Ohio History Journal

DONALD A. HUTSLAR

The Ohio Farmstead: Farm Buildings

as Cultural Artifacts

Ohio's rural landscape, though dwindling, constitutes a signifi-

cant area of the state, some 17 million acres, largely in the central

and western counties.¹ However, Ohio's agrarian past is still evident

in the urban centers where an occasional farm building remains

on-site, often adapted to some commercial use such as a dairy store

or carry-out-an ignominious end at best.

The barn, in particular, has become a romantic symbol, another in

a long tradition of such symbols which have become fashionable in

the United States. The cult of the barn has become so strong that

several firms in the New England area offer original barn frames for

conversion to dwellings; in fact, one firm advertised newly manufac-

tured barn frames suitable for houses, an anomaly perhaps better

interpreted by a psychiatrist than a historian.² Romance (defined

here as the imaginative or emotional appeal of the heroic, adventur-

ous, remote, or idealized) has drawn other architectural forms such

as water-powered gristmills and covered bridges, and more recently

opera houses and log buildings, into its camp. American printmak-

ers, such as the Currier and Ives company, profited from a current of

romance, nostalgia, and sentiment from the 1840s into the twen-

tieth century. Their lithographs reflected a yearning for the "old

homestead," the rural countryside, from which so many members of

the newly urbanized, industrialized society had recently departed.³

Donald A. Hutslar is Curator of History, the Ohio Historical Society.

1. Ohio Crop Reporting Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ohio

Agricultural Statistics, 1977 (Columbus, June, 1978), 6.

2. For professional literature on the subject, see Mildred F. Schmertz, "Upgrading

Barns to be Inhabited by People," Architectural Record, 115 (June, 1974), 117-22.

3. The allure of cultural artifacts often becomes difficult to explain even in terms

of romance or nostalgia. For example, can the present interest in Ohio canals be

classified as "roomantic hydraulic engineering"? What are the artifacts? Canal beds,

aquaducts, and bridges have been proposed for the National Register of Historic

Places, but the most important relics, the original canal boats, no longer exist. A

222                                                OHIO HISTORY

A desire to return to the supposedly simpler life-style of the past

demands its symbolism, whether today or in the nineteenth century.

In Ohio and the Northwest Territory, the round-log cabin became a

symbol of the settlement period to persons old enough to remember

the "good old days." Such a song as "The Log House,"published in

1826,⁴ was a precursor of the log cabin songs of William Henry

Harrison's 1840 presidential campaign. It is interesting to consider

that in 1840 the log cabin was both symbolic and functional, depend-

ing upon where one lived. Today, the barn occupies a similar dichot-

omous position in society; it is still a necessity on many, though not

all, farms, but is regarded as a quaint anachronism when found in

urban districts. There is an apparent ignorance of the actual func-

tions of a barn, other than that it has a haymow and stalls for

animals; in fact, the functions of the nineteenth-century barn are

now largely unknown even to the rural population.

Until the general adoption of harvesting equipment in Ohio dur-

ing the 1850s, the two basic barn designs - English and German -

had remained relatively unchanged for at least 200 years, varying

only in exterior surface treatment or size, depending upon the ex-

perience of the builder, the laborers and construction materials

available, and the amount of arable land and number of animals

maintained by the farmer.⁵

For all practical purposes, the barn was an implement just as a

scythe or pitchfork; an implement of heroic proportions, to be sure,

but as carefully designed to complement the labor necessary in har-

vesting and storage as any hand-tool. The interior spatial designs

originated in the British Isles and Northern Europe, and were

brought to the middle American colonies by the Germans and

Scotch-Irish, the pioneers on the frontier. No unusual structural

alterations were required during the settlement of Ohio, because

crop varieties were essentially the same in the states immediately

east and south. However, New England immigrants carried their

own barn design to northeastern Ohio, a structure modified to dairy

similar situation involves the iron furnaces of southeastern Ohio, of which only a few

derelict stone furnace stacks remain. Admitting the point is obvious, the foregoing

examples do indicate that there are cultural artifacts of broad romantic appeal, such

as the barn or mill, as well as artifacts appealing to specific interest groups or

individuals.

