument.
At the same time they well indicate the
complexity that characterized this
Jesuit institution's development within
an urban setting among so many dif-
ferent (and often conflicting)
interests. "A Century of Service" is the subtitle
of this study, and fittingly so. Yet it
was a century, too, of intense jealousy
and competition, from which Catholic
institutions of higher education in
Gavin's view have too often suffered (p.
x).
Denison University G. Wallace
Chessman
Book Reviews
143
The City of Hills & Kilns: Life
and Work in East Liverpool, Ohio. By
William
C. Gates, Jr. (East Liverpool, Ohio:
East Liverpool Historical Society, 1984.
viii + 500p.; illustrations, figures,
tables, graphs, photographs, notes, ap-
pendices, sources consulted, index.
$22.50.)
East Liverpool, a small town on the
eastern border of Ohio, achieved eco-
nomic success and an international reputation in the
nineteenth century as a
center for the pottery industry. This development was
aided by the proximi-
ty of necessary raw materials and, in
the second half of the century, by the
influx of large numbers of English
immigrants skilled in the art of pottery
making. The industry continued to grow
and prosper until beset by economic
problems resulting from the Great Depression and by a
gradually declining
market for its wares as the twentieth
century progressed.
The City of Hills and Kilns is a complete and thorough history of the town
and the various phases of its
development. The author, using a chronological
format, follows the community from its
early settlement in 1802 to its gradual
decline as a major economic force in the
second half of the twentieth century.
His emphasis, however, is on the
industry which was the lifeblood of the
town through much of that time. He
explains how the pottery industry be-
gan there, how the early problems of the
business were solved, and how
and why it became so successful in the late
nineteenth century. Work in the
potteries affected every phase of life
in the town during that period, and
members of local families found
employment there generation after genera-
tion. The fortunes of local businessmen
and bankers were directly affected
by the degree of prosperity of the
potteries, and when they began to fall on
hard times, the rest of the community
did, as well.
This book is obviously a labor of love,
and one that has absorbed a great
deal of time and effort from the author,
who serves as Curator of the Ohio
Historical Society's East Liverpool
Museum of Ceramics. Its encyclopedic
detail and its careful chronicling of
the life of the community of East Liver-
pool will undoubtedly make it the
authoritative work on the subject for dec-
ades to come. It is the kind of
historical treatment that few communities re-
ceive, but which provides us with
invaluable data on life in the small town
during the year's of America's greatest
growth and development. Vintage
photographs complement the text, and
the photo essay on the pottery in-
dustry is valuable in helping the reader
understand the work's technical
aspects.
The book's minor shortcomings are
largely technical. Its length and the
choice of type make it somewhat
formidable, especially for the casual reader.
One might wish that the book had been
made a little more visually appeal-
ing. On the whole, however, it provides
an excellent treatment of the history
of this unique community, and exhibits
the kind of dedication on its author's
part that one could wish to see applied
to the history of a number of other
midwestern towns.
Indiana State University Rebecca S. Shoemaker
Tribal Dispossession and the Ottawa
Indian University Fraud. By William E.
144 OHIO HISTORY
Unrau and H. Craig Miner. (Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1985.
xi + 212p.; illustrations, notes,
bibliograph, index. $17.95.)
The Ottawa and Ojibwa once told an
apocryphal story about a praying In-
dian who had died. When he went to the
heaven of the whites, he was told
praying Indians were not admitted. When
he went to the dwelling of the In-
dian dead, he was excluded "because
he had forsaken his father's cus-
toms." He then returned to earth
"to resume the form of his body and
haunt his former life." (Robert
Berkhofer, Salvation and the Savage.) Efforts
of Christian missionaries among these
Algonquian people of the Great Lakes
often led to the ambivalence suggested
in this tale. The bands of Ottawa that
William E. Unrau and H. Craig Miner deal
with in Tribal Dispossession and
the Ottawa University Fraud were no exception. These Ohio bands, known as
Blanchard's Fork and Roche de Boeuf, had
been served by French Catho-
lics prior to the 1750s. From the 1820s
forward, however, they were the ob-
jects of Baptist missionary efforts.
In the 1830s, under the urging of
Baptist minister Isaac McCoy, these
Woodland people removed from northwest
Ohio to new reservation lands
near the Osage River in eastern Kansas.
There they remained until shortly
after the Civil War, when they removed
again to Indian Territory. During
their brief three decades in Kansas, these
Ottawa were subjected to one of
the most complex frauds to occur on the
American frontier. By this date
speculation was hardly a newcomer to the
frontier. From Virginia's expansion
in the early 1600s forward, speculation
served as the handmaiden to eco-
nomic success in frontier areas. On the
Ottawa Reservation in Kansas, the
speculators set their sights on founding
a university that would enhance their
own personal fortunes, and,
incidentally, the economic health of the town of
Ottawa. The Ottawa Indians played a
crucial role in the process. In a treaty of
1862 they donated 20,000 acres of land
set aside for the school. Ostensibly,
the proposed institution-first known as
Roger Williams University and then
renamed Ottawa University-was designed
"for the benefit of the Ottawas"
(p. 85). In the long run, however, the
Ottawa gained no benefit. Enrollment in
the school was almost exclusively
non-Indian, and the Ottawa were de-
frauded of all of the financial
remuneration from the sale of 15,000 acres of
school lands, as well as the value of
the school building and orchard stand-
ing in the acreage remaining.
The conclusion to the story did not
occur until post-World War II. In the
1960s, under the auspices of the Indian
Claims Commission, the descen-
dents of these two Ottawa groups were
awarded a sum of $406,000 for having
been "systematically
defrauded" in the establishment of the university that
bore their name. Recently the school has
established a scholarship fund for
Ottawa students, but few have chosen to
attend.
In this brief monograph Unrau and Miner
have written an intriguing case
study of Indian-white relations on the
Prairie-Plains frontier. Demonstrating a
close acquaintance with the numerous
documents pertaining to the universi-
ty, they have compiled an investigative
account of the machinations of the
key individuals who masterminded the
fraud. Aware of the dangers of moral
censure by historians, they have
nonetheless attempted a "moral analysis"
of these men. In defense of their
approach, they point out that "it was pre-
cisely in the name of education and
morality that the fraud took place" (p. 8).
Book Reviews
145
They build a convincing case. Perhaps
the greatest irony in this episode lies
in the Christian rhetoric espoused by
these frontier opportunists in support
of their illegal maneuvers. In this
portrayal, they emerge as egocentric hypo-
crites who showed little concern for the
impact of their schemes on the Otta-
wa themselves. Although they moved
within the rubric of Christianity, at
least one of them is more aptly
described as "an ethical chameleon."
