BOOK REVIEWS
Prehistoric Antiquities of Indiana. By Eli Lilly. (Indianapolis,
Indiana Historical Society, 1937. 293p.
illus.)
Within the past few years there has been
a renewed and in-
tensified interest in the study of
archaeology in the United States.
As a result much new evidence has been
brought to light and new
methods and techniques have been evolved
for securing and in-
terpreting archaeological facts. In the
Middle West the Indiana
Historical Society has played a leading
part in the investigation
of prehistoric problems. Research
workers affiliated with this
Society have been working in many
different branches of the sub-
ject in order to attain a well-rounded
picture of the various cul-
tures and their inter-relationships. In
this book, Mr. Lilly brings
together the results of these
investigations, outlines the archae-
ology of Indiana as it is known today,
and shows the affiliations
of the cultures present within the state
with those in other parts
of the Mississippi Valley. The author's
purpose in writing this
book was two-fold; he desired to
acquaint the people with the pre-
history of their state and to encourage
additional and continued
research along archaeological lines.
The first section deals with the racial
origins of the American
Indians and the peopling of the New
World. The author sums
up the evidence in regard to the
migrations of the Indians into
North America and reviews the rapidly
accumulating data con-
cerning man's antiquity on the American
continent. He next dis-
cusses the various cultures which have
been recognized in Indiana
and indicates their position in the
classificatory scheme that has
been adopted by mid-western
archaeologists. Three patterns are
represented, the Woodland, the
Mississippi and an Unnamed Pat-
tern which includes the Hopewellian
Phase and the Adena Aspect.
The characteristic traits of each
pattern are listed. On page 26
the traits for the Hopewellian Phase and
the Adena Aspect are
(85)
86
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
listed together. Although these two
manifestations may be even-
tually placed in the same pattern it is
misleading to list the traits
together as the reader has no way of
knowing which traits belong
to the Adena and which to the
Hopewellian. In addition one
would infer from the heading that the
Adena is an Aspect of the
Hopewellian Phase. While this may be the
author's opinion it
seems to the reviewer that such a
classification is somewhat pre-
mature.
The author then goes on to speculate on
the sequence of pre-
historic events in Indiana and the
surrounding region. In the
main, these speculations stick fairly
close to the known facts; how-
ever, in some cases they seem to be
based on rather shaky evi-
dence.
In the next section Lilly describes in a
very clear and in-
teresting manner the outstanding and
important archaeological
sites of Indiana. Among these may be
mentioned the Angel
Mounds located near Evansville. The
mounds of this group are
of the large truncated type and are
similar to those at the Etowah
site in Georgia. It is hoped that this
important site will eventu-
ally be taken over by the state of
Indiana and so saved from
destruction. Another important site is the Anderson group
which probably can be classified with
the Hopewellian culture.
All noteworthy mounds, village sites,
earthworks and fortifica-
tions are described and their cultural
affiliations noted where pos-
sible.
The remainder of the book is taken up
with a description of
the various types of artifacts that have
been found in Indiana.
The objects are concisely described,
illustrated by photographs
and their probable functions noted. On
page 198 the writer states
that curve-based monitor pipes were
often made of steatite. To
the reviewer's knowledge very few are
made of steatite. Refer-
ence is made on pages 212-213 to a "great
silvery crescent" com-
posed of sheets of mica found in Mound 7
of the Mound City
Group in Ohio by Squier and Davis. The
complete excavation of
this mound by W. C. Mills in 1920 demonstrated
that the so-
called "crescent" was a
rectangular pavement of mica covering an
BOOK REVIEWS 87
area eight feet long by four feet in
width. It had been placed
over the sand stratum which covered the
primary mound of the
great central grave.
The book is very well illustrated by
photographs of sites and
artifacts characteristic of Indiana's
prehistory. The objects shown
on the various plates are artistically
arranged against pleasing
backgrounds. There is an adequate index;
the text is documented
by numerous foot-notes, and the
comprehensive bibliography at the
end should prove to be of great
usefulness to all students interested
in the archaeology of the region.