4. "The Log House, A Song, presented to the Western Minstrel, by John Mills

Brown. No. 19, Of the Sylviad, A.P. Heinrich, To His Log House," Boston, March

14th, 1826. (Sheet music.)

5. These structures are well-defined in Eric Arthur and Dudley Witney, The Barn

(Boston, 1972).

The Ohio Farmstead                                         223

rather than general farming. There is still a distinct difference be-

tween the rural architecture of the Connecticut Western Reserve

and the Mennonite/Amish settlements south of the boundary along

Wayne and Stark counties, though the dairy industry has since

shifted to the latter district.

The barns and outbuildings of late eighteenth and early

nineteenth-century Ohio farmsteads were a natural outgrowth of

three factors: (1) the specific topography and geology of the indi-

vidual farms, which could dictate structural configuration; (2) the

ethnic or environmental background of the farmers (as reflected

through the barn-builders); and, (3) the type of farming practiced,

whether general farms of mixed crops and livestock or specialty

farms of a single crop or animal, definitely determined the interior

spatial configuration of the barns and the number of supportive

outbuildings.⁶

The majority of initial settlement farms, which could date from

1788 to the mid-1850s, depending on the area of the state, had small

field sizes because of the difficulties of clearing, tilling, and harvest-

ing with a limited labor force and few implements. On the other

hand, Ohio farmers never seriously suffered from a lack of markets

or transportation for their surplus: the military campaigns of the

Indian Wars of the 1790s; the War of 1812 and the following rush of

settlement; the availability of river and lake transport; the quick

development of urban and industrial centers; and the development

of canals and railroads in the second quarter of the nineteeth cen-

tury gave most farmers adequate markets. Pork production in

southwestern Ohio, with Cincinnati or "Porkapolis" as its center,

and the dairy industry in northeastern Ohio, with Cleveland as its

terminus, are examples of agricultural specialization made possible

by the transportation facilities developed between the War of 1812

and the Mexican War.⁷

The geography of the Ohio Country was known prior to the settle-

ment of the area. By the mid-eighteenth century, with the opening

of the fur trade to the English, the region was being explored for its

agricultural and industrial potential by the Ohio Land Company.

Prior to the Revolutionary War, the Moravians, as well as indi-

6. Henry Glassie, "The Barns of Appalachia," Mountain Life and Work, XL (1965),

21-30. Also see Glassie's, Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United

States (Philadelphia, 1968).

7. The development of intrastate transportation, particularly the canals, and its

impact on Ohio's economy during the period 1820-61 is the subject of Harry N.

Scheiber, Ohio Canal Era (Athens, Ohio, 1969).

The Ohio Farmstead                                         225

type of farm buildings. Specific crop varieties were soon sought to

meet local climate and soil conditions; just as today, wheat and corn

were the mainstays.

Ohio displays some interesting topographic settlement patterns

due to the different methods of survey and sale of the land over an

extended period of time.10 At one extreme is the Virginia Military

District with its indiscriminate metes and bounds surveys. This

area, located between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers northward

to the Greenville Treaty Line, was reserved for Virginia veterans of

the Revolutionary War and the French and Indian War. Acreage

granted, varying from 100 to 15,000 acres, was determined by mili-

tary rank and length of service. The shapes of the tracts were unre-

stricted, thus creating many irregularly shaped farms whose con-

figurations were often determined by topographic features such as

hill, stream, and swamp margins. As might be expected, farm build-

ings were usually sited with regard to the peculiarities of the land-

scape, taking advantage of streams, springs, and hillsides for water

supply, drainage, and protection from winter winds.

The relaxed, meandering nature of the landscape created by the

Virginians, however legally confusing, can be contrasted with the

formal landscape of the Connecticut Western Reserve. Though there

were inaccurate boundary and interior surveys, the New England

proprietors laid out the five-mile square townships and roads as

geometrically correct as possible. The Greek Revival architecture of

the Western Reserve was as formal and inflexible as the "lots"

themselves. Farm buildings seldom nestled into the countryside;

instead, they bravely faced the elements.