Unrau and Miner are good storytellers,
and herein lies the strength of their
monograph. It is an intricately woven,
well-researched account of white de-
ception of one Indian group on the
frontier. The authors do not pretend
to offer any extensive insights on the
Ottawa point of view. Hence the Ot-
tawa themselves emerge only as shadowy,
stereotyped figures, unclarified
through any ethnohistorical analysis.
But within this limitation, Unrau and
Miner have told a tale with devastating
implications for the role of the entre-
preneur on the American Indian frontier.
University of New Mexico Margaret Connell Szasz
Flight in America 1900-1983: From the
Wrights to the Astronauts. By Roger E.
Bilstein. (Baltimore: The John Hopkins
University Press, 1984. xii + 356p.;
illustrations, notes, index. $32.50.)
Roger Bilstein has provided the first
single-volume narrative history of
flight in America. The book is a model
for the study of the impact of a tech-
nology on American society. The reader
is treated to a wealth of fascinating
detail describing the way in which the
new technology helped to shape life
in the twentieth century. The response
of the military, the business commu-
nity, artists, bankers, movie makers,
lawyers, farmers, musicians, and the
man on the street to the startling
potential of air travel is explored in detail.
The volume is organized around the three
traditional divisions of the
industry-military, commercial and
general aviation. The treatment of these
standard themes is sometimes a bit
uneven. General aviation, for example,
seems to receive more complete and
detailed treatment than that accorded
to the military services or the air
lines. On the whole, however, the author
provides a fine and very complete
overview of the subject.
As social history, the book succeeds
admirably. A broad array of topics
such as the origins of air law, the
impact of flight on the arts, and the growth
of the government based infrastructure
supporting the aerospace industry re-
ceive attention for the first time.
Moreover, the volume contains a wealth
of fascinating social and cultural
detail. Want to know when the first
in-flight movie was shown, who invented
the stewardess, how the legend of the
Gremlin was born, or who played the
part of "Sky King" on
television? It is all here.
While the author did not set out to
write a history of aerospace technolo-
gy, the reader could wish for a bit more
detail on key technological issues.
American leadership in the production of
commercial airliners in the mid-
1930s is noted, for example, but the
technical factors underlying that domin-
ance are not explained. Eight pages are
devoted to Presidential flying and
three to propellers. The index lists
seven pages on the subject of the stew-
146 OHIO HISTORY
ardess, but does not contain entries for
stressed skin construction or the
multi-web wing.
The volume is a delight to read.
Bilstein tells his story in sparkling prose
illustrated with a well-chosen selection
of photos that serve as a nice comple-
ment to his text. The bibliography and
notes are combined in an essay that
serves as a priceless introduction to
the literature. All in all, the book is the
best treatment of the impact of the
airplane on American life that we are likely
to see for a very long time to come.
National Air and Space Museum
Smithsonian Institution Tom D. Crouch
Technological Utopianism in American
Culture. By Howard P. Segal. (Chica-
go: The University of Chicago Press,
1985. x + 301p.; illustrations, notes,
appendix, bibliography, index. $30.00
cloth; $14.95 paper.)
What has Howard Segal written for us?
Historical interpretation? If so,
what is its primary focus? 1) A study of
twenty-five technological utopians
and their place in U.S. social history
and in European and U.S. utopian tra-
ditions? or 2) A study of changing U.S. social patterns
1880-1930? Is this,
rather, social criticism, arguing: 1)
The perennial importance of utopian think-
ing for cultural analysis? 2) The value
of technological plateaus as an antidote
to current cultural ailments in the
U.S.? 3) An analysis of what is wrong with
America's technological society? Or,
finally, is this a bibliography for all of
the above topics and many more? The good
news and the bad news about
Technological Utopianism in American
Culture is that the answer to all
these
questions seems to be "yes."
I learned a great deal reading the book.
Segal's overview of European uto-
pianism [Chapter 4] is crisp and
elegant. From Thomas More through Aug-
uste Comte we are treated to an
economical synthesis of this multi-faceted
tradition. In like fashion, though with
just a little less success, he surveys a
host of nineteenth [Chapter 5] and early
twentieth century [Chapter 6] trends
that form the context for the
technological utopians of the period. This is
very helpful material. So too, in a very
different mode, are Segal's ventures
into contemporary social criticism in
Chapters 7 through 9. I particularly
liked his treatment of work in America
(pp. 130-135) and his "technological
plateau" model [Chapter 8]. Best of
all are the extraordinary critical bibliog-
raphies found in many end notes. Segal
is an impressive reader of social his-
tory and social criticism for the U.S.
and the larger world.
Alas, for all its many virtues, this is
a poorly written book. Dense sentence
structure often makes for heavy going
and eighty-three pages of notes for a
text of less than 160 pages overwhelm
the reader. More important, it reveals
Segal's ambivalene. Is he crafting his
own interpretation of utopian literature,
or is he weaving a fabric taken from a
host of other interpreters? If the first,
then Chapter 2's twelve-page summary of
the primary sources seems skimpy.
Where, for example, is Segal's
intrepretation of the pervasive rationalism
which seems to be the common affliction
of the technological utopians? It is
scattered about in Chapters 3 through 6,
but Segal's perspective is repeated-
ly blurred by overly brief synopsis-like
summaries of other scholar's inter-
Book Reviews
147
pretations. What does Segal himself
conclude, from his study of these 25
utopians, about the significance of
technological utopianism for contemporary
American society? Hints, and more hints,
tantalize us in Chapters 7 through
9, but we must wade through the now
familiar host of paraphrased commen-
tators to find them. Were I refereeing
this manuscript rather than reviewing
the book I would urge publication-there
is important material here-but
only after a revision that drastically
cut back the apologetic references to oth-
er scholars while expanding and
elaborating on the author's own very help-
ful insights.
But here the book stands, its virtues
and vices embedded in the printed
page. I encourage getting the book and
reading it. For your first reading ig-
nore the overwhelming and distracting
end notes. Skim lightly over the over-
ly apologetic inserts that clog the
textual flow, suggesting as they do an au-
thor responding to potential critics
(dissertation committee?) rather than
addressing his readers. Let the benefits
of Segal's breadth of vision wash
over you without too much interruption.
You will be rewarded with a re-
freshing look at America's twentieth
century love affair with technological
"progress." When you have
finished, keep this book handy on your refer-
ence shelf, and when you find yourself
wanting a bibliography for any of the
host of subtleties treated here just
turn to the perfectly adequate index, track
down the appropriate passage and,
presto, you will find a first rate bibliogra-
phy waiting for you disguised as a
source note at the end of the paragraph.
University of Detroit John M. Staudenmaier, S.J.