R. G. M.
History of the Iron and Steel
Industry in Scioto County, Ohio.
By Frank H. Rowe, Ohio Historical
Collections, X. (Colum-
bus, Ohio State Archaeological and
Historical Society, 1938.
129p. 40 pl. Illus. $2.00.)
The recent economic depression, with its
attendant unemploy-
ment, suffering, and unbridled criticism
of the old economic order,
has turned the attention of writers to a
re-examination of indus-
trialist enterprise and to an evaluation
of the part played by
various types of industries in the
development of communities,
states, and nations. This little volume,
bristling with the names
of major and minor industrialists, small
operators, and merchants,
traces the development of the iron and
steel industry in Scioto
County from its introduction in 1796
down to 1937. The reader
will find interesting material
concerning the early social position
of operators and employees, community
life, living conditions of
iron and steel workers, rates of pay,
the part played by science
and invention in the production of both
iron and steel, the pa-
triotic services rendered by the
manufacturers in producing arma-
ments to be used by the United States
Army in the Civil, Spanish-
American and World War, and an
examination of the physical
and economic growth of Portsmouth and
surrounding communi-
ties. The author, by comparing the
personnel and production
statistics of the Burgess Steel and Iron
Works for 1898 with
88
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
those of the Wheeling Steel Company for
their peak operations
of June, 1937, concludes that
technological unemployment has
been negligible in the steel industry in
that section. This sta-
tistical conclusion, although
interesting and impressive, is not
entirely convincing.
The volume under consideration contains
neither footnote
items nor a critical classified
bibliography. Despite the author's
total disregard of the now accepted
mechanics employed in scien-
tific and scholarly historical writing,
the reviewer feels that the
volume, in some of its aspects, is a
contribution to what has been
and still is a neglected phase of Ohio
economic life. One cannot
ignore the fact, however, that such studies,
taken singly, are
doubtful contributions to historical
knowledge. The value of the
work would have been enhanced, perhaps,
had the author devel-
oped his subject against the general
political, social and economic
history of the period.
The book, well-printed and comparatively
free from typo-
graphical errors, contains illustrations
of steel mills and foundries,
photographs of leading iron and steel
manufacturers, a map, and
an excellent index. An appendix,
treating of nine charcoal fur-
naces, concludes with an appreciation of
Henry F. Bertram, who,
from 1908 until his death on July 23,
1938, was affiliated with the
steel interests of Scioto County.
JOHN O. MARSH.
The Book that Gave Iowa Its Name. A reprint [of Notes on the
Wisconsin Territory; Particularly
with Reference to the Iowa
District. By Albert M. Lea.] (Iowa City, The State His-
torical Society of Iowa, 1935. 53p.)
I Am a Man: The Indian Black Hawk. By Cyrenus Cole. (Iowa
City, The State Historical Society of
Iowa, 1938. 312p.)
These two books, both published by the
State Historical So-
ciety of Iowa, relate to the centennial
of the Territory of Iowa
(1938). The former, The Book that
Gave Iowa Its Name, is a
reprint of a little book privately
published by its author, Lieuten-
BOOK REVIEWS 89
ant Albert M. Lea, in 1836. While the
information which it
records is of interest to all students
of western, and Iowan, his-
tory, the book is of significance
primarily because it was due to
it that the name Iowa became fixed upon
the lands which were
to become in orderly succession the
Territory of Iowa and the
State of Iowa.
A compact little book, neat and well set
up, it records the ob-
servations made by Lea in the course of
extensive travels and ex-
plorations in the Iowa country in 1835,
while he was serving in
the First United States Dragoons. In
addition to what he him-
self saw, he was zealous in collecting
information from surveyors,
traders, explorers, and residents, and
his narrative contains a good
account of the general lay and character
of the land, its water
courses and local divisions, its towns,
landings, and roadways, all
features which he deemed would be of
concern to the emigrant,
the speculator, and the legislator.
A large and detailed map of the route
traversed by the Dra-
goons in the summer of 1835 is inserted
in the book, while the
Act for establishing the Territorial
Government of Wisconsin (as
signed by President Jackson in 1836) is
appended.