"The "Congress Lands," under the jurisdiction of several federal

land offices, composed the major portion of the saleable land in Ohio.

The land was surveyed on a grid system of six-mile square

townships composed of thirty-six sections (unless reduced by topo-

graphic features). Each one-mile square section contained 640 acres;

a one-family farm was generally considered to be a quarter-section,

or 160 acres, which is little different from today's average farm of

about 155 acres.11

These various methods of land division were a major factor in

10. Several good books are available on the survey of Ohio. C.W. Sherman, Origi-

nal Land Subdivisions, Volume III of the Final Report of the Ohio Cooperative Topo

graphic Survey, 1925, is a standard. A recent work is William D. Pattison, Begin-

nings of the American Rectangular Land Survey System, 1784-1800 (Columbus, Ohio,

1970).

11. Ohio Agricultural Statistics, 6.

230                                              OHIO HISTORY

The German Roman Catholics of Shelby, Darke, Mercer, and Au-

glaize counties, many of whom immigrated in the 1830s to work on

the Miami Extension Canal, replaced their own log settlement

barns during the fourth quarter of the nineteeth century with large

braced-frame barns inspired by the agricultural literature of the

period. Neighboring the Germans immediately to the south in

Darke and Miami counties are French Roman Catholics, whose

ancestors immigrated in the late 1840s and early '50s. In the pres-

ent age of agribusiness, these families have retained their relative-

ly small nineteenth-century farms, which range from 80 to 160

acres, and correspondingly small three-and four-bay braced-frame

barns.

Southeastern Ohio was never suited for large-scale crop farming

because of the hilly terrain, though several river valleys have excel-

lent land, but small general farms were common. Many of the resi-

dents worked at subsistence farming and at one of the iron furnaces

or coal mines; industrial wages were seldom sufficient to support

families. One-room log and braced-frame barns are still in use, as

well as some well constructed double-pen and braced-frame bank

barns in the prosperous valleys. In addition, there are many tall

tobacco houses, both log and frame, once used for heat-curing tobac-

co, a method no longer practiced in Ohio. Northwestern Ohio was

opened to farming by extensive ditch and tile drainage and the

Miami-Erie Canal during the second and third quarters of the

nineteenth century. Farms were (and are) devoted to wheat and

soybeans and market vegetables. The barns are large multi-bay

braced-frame structures, and reflect the eclecticism in design

brought about by the national agricultural press during the second

half of the century.12

Southwestern Ohio, comprising most of the Virginia Military Dis-

trict, "Symmes' Purchase" between the Miami rivers, and some Con-

gress Lands, has the greatest variety of barn designs and construc-

tion techniques due to the broad ethnic background of those who

settled in the region, and a sound economy throughout the

nineteenth century which allowed farmers to improve old or con-

struct new buildings as needed. There are many barns dating from

12. The agricultural press was a significant force in amalgamating the diverse

sectionalism and foreign elements in American agriculture. The first important

periodical in Ohio was the Ohio Cultivator, published in Columbus beginning in

1845. An important compilation such as Barn Plans and Outbuildings (New York,

1881) was the outgrowth of the national periodical, the American Agriculturist, pub-

lished by Orange Judd.

The Ohio Farmstead                                             231

the first quarter of the century. Among the various designs that can

be found in the region are double-pen log barns and three-bay

braced-frame bank barns, stone gabled Pennsylvania-style bank

barns, four-and five-bay braced-frame barns, a few octagon barns,

and, for the twentieth century, balloon-framed, brick, and tile barns

which often look more like industrial buildings than farm struc-

tures.

An asymetrical entrance, four-bay barn is most typical of this

section of the state. This design, simply an enlargement of the En-

glish-style three-bay barn, allocates an extra bay beside the en-

trance for an integrated two-bay dairy or stanchion and box-stall

area. (Once common in the Western Reserve, these barns, featuring

the square silos peculiar to this area and dating from the last decade

or so of the nineteeth century, are still in existence.)