American Log Buildings: An Old World
Heritage. By Terry G. Jordan. (Chap-
el Hill: The University of North
Carolina Press, 1985. x + 193p.; illustra-
tions, maps and charts, notes,
bibliography, index. $26.00.)
Mr. Jordan's book is long overdue. Log
construction has been so en-
trenched in twentieth century folklore
that two obvious facts have been ig-
nored: 1) That historical literature
does exist pertaining to log construction;
and, 2) That log buildings do still
exist in their supposed countries of origin.
Mr. Jordan decided to examine the Old
World log buildings in situ, and
spent four summers in northern Europe
(primarily Sweden), central Europe
(Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany),
and southern Europe (Switzer-
land, Austria, West Germany), as well as
a fifth summer in the British Isles.
This field work has been summarized in
the book under review.
Rather than ending the various debates
on origins of construction technol-
ogies and building designs, Mr. Jordan's
work will open new areas of re-
search and discussion. He lays
particular emphasis on the contributions of
the Swedes and Finns in New Sweden, in
the Delaware Bay area in the early
seventeenth century, and demonstrates
that many facets of log construction
used on the American frontier can be
found today only in the Scandinavian
countries. Earlier researchers had
placed more emphasis on central Europe
as the source of most log construction
techniques.
Log buildings in the United States
present ennumerable problems for the
researcher who is usually presented a
house or barn in indifferent repair and
shrouded in conjecture, and then
expected to pronounce the date of con-
148 OHIO HISTORY
struction and the name, or at the very
least the country of origin, of the
builder. Obviously, the only tangible
evidence is the presence of the log
building. Each structure is its own
problem; it may have features in common
with other buildings in the vicinity, or it may be
unique. Rare is the structure
that has any reliable historic data
available. A myriad of characteristics
must be noted: styles of hewing and
notching; the joists, rafters, fenestra-
tion, chimney placement; the partitions, molding
patterns, paint colors, and
so on, each characteristic often
divisible into sub-categories. This raw mass
of data, bolstered by comparable extant
structures and literary resources,
will hopefully give a reliable
construction date and origin of style. Interpreta-
tion and identification are further
complicated in a state like Ohio that was
quickly settled by both established
colonial families and direct foreign im-
migration.
It is with the topic of diffusion of log
construction techniques that this re-
viewer must differ, in a matter of
degrees, from some of Mr. Jordan's prem-
ises. For example: The Society of
Separatists, a minor German religious sect
which immigrated from Wurttemberg in
1817 and settled in Ohio late in the
year, built several log houses in their
community known as "Zoar." Their
own records indicate the members did the
construction. The logs are wider
than the usual eight inches, which coincides
with the German-Slavic Bor-
derland, noted by Mr. Jordan, but are
"V" notched, which technique he
found only among the Swedes and Finns.
There is no known connection be-
tween the Zoarites and any earlier group
of settlers influenced by New Swed-
en construction practices. I have seen
several log houses in the townships
surrounding Zoar with the same wide logs
and V-notching; the 1850 census
shows an absolute dominance of
immigrants from Wurttemberg. Many came
from the countryside around Swabische
Hall and Swabische Gmund north
of Stuttgart.
Another example: There are a large
number of well-constructed two story
log houses in west-central Ohio built by
(?) French immigrants during the
1850s and 60s (the present generation
claims their ancestors actually did the
work). Typologically, the houses do have
certain features-log crosswalls
and projecting plate logs-unusual to
other Ohio log houses; the corners are
V-notched. The Germans in an adjacent
township are predominantly West-
phalian, so it is entirely possible they
knew V-notching and crosswalls in
northern Germany; however, if the French
were the actual builders, from
whom did they learn? It is interesting
that the log crosswall has turned up in
at least two houses near the Ursuline
Convent of St. Martin in Brown County.
By their records, several log houses in
the original settlement were con-
structed by veterans of the Napoleonic
campaigns. Perhaps the social and
political upheaval throughout Europe
during the late-eighteenth, early-nine-
teenth centuries diffused a general
knowledge of log construction among the
military carpenters and engineers and
their assistants.
The double-pen log barn was and is
common throughout the state, but
chiefly in the areas that developed
during the first half of the nineteenth
century. Once planing mills, and lumber
yards, were established in the
1840s, the multi-bay braced-frame barn
became the standard structure
throughout the state, except in the marginal
agricultural counties of south-
eastern Ohio and small pockets
elsewhere. These log barns were built exten-
sively by the first settlers, chiefly
Scotch-Irish and German, usually second
and third generation immigrants, coming
from Virginia, Pennsylvania, and
Book Reviews
149
Maryland. I believe the design was
originally derived from the three-bay
braced-frame barn prevalent in the
British Isles and, to a lesser extent, in
Europe, and was not influenced by
Scandinavian structures, as Mr. Jordan
contends. In any case, the design concept of two-log
pens and an open space,
used for both barns and houses, was an application of
common sense to the
problem of creating space. (Despite Mr.
Jordan's comment that houses had
"pens" and barns
"cribs," I have seldom found any word but "pen" in use
in Ohio literature: double-pen house,
double-pen barn. Also, according to
the ample literature extant for Ohio,
hewing was almost always accomplished
with a felling ax and a broadax, not
an adze.)
Many of the review book's comparative
references are to southern states; I
do not know southern log construction
practices outside the literature, but it
is obvious there were differences in
design, technique, and jargon. The
twentieth century interest in
"folk" arts and crafts has centered heavily on
the Appalachian states, some areas
remaining remarkably unchanged since
the Civil War.
Southeastern Ohio, and much of the Ohio
River corridor, is usually in-
cluded in "Appalachia." While
there are similarities, Ohio is more closely
related to the states immediately to its
east-Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsyl-
vania, Maryland-rather than to the
southern Appalachian belt. Because
most of the recent reference literature
concerns itself with the latter region, an
impression is left that the Old
Northwest followed the same typology-
which is not necessarily true.
I would like to know more of the
migratory clans of northern Europe.
Where did each learn log construction?
Was there a common locale, or did
the technique develop independently
among the many forest-dwelling races
of the Bronze or Iron Age? Although such
topics are beyond the scope of
Mr. Jordan's book, they would seem
necessary to the understanding of Eu-
ropean and New World typological
diffusion (perhaps these questions have
been addressed in ethnographic
literature). I have found a few features on
log structures built by direct central
European immigrants that are attributed
to Scandinavian influence in this
country. Obviously, another and older in-
fluence must be considered. The rough
"log cabin" may be Scandinavia's
gift to the New World; the hewed
"log house" seems more illusive.
I wish I had had Mr. Jordan's book
available when writing my own work
on Ohio (The Architecture of
Migration: Log Construction in the Ohio Coun-
try, 1750-1850). Unfortunately, it was even too late to add a footnote.