The second book, I Am A Man: The
Indian Black Hawk,
takes its title from a dramatic incident
in frontier history. It was
in Washington, D. C., that Black Hawk, a
prisoner of war, was
led before Andrew Jackson, then
President of the United States.
After a long and dramatic silence, the
red man spoke: "I am a
man and you are another." This
speech of the defeated Indian
chieftain serves as the keynote of this
present biography, for the
author has been interested primarily in
presenting Black Hawk as
"only another man, one with many of
the predilections of an
Indian." His book places the life
and character of the famous
Indian in proper perspective as a
chapter in the tragic story of the
red man in America.
Divided into three sections (the
Mississippi Frontier; the
Black Hawk War; and the Sac and Fox
Frontier in Iowa) the
book gives in detail a comprehensive
account of Black Hawk (or
90 OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
as he was known among his tribesmen,
Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-
kiak) and his people.
Black Hawk was a Sac chieftain, the
leader, and to some
extent the instigator, of the Sac and
Fox rebellion which broke
out in 1832, occasioned by the Indians'
long-time resentment of
white occupancy of the lands which,
despite treaties of cession,
they still regarded as their hunting
grounds. The campaign
against the Indians was desultory and
inefficient in management,
but finally by virtue of their superior
forces and arms, the white
soldiers drove the Indians across the
Mississippi, where, follow-
ing the "Massacre at the Bad
Axe," Black Hawk surrendered at
Prairie du Chien in the fall of 1832.
Ample space is given to a recording of
the Indian's martial
exploits on which his subsequent fame
chiefly rests, but attention
is also paid to other too-often
neglected attributes of Black
Hawk's personality: his love of nature,
his domestic virtues, and
his high moral character.
Frequent references are made, too, to
the Indian's own bi-
ography, The Life of
Mak-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (Boston, 1834),
dictated by the old chieftain in the
lonely cabin on the Iowa River
which he occupied following his defeat.
It constitutes what Cole
calls the most enduring work of Black
Hawk's life and should be
of interest to anyone wishing to
supplement the admirable work
done by Cole in his book.
L. R. H.
Geronimo's Story of His Life. Taken down and edited by S. M.
Barrett. (Oklahoma City, Harlow
Publishing Corporation,
1938. 216p.)
Mocco. By S. M. Barrett. (Oklahoma City, Harlow Publishing
Corporation, 1937. 191p.)
These books, written several years ago
by S. M. Barrett,
Superintendent of Education at Lawton,
Oklahoma, and recently
republished, are designed to give to the
American reading public
an authentic record of the private life
of the Apache Indians,
BOOK REVIEWS 91
especially in the days prior to their
subjugation and captivity.
The books are set in the American
Southwest: Arizona and
Old Mexico in the main, with brief
excursions farther afield.
They deal with Indian life on the plains
and deserts during the
latter half of the nineteenth century.
While both are devoted to
a reproduction of Apache life, one is
factually true, while the
other is so only in spirit.
Geronimo was an Apache chief--the last
great one before his
people were subdued by the invading
white man. He himself
was the leader in many a foray against
the incoming settlers, and
many were the depredations committed by
him and his warriors.
His was a dominating character. He
possessed courage, initia-
tive, executive ability, and
determination, and was an adept in
both strategy and diplomacy. These
qualities plus his great phys-
ical strength and endurance, together
with his restive disposition,
enabled him to achieve extraordinary
successes in the face of
seemingly overwhelming odds. His
environment and experiences
were responsible for the harsh code of
ethics which to him fully
justified his ruthless deeds of plunder
and bloodshed.
It was only after an enormous
expenditure of men and money
that the United States Government was
victorious over the
Apaches. Worn out by the long and bitter
campaign against them,
Geronimo and his followers surrendered
to General Nelson A.
Miles in 1886, with the understanding
that they would be sent out
of Arizona. Thereafter Geronimo and his
people were captive
exiles--in Texas, in Florida, in
Alabama, and finally at Fort Sill,
Oklahoma, where in the summer of 1904
Barrett first met the
old chieftain (who died in 1909).