The ancient Saxon combined barn and house,¹³ with the family

and livestock housed on the same level, and the Swiss or Southern

German form (the so-called "Sweitzer" barn¹⁴), with living quarters

above the livestock, must be considered so rare in Ohio-as pur-

posefully chosen designs-to be nothing but anachronisms. No

doubt many settlers shared temporary quarters with their livestock

when first moving to the frontier, for such arrangements are occa-

sionally mentioned in Ohio county histories; but from an

architectural viewpoint, such folklore is suspect. Historian Henry

Howe pictures a Swiss house in Columbiana County simply because

such architecture was unusual in Ohio.¹⁵ Since a few Swiss-style

houses were constructed, it is entirely possible the house-barn de-

sign was also utilized. No examples, however, are known.

Historically, the three-bay barn is the most interesting configura-

tion found in Ohio. This design dates at least to the seventeenth

century and owes its popularity as much to the requirements of the

single-family frontier farmstead of North America as to English or

North European farming practices. By the late eighteenth century

13. In Arthur and Witney, The Barn, the authors discuss the Saxon barn, with its

church-nave interior and family living quarters, and its alteration to a purely farm

structure in North America. George E. Burcaw, The Saxon House (Moscow, Idaho,

1973), is a look at the living quarters as they separated from the barn cum house.

Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist traveling in the American colonies in 1748-51,

described the Dutch barn as the dominant style between Trenton and New York City,

the "Dutch barn" being a direct descendant of the Saxon barn: Travels in North

America, 2 vols. (New York, 1966, reprint of 1770 English version), vol. 1, 118-19.

14. Type F or G, according to Charles H. Dornbusch's summary of styles in Penn-

sylvania German Barns (Allentown, Pennsylvania, 1958).

15. Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Cincinnati, 1848), 108. This writer

has seen photographs of a similar house in Switzerland Township, Monroe County.

232                                                   OHIO HISTORY

the three-bay barn had received an official recommendation from

the British government and had been described in builders' books

such as The Carpenter's Pocket Directory by William Pain and, early

in the nineteenth century, Abraham Rees' Cyclopaedia.16 Known

today as the "English" barn, the design became as standard to the

ever-advancing frontier as the log cabin and was as conveniently

constructed of logs as it was of mortised posts and beams-the

"braced-frame" technique.

William C. Howells, a prominent Ohio newspaper editor and

father of William Dean Howells, described a three-bay, double-pen

barn built by his family in Jefferson County shortly after the War of

1812:

This summer we also built a barn of logs .... There were two pens put up

twenty-four feet apart, and raised on one foundation .... They were in this

way carried up to a proper height, when they were connected by logs and a

common roof. This made a double barn, with stabling and more room at

each end, and a barn floor and wagon-shed in the middle. Such was the

universal style of barns in that country ....

The settlers were mainly from western Pennsylvania, though many had

come in from the western part of Maryland and Virginia, and the prevailing

nationality was the Scotch-Irish of the second generation ... .17

An interesting cultural interchange occurred during the expan-

sion of the western frontier in the eighteenth century. The Scotch-

Irish, who had no tradition of log construction, learned the tech-

nique from colonists of Central European background; the interior

arrangement of their houses and the adherence to open fireplaces,

however, remained traditional to the British Isles. The northern

Germans, on the other hand, rather than adopting the Saxon barn

as it evolved in the Netherlands and the Hudson Valley, with its

naves and gable entrance, constructed a log version of the English

three-bay barn. In practical terms, log construction was the quickest

16. William Pain, The Carpenter's Pocket Directory (Philadelphia, 1797) was a

very influential builder's book. Abraham Rees, The Cyclopaedia: or, Universal Dic-

tionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, was noted by the Englishman Henry Brad-

shaw Fearon when in Boston during his American tour in 1817; Fearon said it was an

American edition. See Fearon, Sketches of America (London, 1818), 105. Rees' Cyclo-

paedia, first published in England, was an important source of technological informa-

tion on both sides of the Atlantic, and contained forty plates of illustrations as well as

a lengthy text on barns and various agricultural matters.