Since my
book deals exclusively with Ohio and not
with the Old World heritage of log
construction, the two works hopefully
complement one another. Mr. Jordan's
book should certainly turn attention to
Europe for the origins of log construc-
tion. The subject has been handled in a
straightforward, clear manner. The
illustrations are good (though it would
have been helpful had more exam-
ples been dated). This is an attractive,
authoritative book, and will be a
standard reference among students of
architecture and folklore.
Ohio Historical Society Donald Hutslar
History of American Ceramics: An
Annotated Bibliography. By Susan R.
Strong. (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow
Press, 1983. xxii + 184p.; index-
es. $16.00.)
150 OHIO HISTORY
Strong's bibliography inevitably invites
comparison with Ruth Irwin
Weidner's 1982 bibliography, American
Ceramics Before 1930 (reviewed in
Ohio History, 92, 1983: pp. 183-184), which in a number of ways
proves to be
the more useful work, although the two
compilations vary enough in scope,
content, and design for both to be worthwhile source
books. Strong, for
whatever reason, deliberately eschews
the periodical literature that ac-
counts for some 2300 of Weidner's
entries. Also omitted-perhaps more
logically-are technical and geological
publications. On the other hand, the
present bibliography is conveniently
annotated.
While there is naturally some overlap
(41 of the first 100 entries in Strong's
compilation are included in Weidner's),
Strong's bibliography stands on its
own merit. It is particularly useful in
the area of "art pottery" and contains
numerous exhibition and auction
catalogues, as well as collector's guides and
price lists that are omitted by Weidner.
Strong appears to have culled the
dissertation and thesis literature more
thoroughly, although many of the ti-
tles included relate to contemporary
ceramic art deliberately excluded from
Weidner's purview. Works on the brick
and tile industry (other than decora-
tive tile) are not included in Strong's
study.
Strong has organized her 600-some
entries under 22 headings, including
"Bibliographies,"
"Dictionaries and Encyclopedias," "Marks," "General
History," "Specialized
History," "Historical Archaeology," "Folk Pottery,"
"Art Pottery,"
"Dinnerware," "Porcelain," "Tiles," "Modern
Ceramics,"
"Regional and Local History,"
"Individual Potteries," and "Individual Pot-
ters." There are also sections of
"selections" on technique, expositions, man-
ufacturing, and antiques. Separate
author, title, and subject indexes provide
access to these various sections.
The "Regional and Local
History" section on Ohio contains only 18 en-
tries. Although this is more than for
any other state, and while inclusion of
such obscure publications as George
Garner's 1844 letter describing East
Liverpool (published in 1934) indicates
some thoroughness in combing the
literature, Weidner's compilation
remains the more comprehensive in both
scope and execution. Contrast Strong's
two entries for the Weller Pottery Co.
with Weidner's twelve; or Strong's 22
entries for Rookwood with Weidner's
88.
Ideally, these two compilations would
have been combined in one bibli-
ography. As it is, they both are very
useful works that must be consulted by
anyone interested in the history of
American ceramics.
Ohio State University Libraries James L. Murphy
Letters of Delegates to Congress,
1774-1789. Volume 9: February 1-May
31,
1778. Edited by Paul H. Smith. (Washington, D.C.: Library of
Congress,
1982. xxviii + 844p.; illustrations,
chronology of congress, list of delegates,
notes, index. $19.00.)
Letters of Delegates to Congress,
1774-1789. Volume 10: June
1-September 30,
1778. Edited by Paul H. Smith. (Washington, D.C.: Library of
Congress,
1983. xxix + 766pp.; illustrations,
chronology of congress, list of delegates,
notes, index. $27.00.)
Book Reviews
151
A new member of the Continental Congress
wrote to a friend at home of his
initial impression, "There are here as in most
Assemblys some very Sensable
Speakers, & some very loud
Talkers." From February 1st to September 30th,
1778-the months covered by these
volumes-, the Congress had much to
talk about and needed a great deal of sensible advice.
In some ways, it was
the worst of times, a veritable winter
of despair. William Howe's army occu-
pied Philadelphia while the Congress was
exiled to the village of York, and
Washington's tiny force endured the
rigors of winter at Valley Forge. Prices
soared as the value of continental
currency plummeted. Inefficiency in the
supply system was compounded by
corruption in the quartermaster and com-
missary departments. One member wrote,
"The Number of little, piddling,
pilfering Plunderers in the Character of
Deputies, & Deputies Assistants is
sufficient almost to form an Army
..." The officer corps hinted at mass res-
ignations if a half-pay pension for life
was not voted, and the debate on this
issue became so heated that President
Henry Laurens reprimanded the
members for their disorder. Eventually a
compromise was effected, giving of-
ficers half pay for seven years and enlisted men a
payment of $80.
By spring and summer, hopes had risen to
such a pitch that some mem-
bers believed the war would end in a
matter of months. Baron Von Steuben
had worked miracles in instilling
discipline and morale in the continental line,
and Nathanael Greene was bringing order
to the quartermaster's corps. In
early May, news arrived of the treaties
with France, to be followed shortly
by the arrival of the young republic's
first foreign ambassador, Conrad-
Alexandre Gerard from the court of
France. The sending of a French army
and fleet was to prove decisive in
hastening the end of the revolutionary war
and achieving American independence. In
June, the British army withdrew
from Philadelphia. Despite American
failure to strike a decisive blow against
the British at Monmouth, Washington's
men demonstrated that Von Steu-
ben's training had turned them into a
professional army. These encouraging
developments allowed the Congress to
reject, with some relish, the propos-
als of the Carlisle Commission that had
been sent from England to negotiate
an end to the war short of American
independence.
Aside from the light thrown upon such
key developments, these volumes
of letters illuminate a host of other
matters. Questions were raised about tak-
ing Indians into the American service
and about raising a regiment of slaves.
Congress authorized the granting of 800
acres of land to any captain in the
British service who was not a British
subject who would desert with at least
40 men. This was aimed especially at
Hessian officers, and in fact some 13,000
of the 30,000 Hessians who came to
America never returned home. Other
matters that captured the attention of
members included the trial of Charles
Lee, the investigation of Silas Deane's
activities in Europe, the failed attack of
General Sullivan against the British in
Rhode Island, and the subsequent
anti-French sentiment that stemmed from
Admiral D'Estaing's decision to
pursue a British fleet rather than
support Sullivan. Few things, however,
consumed so much of the delegates' time
as the difficulty of administering
the government without a proper
executive department and the dreadful
state of government finance. Three days
a week were devoted to discussions
of the currency, finance, and reform of
the Treasury. Volume X prints a draft
of Gouverneur Morris's thoughtful paper
on finance, in which he proposed
an import duty, and the ceding of
western lands to the nation, so that a sink-
ing fund could be created to pay off the
public debt (pp. 202-207).