The book is divided into four parts: the
Apaches, wherein
is given an account of the origin of the
Apache Indians and their
tribal divisions, together with a
description of their family and
community life; the Mexicans, a stirring
section telling of Indian
raids below the Rio Grande and of the
many bloody encounters
between the invaders and their much
hated Mexican foes; the
White Men, in which is chronicled the
long and losing struggle
of the Apaches against the United States
army; and finally, a
concluding group of miscellaneous
chapters in which the old In-
92 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
dian warrior expressed his views on his
own past, recounted the
justices and injustices which life had
dealt to him, and previewed
the happy future which he (in 1905)
hoped lay ahead--if not
for him then at least for his people.
Needless to say, Geronimo's
reminiscences make interesting
reading, not only because of their
stirring pictures of a now
vanished way of living utterly foreign
to us, but also because
they enable us better to understand the
motivation of many ac-
tions which, not comprehending, we too
readily condemn. Indian
character, customs, and beliefs--this
book makes all of them more
understandable to white persons.
* * *
Mocco occupies in the field of fiction a place comparable to
that held by Geronimo in the
realm of biography. It is the story
of a little Indian boy, son of an Apache
chief, born among the
Sierra Madre Mountains of Old Mexico,
but destined during
his lifetime to roam over a good portion
of what is now south-
western United States. A successful
Comanche raid left him
homeless and tribeless at an early age,
and during long and bitter
months he lived alone, fending as best
he could for food and
shelter for himself and his faithful
pony. Then followed a long
stay with some friendly Sioux, and,
eventually, reunion with his
people and the establishment of his own
home. But his happiness
was brief; Mexican soldiers killed his
family and most of his
companions, and once again Mocco roamed
the prairies, coming
at last to the end of the "Long
Trail."
Mocco is a pleasing tale, well told and, like Geronimo's
reminiscences, of value for the insight
it gives us into a bygone
epoch and an alien civilization.
The author is to be commended for his
recording in these
two books--and at a time when the
material was yet available
from eye witnesses--of the passing of a
picturesque period in
American history.
L. R. H.
Moccasins in the Wilderness. By Elizabeth Hawthorn Buck.
BOOK REVIEWS 93
(Philadelphia, Penn Publishing Company,
1938. 238p. illus.
$1.50.)
Written primarily for boys and girls
from ten to fifteen years
of age, this book has many features to
render it attractive to
youthful readers. It is an exciting
story of revolutionary days in
western Pennsylvania, when that country
was frontier land and
its settlers were still preyed upon by
hostile Indians. It has a
diversified and appealing group of
characters, the central figures
being Mary and Angus McKenna, whose
mother and small
brother are captured by the Senecas in
the absence of their father,
gone east to help fight against the
British. Left to fend for them-
selves as best they can, the two
children (they are hardly more
than that) spend the winter with two
companions, the Indian,
Brown Bird, whom they befriend following
an Indian raid, and
Pierre Cadot, a congenial Frenchman who
of his own choosing
casts his lot with theirs.
How these four pass the long winter,
virtually snowbound
in their log cabin, is told of at
length. With the coming of spring
their energies turn to the rescue of
their mother and brother, in
which undertaking they are greatly aided
by Brown Bird.
There is adventure aplenty in this
book--Indian fights, buffalo
hunts, long overland treks through
dangerous country, to name
but a few.
Moreover, and this is most encouraging
from the point of view
of an historian, the author says that
with the exception of Fort
Graham, all the places mentioned in her
tale are real, and the life
that the settlers, army officers, and
Indians led there is correctly
depicted. Also figuring in the story are
the following historical
personages: James Power, the minister;
Simon Girty, the Tory
renegade; and Colonel Daniel Brodhead of
the Eighth Pennsyl-
vania Regiment. By such accuracy to
fact, Elizabeth Hawthorn
Buck has greatly enhanced the worth of
her interesting book,
making it thereby reliable as well as
refreshing reading.
L. R. H.