17. William Cooper Howells, Recollections of Life In Ohio, from 1813 to 1840 (Cin-

cinnati, 1895), 118-19. An identical barn was described in Highland County before

the War of 1812. See Daniel Scott, A History of the Early Settlement of Highland

County, Ohio (Hillsborough, Ohio, 1890), 148-49.

The Ohio Farmstead                                           233

and easiest frontier building technique, and the English-style barn

was best suited to the construction methods available as well as the

exegencies of frontier farming.¹⁸

In constructing the three-bay log barn, two log pens were raised,

separated by a space equal to the width of one wall; a single roof

spanned the entire length of the two pens, creating three distinct

work and storage areas. The structure was spatially suited to the

manual labor of frontier farming or to the small, non-mechanized

farm, regardless of period. One pen was usually divided into stalls

for oxen or work horses; normally, a haymow occupied the space

above the stalls. In Ohio, the entire opposite pen almost always

served as a haymow; in a few exceptions, dairy stanchions appear.¹⁹

Such was the case even in New England three-bay, braced-frame

barns, according to a Massachusetts historian:

On one side of the threshing floor of the barn were the stables for the horses

and cattle and upon the other the great haymow. On the scaffold over the

stables [haymow] the "horse hay" was garnered, and upon the "little scaf-

fold" over the far end of the barn floor [overbay] were nicely piled the bound

sheaves of wheat, rye or barley ... 20

The open, central space between the pens, besides providing access

to the haymows, was used for threshing and winnowing grain and

general chores. Until the mid-nineteenth century, practically all

Ohio barns were aligned with their main doors on an east-west axis

to allow the prevailing westerly winds to blow through the "breeze-

way" and hopefully carry away the dust and chaff of the winnowing.

Logs placed between the pens above the breezeway formed an "over-

bay," where unthreshed sheaves of cereal grains (usually wheat)

could be stored.

Threshing with a flail was slow work. In a full working day of

twelve hours, the average farmer could thresh about five bushels of

wheat; winnowing then occupied about half the following day.²¹

Since the unthreshed grain could not be left in the fields because it

would rot or sprout, storage was provided in the barn. The grain

18. Clinton A. Weslager, The Log Cabin in America (New Brunswick, New Jersey,

1969), is the best general history of log construction in the United States.

19. For log construction in Ohio, see Ohio Log Architecture (Columbus, Ohio, 1971

and 1977) by this writer.

20. Francis M. Thompson, History of Greenfield, Massachusetts, (Greenfield, 1904),

II, 963, quoted in Percy W. Bidwell and John I. Falconer, History of Agriculture in the

Northern United States, 1620-1860 (New York, 1941, reprint), 122.

21. Thirteenth Annual Report, Commissioner of Labor, 1898, Hand and Machine

Labor, (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1899), I, 470-73.

234                                                OHIO HISTORY

could then be threshed as needed. The sheaves were pitched from

the overbay to the threshing floor and arranged in parallel lines or a

circle; then, after flailing (or treading by oxen), the straw was

pitched into the low mow over the stalls, and the grain was swept up

for winnowing. Winnowing was a cleaning technique of sifting for-

eign matter from the grain with a sieve and throwing the grain into

the air to allow a breeze to blow away the chaff. It was tedious work

at best. When there was no wind, a bedsheet attached to poles was

used as a fan. The threshing floor, if wood instead of tamped earth,

had to be tightly constructed to prevent the grain from dropping

through. There were usually two layers of flooring, so all the joints

between floorboards would be covered. Hollow sections of tree

trunks-most often sycamore charred by fire on the inside-made

acceptable grain bins.

