AN EXPEDITION
AGAINST THE SHAKERS.
MONDAY, August 27, 1810. -This
day occurred, in the
county of Warren, now Union Village,
near Lebanon, in the
State of Ohio, one of the most
extraordinary instances of un-
constitutional proceedings, and the most
formidable appearance
of infringement on the rights of
conscience, that ever was wit-
nessed in this country.
A body of five hundred armed men,
equipped in uniform,
and in military order, with their
officers, appeared on the ground
before the meeting-house, and, by a
committee of about twelve
men, appointed for the purpose, demanded
of us that we should
renounce our faith and practice, our
public preaching and mode
of worship, or quit the country.
This very extraordinary attempt first
began to be agitated
principally through the instrumentality
of a certain John Davis,
John and Robert Wilson, and John Bedle,
who had apostatized
from the faith, and became bold in
wickedness and false ac-
cusations against the Believers; whereby
those who had long
waited for false witness to accuse the
Believers of something
criminal, were at length furnished with
sufficient matter (as they
said) to answer their purpose.
Accordingly, about the first of June, a
piece appeared in
the public papers, signed by Col. James
Smith, stating as mat-
ters of fact, what he had been informed
by the aforesaid
apostates-viz: that the education of
children among the SHAKERS
is chiefly a pretence - that they whip
their underlings severely,
and also their children - that they
count it no sin to have carnal
knowledge of their own women - that all
surplus money and
property is given up to Elder
David--that he keeps the whole
treasury of the Society in his own
hands; and that he, like
the Pope, exercises unlimited authority
over all under his control;
and that he, with his council, live
sumptuously on the labors of
others; with many things more of a like
nature; with remarks
made to exasperate the public with the
hottest indignation against
(403)
404 Ohio Arch. and
Hist. Society Publications.
the Society, as being a
poisonous nest, and enemies to the cause
of American liberty.
But what seemed to be intended as the
weightiest charges in
this publication, were certain things
therein alleged against James
Smith, Jun., who was among the
Believers, and for which there
was some plausible pretence. James's
wife, Polly, having left
him on account of his faith, and he
refusing to give up his
children to her, furnished the old man
with matter for many
heavy charges of oppression and cruelty.
This piece was publicly answered, in a
spirited manner, by
Richard McNemar, the falsity of it
exposed, and the author cited
to prove what he had alleged, or bear
the character of a slanderer.
Notwithstanding, as many wished to
receive accusations upon
any ground whatever, the answer was
little regarded by such;
nor did it appear that Smith, or any of
his associates, had any
intention of prosecuting the matter in
any lawful manner.
About the middle of July, we were
secretly informed that a
subscription paper was handing about,
for the purpose of raising
a mob against us, and that John Davis
and the two Wilsons were
active in the business. But they, being
publicly taxed with it,
denied that there was any such thing in
agitation; and so it re-
mained in the dark until August 23d,
when there was a small
hint dropped to some of the Believers at
meeting, that Col. Smith,
with a number of men from Kentucky, were
over, and engaged in
collecting others, to assist in taking
off his grand-children.
Next day, being Friday, we heard from
credible authority
that five hundred men were to assemble
the next Monday morn-
ing at Capt. Kilbreath's, about three
miles off, and intended to
come as a mob, and take off J. Smith's
children, and other acts
of outrage. The next day, the news
became still more flagrant;
and in the afternoon we were informed by
Wade Loofbourrow,
a young man from Butler county, near
Hamilton, that he had
seen the written instrument which the
designing party had signed,
but did not read it; that it was in the
hands of Major J. Potter,
at Hamilton Court, the day before; that
the mob was a common
subject of conversation on that
occasion; that he heard Major
Potter say that five hundred were
subscribed; also, that Rev.
Matthew G. Wallace was forward and
active in the business;
An Expedition Against the
Shakers. 405
that Major Potter would be second in
command; that the Spring-
field Light-Horse would be on the
ground, and many more of
the baser sort from Springfield, the Big
Hill, from around Ham-
ilton, and from the vicinity northwest
of us; that we might ex-
pect the party to appear on Monday,
without doubt; and that
he came on purpose to inform us of the
plot, and wished to tarry,
and see the result.
The same evening, news came in from
every quarter of their
preparations, and threats of abuse -that
they meant to tar and
feather R. McNemar, drive the old
Shakers out of the country,
and restore the rest back to their
former faith and manner of
living.