152 OHIO HISTORY
Unfortunately, a tariff was impossible
even under the proposed Articles of
Confederation, and Maryland and other states refused to
ratify the Articles
until all states yielded their western
claims. Under its charter of 1609, Virgin-
ia claimed everything running west and
northwest "from sea to sea," includ-
ing all of the five states that were to
become the Northwest Territory. Virginia
was the last of several states to accept
a more modest definition of its western
boundary, and the Articles were finally
ratified in 1781. The Confederation's
financial problems continued, however, since an
amendment to give the cen-
tral government financial support failed
for lack of unanimous consent.
These volumes, part of a continuing
series under the superb editorial di-
rection of Paul H. Smith, are an
invaluable source for studying the birth of
the American republic. The letters come
from hundreds of manuscript col-
lections in more than 60 libraries, as
well as newspapers and other printed
sources. Footnotes assist in clarifying
obscure allusions and ambiguities, as
well as identifying persons who may be
referred to in the letters only as "the
great man" or "the
general." Some of the notes are gems of historical analy-
sis, explaining alternate drafts of
papers and referring the reader to an ex-
traordinary range of sources and
scholarly writings. The delegates did not
have the perspective or the great
historical resources available to scholars
today, but they did sense the historical
importance of the events they wit-
nessed. Thus, they appropriated $1000 to
Ebenezer Hazard to collect and
publish records relating to American
History, including the war for inde-
pendence. Hazard, sometimes called the
first American historical editor,
copied archives in New England and
elsewhere, and published two volumes
that might be said to be the forerunner
of the much more extensive, and
much more costly, series reviewed here.
Cleveland State University John H. Cary
The Papers of Henry Clay. Volume 8: Candidate, Compromiser, Whig, March
5, 1829-December 31, 1836. Edited by Robert Seager II and Melba Porter
Hay. (Lexington: The University Press of
Kentucky, 1984. xii + 948p.;
notes, calendar of unpublished letters,
name and subject index. $40.00.)
Some of this correspondence concerns
family matters: the care of Clay's
beautiful home, "Ashland"; the insanity of
his son, Theodore; the budding
career of Henry Clay, Jr. Still, after leaving
Washington in March of 1829
Henry Clay devoted most of his letters
to one theme-ousting Jackson from
the White House, preferably with himself
as a replacement. Some of these
letters have appeared before, at times
incompletely, in Calvin Colton's The
Life . . . of Henry Clay. Many have not. And if they do not greatly alter our
view of Clay, they sharpen our
understanding. The Kentuckian is revealed as
the coordinator of his party, tirelessly
offering his friends advice and tactical
suggestions. Clay could err; he
consistently underrated the talents of Jack-
son. But until the last, he harbored few
illusions about the difficulty of un-
seating Old Hickory in 1832. The
correspondence also undermines the hoary
notion that it was he who urged Biddle
to seek an early recharter for the
B.U.S. Presumably, Clay risked the Bank
for an issue to use against Jackson.
But there is no evidence of this in the
letters; indeed, the protective tariff re-
Book Reviews
153
mained the issue closest to Clay's heart
in 1831-32. Perhaps his task that year
was hopeless. Even so, it was made
infinitely more difficult by the rise of the
Anti-Masonic party. Clay rebuffed
overtures from that movement-partly
from principle, and partly because an overt alliance
might alienate Masonic
supporters. (However, he did encourage
such an alliance in New York.) The
three-party race probably cost him some
electoral votes, but hardly lost him
the election. After 1832 Clay devoted
most of his energies to western issues,
the tariff compromise, and the Bank War.
Unwilling to run in 1836 unless all
the Opposition could unite on him-an
unlikely event-he took little interest
in the Whig maneuvers prior to that
contest. Indeed, his letters nearly ignore
the election that ended in Van Buren's
victory.
To the editors' credit, this volume
notes and summarizes all of Clay's re-
marks on the floor of the Senate. They
are not printed in full, and did not
need to be; the speeches are readily
available in The Register of Debates in
Congress, or Blair's Congressional Globe. Nonetheless, the
volume is not
without its flaws. Whether from
financial pressure or a desire to shorten the
text, the editors have expanded the
device of summarizing many letters-as
was done in Volume 7. Mostly diplomatic
correspondence was concerned
then; now many topics and correspondents
are affected. Indeed, a random
sample (of the first six months of 1832)
reveals that more than 100 out of 180
letters are summarized. Granted, some of
these can be found elsewhere. But
some cannot; and many are of
considerable interest, from such correspon-
dents as Francis Brooke, John Sergeant
and James Madison. The reviewer's
own research suggests that the editors
have indeed been faithful to the main
thrust of the letters. Yet certain
nuances will be lost; and as the editors them-
selves admit, summaries are
"decidely subjective." Consequently, the spe-
cialist will not find this volume as
useful as earlier ones. Nonetheless, this
volume is an admirable and conscientious
job within the confines of the edi-
tors' methodology. It provides a highly
revealing portrait of a leader denied
the office his friends believed he was
born to fill. Every academic library
and every serious student of the era
should have this book.
Midwestern State University Everett W. Kindig
The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The
History of the Council on Foreign Rela-
tions. By Robert D. Schulzinger. (New York: Columbia
University Press,
1984. xiii + 342p.; notes, bibliography,
index. $27.50.)
Reading this pioneering history of the
Council on Foreign Affairs makes
one feel almost sorry for America's
elite. As Robert Schulzinger crisply puts it
in his opening sentences of this study,
"Being well off in American [sic] is no
fun. The pay is fine; it is the
respectability that hurts."
Founded immediately after World War I by
disillusioned (i.e., not listened
to) experts who had followed Wilson to
Versailles, the Council on Foreign
Relations has spent its sixty-odd years
occupying only the outermost corri-
dors of power of U.S. statecraft. In its
lonely seclusion it has attempted to
provide an expert and steady hand on
U.S. foreign policy, shielding it from
the inflamed opinions of the mass
electorate who, of course, cannot hope to
understand the mysteries of dealing with
other countries. Even the eventual
154 OHIO HISTORY
inclusion of some of its founders (the
Dulles brothers) or former employees
(Henry Kissinger and McGeorge Bundy)
into the ranks of high government
service has left the Council for the
most part on the outside looking in.