The middle bay of the three-bay barn could be considered an effi-

cient threshing machine in which the farmer served as the prime

mover. During the 1820s and '30s the farmer's hand-labor was re-

duced as horses and oxen were used to power many of the simple

grain-processing machines, such as the "groundhog" drum thresher

and the fanning mill. The "horse-power," or sweep (capable of 200

revolutions per minute), was often built as a permanent feature of

the barn, either on the main floor or in the basement of a bank

barn.²² Other simple machines, such as the corn sheller, feed grind-

er, and forage chopper, could be run from the horse-power, thus

anticipating the convenience of the internal combustion engine

some fifty years later. During the 1830s and '40s the hay press,

requiring its own source of animal power, was often constructed as

part of the barn framing. These presses were popular on farms along

the Ohio River where there was easy transport to the southern

market for the 300 pound bales. By the Civil War, a wide variety of

crop-processing equipment had evolved and the barn was gradually

relieved of its symbiotic partnership with the farmer.²³

Threshed grain and shelled corn were stored in bins usually

placed in lean-to sheds attached to the exterior of the barn. These

sheds also housed the few large implements that every farmer pos-

sessed, such as a plow, harrow, mud sled or boat, and wagon, as well

as the myriad of hand tools.²⁴ The breezeway doors could be attached

22. Marvin Smith Company Catalog, Chicago, ca. 1897, 158-61.

23. There are many books on farm tools and implements. Original company cata-

logs and broadsides are frequently found in libraries. Among the best contemporary

sources are the exhibit catalogs from the various world expositions, beginning in the

mid-19th century.

24. Plates 47, 48, and 49 in the Report of the Commissioner of Patents for the Year

The Ohio Farmstead                                            235

to the main barn frame or to the shed framing. Early in the

nineteenth century, there were two opinions on how to store hay-

whether to leave the mows open or closed to the weather. Because

"making hay" was a slow job-cutting, curing, and pitching on

wagons and into mows-and very dependent upon the weather,

there was a natural inclination for farmers to put-up slightly green

hay. Ample ventilation reduced the chances of mold or, even worse,

spontaneous combustion. Proponents of ventilated haymows had

won their case by mid-century. The spaces between the logs were

seldom chinked in a log barn, so there was good air circulation in the

mows with or without attached sheds.

Indian corn was usually not stored in the barn, for it was easier to

build a free-standing, pole corncrib (in the same fashion as a log

cabin, but unnotched). Once again, ample ventilation was necessary

to prevent the husked ears from molding. Corn was usually cut and

shocked in the field, both to allow the ears and fodder to dry and to

clear as much land as possible to plant winter wheat. After the

wheat was planted and the ground frozen, the corn could be husked

and hauled to the crib without danger to the new crop. The tedious

job of shelling by hand took place in the barn during odd intervals in

the daily routine or when needed. Or course, if the corn was to be fed

to livestock, shelling was not necessary. The time-honored "husking

bee" was held when the shocks were hauled to the barn rather than

allowed to stand in the field. The breezeway then became the scene

of such festive occasions as those pictured by Currier and Ives.²⁵

From pioneer times until at least the 1840s, it was not customary

to stable any farm animals except the most valuable, such as the

work horses or oxen, though exceptions were made in particularly

severe weather. If a farmer could afford the structure, the bank barn

was an excellent solution for handling both crops and livestock. By

utilizing a hillside or creating an earthen ramp, a barn could have

two, occasionally three, distinct work levels. The lower level was

customarily divided into loose stalls, box stalls, stanchions, a feed-

ing pen, and often bins for storing vegetable roots for feeding cattle.

1856, Agriculture (Washington, D.C., 1857) picture the four walls of a tool house

recommended for small farms. No horse-drawn harvesting implements are shown.

Except in details of construction, the same tools could be dated at least 100 years

earlier.

25. A good example is Eastman Johnson's painting Husking, lithographed in large

folio by Currier and Ives in 1861. However, in the November 18, 1837, issue of the

(Piqua) Western Courier & Enquirer in an article entitled "Husking Party," a quilt-

ing frolic, apple-paring, and husking party are referred to as the "customs and pas-

times of our ancestors."