As Robert Schulzinger demonstrates, this
is not to say that the Council
has not tried. Its many publications,
reports, analyses and statements; its
myriad researchers over the years; its
ability to attract (and sometimes repel)
academic superstars are a testament to
the Council's almost boundless ener-
gy, optimism, and successful efforts to
secure Rockefeller and Ford Founda-
tion funding. (The old boy network works
marvelously well in the exchange
of money; perhaps it is just ideas it
has trouble with.)
Robert Schulzinger gives us a solid look
at the many ideas and plans the
Council has generated for a seemingly
unresponsive government. He also ana-
lyzes the tensions which exist within an
elite and between the elite and the
hoi polloi. Ironically, while trying for
the most part unsuccessfully to estab-
lish a foothold in the State Department,
the Council has suffered vehement
attacks from conservatives convinced it
is part of a liberal conspiracy to con-
trol foreign policy. Schulzinger goes a
long way in debunking this myth.
Schulzinger's wry sense of humor, as
evidenced by the earlier quotation, is
evident throughout The Wise Men of
Foreign Affairs. He takes delightful
jabs at the prose style of the Council's chief organ, Foreign
Affairs, and does
not spare the platitudes of Henry
Kissinger or the ambiguous warnings of
George Kennan.
Well researched and written, The Wise
Men of Foreign Affairs is a sound
study of a collection of privileged
individuals and their creation which, to
echo Rodney Dangerfield, get no respect.
Cleveland State University Michael V. Wells
To Make Democracy Safe for America:
Patricians and Preparedness in the
Progressive Era. By Michael Pearlman. (Champaign: University of Illinois
Press, 1984. vii + 297p.; illustrations,
notes, index. $19.95.)
In the late-nineteenth century some of
the established upper class saw
their power ebbing and their America
disappearing. They sought to bring
back the past. The Spanish-American War
convinced them that military
service would provide "a social
program able to resolve such outstanding na-
tional problems as unassimilated immigration,
slovenly labor, political con-
flict, and serious crime." It is
this small group and their involvement in the
preparedness movement which is the
subject of Michael Pearlman's detailed
study.
Pearlman has chosen to expound his
position by looking at the careers and
ideas of a number of these patricians,
some prominent, like Theodore Roose-
velt and Leonard Wood, and others not so
well known, such as George W.
Pepper and Robert Bacon. In their view
America was being transformed for
the worst by industrialism and by waves
of immigrants. What was needed,
these individuals argued, was a social
purgative; military training and a war
would accomplish this. The new Americans
would become transformed into
individuals with the same ideas as the
patricians. They themselves took part
in the prewar civilian training camps to
set examples for their fellow Ameri-
cans of all classes.
Book Reviews
155
The war and the mass mobilization they
had waited for brought no sol-
ace. While the melting pot that was the
77th Division showed that war could
bring about unification and
purification, little else about the war went ac-
cording to plan. It was more a bloodbath
than a rite of cleansing. As the war
fever ebbed and their goal receded, the
preparedness movement disinte-
grated. The patricians assigned various
causes for their failures; many aban-
doned the ideas and some left the
country. By 1940 few were still interested
in using military training to remold
America.
Michael Pearlman has done a tremendous
amount of research in primary
and secondary sources, but the results
do not seem to justify the effort. The
author has done a good job of detailing
the motivations of the patricians
who joined the preparedness movement.
What he does not explain is what
impact they had in the movement itself
or on American society. The evi-
dence presented would seem to indicate
that they had little influence. Few
Americans were willing to adopt the
concept of universal military training be-
fore World War I, and even fewer after
the war. The patricians' message was
ignored, despite a widespread feeling
that many groups needed to be Ameri-
canized. Another problem with this work
is that it is really too long for the
narrowly focused topic. Despite the
title, nearly one-third of the book covers
the postwar careers of the patricians.
Equally unsatisfying are Pearlman's con-
clusions. He suggests that the military
itself was responsible for the failure of
the purification effort. The army,
Pearlman claims, was no different than the
rest of American society and thus could not
be expected to really change the
recruits. This conclusion certainly
merits more than the few pages that it re-
ceives. On the other hand, Pearlman does
not explore whether the patri-
cians sought an unachievable goal; the
past could not be retrieved through
any institution.
Michael Pearlman has written an overlong
work to explain how some patri-
cians sought to recapture their vision
of America through military service for
all. They failed to change American life
because they did not understand
the American military or America itself.
Ohio University Marvin
Fletcher
For the Common Defense: A Military
History of the United States of America.
By Allen R. Millett and Peter Maslowski.
(New York: The Free Press, 1984.
xiv + 621p.; illustrations, maps,
tables, index. $24.95.)
Military history has since World War II
been largely redefined. Its scope
goes beyond the traditional fascination with battles
and tactics, and in-
cludes the study of such diverse topics
as war production, mobilization,
recruitment, weapons technology, and the
many complex issues involving
civil-military relations. More recent
scholarship is also concerned to portray
military history in its broader
context-"in the round," so to speak. Thus at
present we find much greater emphasis on
the social, political, economic,
and moral dimensions of warfare.
For the Common Defense, by Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, clearly
falls under the heading of
"new" military history. Its purpose is not to
reexamine distant battles, but rather,
to trace the broad outline of American
156 OHIO HISTORY
military history and policy from
colonial times to the present, and analyze the
behavior and social characteristics of
the armed forces. It is a comprehen-
sive, well-crafted summary of United
States military history, doubtless one
of the best overall accounts to have been published in
years.
For example, I found the authors'
treatment of Indian warfare particularly
good, also their discussion of the
colonial militia system. The earliest settlers
arrived in "a dangerous new world" (title of
the first chapter) and their "ini-
tial colonies represented little more than amphibious
landings on a hostile
coastline followed by the consolidation
of small, insecure beachheads" (p.
1). In this setting the newcomers gave
at least as well as they got. Unable to
bring the swift-moving Indians to
decisive battle, colonial militiamen adopt-
ed the more ruthless strategy of
attacking villages, killing old men, women,
and children, and destroying crops.
"Men who believed they were fighting
to protect their own homes and families
from savage heathens eagerly
torched Indian dwellings, slaughtered
noncombatants, and starved surviv-
ors by destroying food supplies"
(p. 12). It was a form of warfare which the
Indians found both new and shocking.
Millett and Maslowski do an excellent
job as well detailing the steady im-
pact of technology on warfare, and also
illustrate the important role the mili-
tary has played in American society
throughout history. Armed forces have
done far more than simply wage war, as
this account makes clear. For exam-
ple, uniformed troops were called upon
at different times to capture runaway
slaves, put down local rebellions,
conduct "low-intensity" operations in the
Reconstruction South, police labor
strikes in the North, and assist with ex-
ploration and disaster relief at home,
and intervention abroad. Other topics
discussed include the evolution of
military professionalism, reform and reor-
ganization in the armed services, naval
developments since the Revolution,
and living conditions in the military.