236                                            OHIO HISTORY

For added protection and more storage space, the upper structure

usually extended over the doors leading into the basement, the ex-

tension being known as the "forebay." The connected "barn lot" was

also part of the basement complex, where livestock could be fed and

watered. The main barn floor was reached from the side opposite the

basement doors, one level higher. This created a problem in the lack

of a continuous passage for wagons through the barn. On the other

hand, the storage of feed and hay immediately above the livestock

and the warm shelter provided by the basement were advantages. In

fact, the basement was often excessively warm from the body heat of

the animals, and had to be ventilated with ductwork reaching to

roof cupolas.

The large bank barn became a mark of success for Ohio farmers

after mid-nineteenth century, though for the average farmer the

three- or four-bay English-style barn remained a viable form of

architecture through the century because it was easily constructed

or remodeled to accommodate the gradual mechanization of agricul-

ture. A good example of a double-pen (three-bay) log barn is located

on the Piqua Historical Area's John Johnston Farm, a state-owned

property administered by the Ohio Historical Society.²⁶ This barn,

the oldest documented example of its type in the state, was con-

structed in 1808; it was enlarged with framed sheds and had a

wooden threshing floor installed in 1826; in 1852 it was re-roofed for

a hay carrier; about 1930, the barn was altered for a dairy operation.

Based on literary and on-site research, the barn has been restored to

its 1826 appearance. The Johnston barn is also the largest of its type

known in the state. The log pens measure almost 30 feet square,

making the basic structure 90 by 30 feet; the sheds add an extra 20

feet to the perimeter. The average double-pen barn was a third

smaller.

With the general availability and acceptance of horse- and steam-

powered implements, which were not a major influence on Ohio

agriculture until at least the ¹⁸⁵⁰s, barns were altered both in

function and physical appearance. The most obvious alteration was

the heightening of roofs to gain space for hay carriers (which in turn

increased mow capacities). Before the Greek Revival period in

architecture, almost all roofs-barns and houses alike-were con-

structed with about a 36 degree slope from eave to ridge (9 inch rise

in 12 inch run). The need for increased storage and mechanical forks

was the direct result of the mowing machine, in itself an immediate

26. The Johnston barn is pictured in Hutslar, Ohio Log Architecture, 44.

The Ohio Farmstead                                          237

by-product of the grain reaper of the 1840s. Although the reaping

machine had been proposed by various inventors during the first

quarter of the century, it was not until the 1830s that specific

machines were offered to the public, and the 1840s before reliable

results could be expected.²⁷ Quicker harvesting meant more land

could be put in production. The physical labor and time involved in

scything grain or hay was enormous: reaping, binding, and shocking

an acre of wheat in 1829-30 took two men approximately twenty

hours; sixty-five years later the same amount of wheat could be

reaped, threshed, and sacked in about eighteen minutes.²⁸ The barn

had lost its function in threshing, winnowing, and straw storage,

but had found a new role in providing greater bin capacity for grain

and the attendant milling equipment.

Improved processing machinery, more land in production, im-

proved livestock, better preserving and distribution systems-each

contributed to the modification of the barn as the nineteenth cen-

tury ended. Perhaps the barn was losing something of its personal-

ity, its compatability with the land and the farmer, as the machine

intruded. It is interesting to speculate on the reasons for the decline

of the barn in Ohio. General farms, with both crops and livestock,

have become scarce; instead, farmers specialize in just one commod-

ity, each now requiring specific structures. Aside from the Mennon-

ite or Amish barns, few, if any, barns of the traditional general-use

design are being constructed. Instead, the farmer buys prefabricated

structures designed for his needs, whether cattle, sheep, or hog

sheds, machinery sheds, food processing and storage buildings, or

cribs, bins, and silos. Of the wide variety of farm buildings extant,

the barns built during the pre-mechanization decades are the most

interesting, for, in order to survive, they have been altered by gen-

erations of owners. Ohio barns are indeed cultural artifacts, for in

their design, construction, and alterations the history of agriculture

throughout the state can be read.

27. The catalog, Official Retrospective Exhibition of the Development of Harvesting

Machinery for the Paris Exposition of 1900, by the Deering Harvester Company,

Chicago (Paris, 1900), pictures all the models made for the exhibit of historic reaping

and mowing machines, and is an excellent quick reference.

28. Hand and Machine Labor, I, 470-73.