Indeed living conditions were so deplor-
able throughout most of the nineteenth
century that incredibly large num-
bers of troops resorted to drinking and
desertion. In 1830 alone, "more than
1,200 men deserted from an Army with an
authorized strength of only
6,000!" (p. 133).
Of the seventeen chapters in this book,
the two on the Civil War are cer-
tainly among the best. They provide
capsule descriptions of all the major
campaigns, along with many thoughtful
observations regarding generalship,
strategy, tactics, warmaking resources
and logistics. "The paramount fact
about Civil War battles," in the
authors' view, "was that weaponry had
outpaced tactics and
communications" (p. 227). Mass assaults against well-
entrenched defenders, or in the face of
rifled weapons, caused unprecedent-
ed casualties on both sides. It inevitably
meant, in the words of one Union
officer, "a slaughter pen, a
charnel-house, and an army of weeping mothers
and sisters at home" (quoted p.
228). The authors' interpretation reflects sen-
sitivity as well as good judgment.
Moreover, in a relatively short space they
manage to shed new light on such issues
as mobilization and recruitment
techniques, the effects of disease and
desertion, casualty figures, civilian
morale, the use of black troops, the war
at sea, Lincoln's suppression of civil
liberties, the political climate-and
much, much more. It is a splendid syn-
thesis.
Unfortunately not all of the chapters
are as well written, either in style or
content, as these two. Some of the
latter chapters in particular seem to lack
clarity and are less comprehensive. For
instance, one finds very little on
Book Reviews
157
blacks and virtually nothing on women in
the armed services during the
twentieth century. Nor is there any
mention in the text of the "Brownsville
incident," the Bonus March during
the Great Depression, or the World War
II race riots. We are told that Allied
code breakers made a singular contribu-
tion toward victory in World War II, yet
the authors omit any direct reference
to the ULTRA secret, except in the
bibliography.
But the chapter which will probably
inspire the most debate is the one on
the Vietnam War, curiously entitled
"In Dubious Battle." Here President
Johnson emerges as an irresolute leader who gave up too
easily following the
Tet offensive-and thereby "snatched
defeat from the jaws of victory" (p.
560). He and his civilian advisors,
along with Congress and the press, are ac-
cused of hampering the military's
efforts to the point that the war became in
effect unwinnable. It is not quite a
"stabbed in the back" thesis, but close.
"When," for instance,
"antiwar critics railed that the United States dropped
more bombs in Southeast Asia than it had
delivered in World War II, the
military knew that only one-tenth of
that tonnage had fallen on the DRV
(Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and
that those bombs had not been
aimed at targets worthy of the
name" (p. 557). Likewise, Johnson's massive
bombing campaign, code-named ROLLING
THUNDER, is said to have
failed "because it never passed the
Communists' threshold of pain, which
was predictably high in an authoritarian
regime engaged in a total war" (p.
557). Many readers of this chapter will
no doubt conclude that the time for a
balanced assessment of the military role
in Vietnam is not yet.
Despite the above mentioned criticisms, For
the Common Defense merits a
great deal of praise. It offers the most
wide ranging and up-to-date, single-
volume summary of United States military
history yet available. One can easi-
ly anticipate that it will be regarded
as the standard text in the field for years
to come.
U.S. Army Quartermaster School
Fort Lee, Virginia Steven E.
Anders
American Place-Names: A Concise and
Selective Dictionary for the Conti-
nental United States of America. By George R. Stewart. (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1985. xlii + 550p.;
$9.95 paper.)
This is a reprint of the original 1970
edition, one in the Oxford Paperback
Reference series. The author has given
us much more than a dictionary here:
the opening section includes a lengthy
preface, introduction, and a bibliogra-
phy in which he discusses his approach
to this work, describes and dis-
cusses a classification of place names,
and refers to other related references.
Within the body of the work, the
alphabetized entries include meaning
and derivation of each name, and in many
cases comments about multiple
uses of a name. Stewart gives the date
and occasion of naming in some of his
entries, and places some names into the
context of their wider usage today:
"The first important use of
Columbus was that in Ohio (1812), followed
in the 1820's by...." The
discussions of name origins and the cross-
references between names are well
written, highly readable, and useful. The
158 OHIO HISTORY
spacing between entries increases the
readability of the book and allows
room for annotations by the user.
However, as often happens with place-
name dictionaries, there are no guides
to pronunciation. This is an unfortu-
nate lapse when dealing with a
geographic area (North America) where many
names (such as those from American Indian languages)
come from cultures
foreign to the culture of potential
major users.
As with any specialized dictionary, the
coverage of this one is limited: it
considers only the names of places
within the continental United States,
including Alaska, even though the main title's use of
the word "American"
suggests broader geographic coverage. To
this reviewer, this seems overly
limited; the work would have benefited
from the inclusion of Canada. The
arbitrary borders of today had little or
nothing to do with the native and
early Old World influences on place
names, and many of the potential users of
this work will have interests that cross
over the very long border between
Canada and the United States.
In his preface, the author points out
that the United States lacks "a na-
tional gazetteer including both
habitation names and names for natural fea-
tures...." His work helps to fill
this gap, but by his own estimates it can
only sample the enormous number of named
places in the United States-
"about one to the square
mile," for an estimated 3.5 million. Therefore, the
author had to be selective, and in his
selection process for this dictionary,
he used three categories of names:
"Names of well-known places, e.g., Phila-
delphia, Mississippi ("Algonquian .
. . recorded in a French context in 1666
as Messipi, 'big river.' "), Mount
Rainier; repeated names . . . which appear
upon several or many places, e.g., Lost,
Big, Beaver (". . . has given rise to, at
a rough estimate, the names of 1,000
natural features.... "); unusual names
.. .which attract attention to
themselves . . ., e.g., Vermilion . . ., Nome
("This is a wholly authenticated
instance of an origin by mistake.") . . ,
Goodnight." Although one can easily
think of missing names, the selection
process seems to have worked well,
resulting in a very useful "selective dic-
tionary."
Although a dictionary, as the author
states, "is a work of reference to be
consulted rather than read," this
particular work has an interesting enough
subject matter and is well enough
written that one can browse with pleasure.
Indeed, this dictionary of American
place-names should be a useful and
well-used addition to the reference
shelf of anyone whose vocation or avoca-
tion requires geographic knowledge.
Additionally, for anyone who enjoys
reading about the United States, or who
plans real or imagined journeys,
these 550 pages of closely packed
information should be well worth the pur-
chase price.
Ohio Historical Society Carl W. Albrecht
The March to the Sea and Beyond:
Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and
Carolinas Campaigns. By Joseph T. Glatthaar. (New York: New York Uni-
versity Press, 1985. xvi + 318p.;
illustrations, maps, notes, appendices,
bibliography, index. $27.95).
Book Reviews
159
Because Glatthaar's title may be
confusing, the subject matter of his book
needs explanation. This is not a
detailed chronological analysis of Sherman's
marches; Glatthaar's account of their
sequence is limited to a fourteen-page
introduction. The book's emphasis
instead is on the Union company officers
and enlisted men. As Glatthaar correctly
observes, only the late Bell I. Wiley
had previously examined intensively the
social history of ordinary soldiers.
For the first time Glatthaar has written
such a history of predominantly
Western veteran troops. The author
contends that these men's competence
and confidence did much to asssure
Sherman's success.
Glatthaar bases his narrative on
impressive research. He draws on a wide
range of memoirs, regimental histories,
letters and diaries and also thorough-
ly mines archival materials. Moreover,
he subjects to statistical analysis sev-
eral aspects, including the amount of
prior military service of officers and men
and the strikingly few casualties
suffered by Sherman's carefully screened
veterans. However, the lengthy block
backnotes make it difficult to relate
sources to specific items in the text.
The use of illustrations and maps is ef-
fective.
The narrative is divided into topical
chapters which combine various fea-
tures of the marches through Georgia and
the Carolinas. The initial chapter,
"The Army," is especially
important because of its general description of the
soldiers' backgrounds and
characteristics. Here and at some other places,
deeper and more thorough treatment would
have improved the book. For
example, much more attention could have
been given to the methods of
leadership employed by commissioned and
noncommissioned officers. In
another instance, the chapter entitled
"The Army and Blacks" dismisses
with undue haste the likelihood of sex
relations between soldiers and black
women (p. 63). Even evidence cited
elsewhere (pp. 75, 93, 94) suggests the
need for additional consideration of
this question.
Of the destructiveness of Sherman's
campaign, Glatthaar supplies abun-
dant evidence. Readers familiar only
with the march through Georgia may
be surprised by the far greater damage
inflicted on South Carolina. Glatt-
haar's wealth of examples of house
burnings makes one wonder how it was
possible for postwar writers (including
Sherman) seriously to have ques-
tioned which side was responsible for
torching Columbia, South Carolina.
According to the author, Sherman's men
devastated in a conscious effort to
break Southern morale and thus end the
war. Doubtless that was the end
result, but just how purposeful was all
of this furniture destruction and play-
ful arson? Much of it would seem to have
been simple youthful vandalism.
By accumulation of detail, Glatthaar
succeeds in developing the human
interest inherent in his subject. Often
he does this by the apt use of the
colorful quotation, such as one
soldier's reference to mud: "'we floundered
through it in as cheerful frame of mind
as a squad of bounty jumpers going to
execution' " (p. 109). Sometimes
the author uses the startling statistic. (Sher-
man's men corduroyed almost 800 miles of
road in the Carolinas alone.) Oth-
er little-known details reveal in odd
ways the spirit of the latter part of the
war. Thus, the soldiers generally killed
all dogs on the assumption that they
had been used for tracking Union prisoners-and
probably also for escaped
slaves.
The limited amount of combat during the
marches receives adequate treat-
ment, with a clear description of the
campaign's major battle at Bentonville.
While the army's final march to
Washington and the Grand Review are well
160 OHIO HISTORY
described, one wishes for more on its
demobilization. It would have been
especially helpful to have learned to
what extent the postwar careers of
Sherman's picked veterans differed from
those of average soldiers. Were
they more likely to have joined veterans
groups? What might a comparison of
samplings of postwar medical claims
reveal? Nonetheless, Glatthaar has writ-
ten a moving history of a force in whose
ranks marched many Ohioans. Obvi-
ously he agrees with one soldier who
boasted (p. 38), "'There is nothing in
this world like Sherman's army.'"
Kent State University Frank L.
Byrne
Book Reviews
Organized for Prohibition: A New
History of the Anti-Saloon League. By
K.
Austin Kerr. (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1985. xvii + 293p.; illus-
trations, notes, note on sources, index.
$25.00.)
The vineyards of temperance history have
been well worked. Since its or-
ganized beginnings in the 1820s, temperance reform has
appealed to count-
less thousands of Americans, old and young, female and
male, wealthy and
poor, liberal and conservative. Consequently, the
movement has had a diver-
sity, a longevity, and a prolific
literature which have allowed historians am-
ple scope for their research and interpretative skills.
The recent work of Nor-
man Clark and Ned Dannenbaum, for
example, has revised earlier portraits
of temperance advocates as cranky political
reactionaries, describing them
instead as perceptive commentators on
the ill effects of alcohol on American
life and genuine reformers.
K. Austin Kerr's history of the
Anti-Saloon League falls within this posi-
tive tradition. Mindful of the large
existing literature, Kerr maintains that this
is a "new history" because it
focuses upon the "nuts and bolts" of the
league's internal structure. Relying upon a massive
collection of the league's
hitherto unused records at the Ohio
Historical Society, Kerr treats the
league as an example of the
"managerial revolution" described by Kenneth
Boulding and Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., an
approach foreshadowed as early
as 1928 by Peter Odegard's Pressure
Politics: The Story of the Anti-Saloon
League.
The book's greatest strength is its
tightly woven and closely argued narra-
tive of the league's internal workings.
With the Ohio league as an organiza-
tional model, the national Anti-Saloon
League was established in 1895, and
"[F]rom its inception was to be
like a modern business firm, bureaucratic
and not democratic" at both the
national and the local levels. This structure
was well suited for fund-raising,
temperance education, and enlisting the sup-
port of Protestant churches and
congregations, as evidenced by the league's
rapid string of victories: the defeat of
"wet" Ohio governor Myron Herrick in
1905, the passage of the federal
Webb-Kenyon Bill in 1913, and the ratifica-
tion of the Eighteenth Amendment in
1919.
However, Kerr argues, although
prohibition may have "worked" because
it curtailed American drinking, the
league itself did not after 1920. Earlier ef-
forts to reform the league bureaucracy
and allow greater participation by
member churches had been only cosmetic,
and as a result, "the league
structure was ill-suited for resolving
the disputes that arose after victory was
achieved." When its leadership
divided over tactics in the 1920s, therefore,
the league found it increasingly
difficult to raise funds from member church-
es, endorsed the Republican Party and
Herbert Hoover in 1928, and was
discredited with them after 1929. Nor
was the rigid league bureaucracy
adapted to building the cultural
consensus on the value of a dry society
which might have given longer life to
the "noble experiment."
Kerr, therefore, attributes the league's
victories before 1919 and its decline