The next day, (Sabbath, August 26,) some
of the party came
to our meeting, particularly Capt.
Robinson, who avowed the fact
that they would be on the ground the
next day, for the purpose
of violence; but what, he did not fully
specify. The State's At-
torney, J. Collet, and the High Sheriff
of the county, T. M'Cray,
both of Lebanon, finding out their place
of rendezvous, went for
the purpose of giving them a lecture on
the unlawfulness of their
intentions, which we understood they
delivered. The matter had
now become generally known; and a number
of sensible, influen-
tial men, being at our meeting,
determined to return the next day,
and see the event. Among these, were Dr.
Budd and Dr. Bladg-
ley, from New Jersey; Col. Stanley, from
Cincinnati; and D.
Corneal, a noted young man from
Kentucky.
Monday morning, the Believers went about
their ordinary
business, and about eight o'clock the
people began to collect from
different quarters as spectators to the
scene which they expected
shortly to commence. The First Circuit
Judge of the State, F.
Dunlavy, was early on the ground,
intending, if anything unlawful
should be attempted, to countermand the
proceeding. News came
from every quarter that the troops were
assembled at Kilbreath's,
and would certainly appear. Dr. Bladgley
(with some company)
concluded to ride out and meet them,
which he accordingly did;
and about twelve o'clock returned, and
informed us that they
were mounted and moving on, and would be
on the spot in less
than an hour. Accordingly, about one
o'clock, the troops ap-
peared, entered in by the Dayton road
from the North, and
406 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications.
marched in order till the front came
within a few rods of the
meeting-house, and called a halt. A
number of officers were in
uniform, and the troops armed, and
generally equipped in regi-
mental order. The whole body of people
now collected on the
ground consisted of about fifteen
hundred-some supposed up-
wards of two thousand. Besides the five
hundred troops in mili-
tary order, many scattering ones, who
came with the multitude,
were also armed, but undisciplined
persons; old gray-headed men,
boys and others, who exhibited a very
mean and mob-like appear-
ance. Some of the undisciplined
multitude were armed with guns
-some with poles, or sticks, on which
were fixed bayonets; and
others with staves, and hatchets, and
knives, and clubs. The
exhibition presented a scene of horror,
the intention of which
was covered with duplicity. It is very
probable, that, through
the influence of those peace-designing
men before mentioned, the
mob-party had agreed upon the expedient
of choosing a com-
mittee to state to us proposals in the
name of the party, and to
receive and return our answers. After a
few minutes' halt at
the meeting-house, the committee came
forward and faced the
yard before the dwelling-house of the
old Believers. They re-
quested three of the original men,
(meaning of the old Shakers,)
viz.: John Meacham, Benjamin S. Youngs,
and Issachar Bates, to
come forward, in order to confer with
them on the occasion of
the people's assembling, observing that
a committee was chosen
for that purpose, consisting of twelve
men then present, among
whom was one chief speaker. They were
told that two of the
men they called for were not here; only
one of them, viz.:
Benjamin Youngs, was present. Then they
said two others (in
place of those absent) would answer.
Several respectable char-
acters stood present in the yard before
them, and we concluded
to take with us two or three of those
who were not of our society,
viz.: Judge Dunlavy, Gen. W. Schenck,
and J. Corwin, Esq., al-
lowing that six, at least, would not be
too many to be present
with their committee, whom they said
consisted of twelve in num-
ber. This we proposed, but they
objected, allowing none to be
present but those of the Society, and of
those, only three. Judge
Dunlavy asked, Have you any objections
to by-standers? (allud-
ing to himself and those with him.) They
answered, Yes. As
An Expedition Against the
Shakers. 407
they had devised for us to meet with
them in the woods, we pro-
posed to meet in a room in the house;
but to this they objected,
and insisted upon going into the woods.
Unreasonable as their
request was, that only three of us
should meet with them in the
woods, and that no one should be present
in the conference pro-
posed, who was not of the Society, and
might serve as a witness
for us to the proceedings, yet we
consented, as no alternative
was granted.
Three of the Society, viz.: Benjamin S.
Youngs, Peter Pease,
and Matthew Houston, withdrew with the
committee into a piece
of woods beyond the garden, about sixty
rods south of the dwell-
ing-house, and half a mile south of the
meeting-house.
The leading characters of the committee,
were Matthew G.
Wallace, a noted Presbyterian preacher,
chief speaker; Doctor
Squire Little, a New-Light; Capt. John
Clark, and John Fisher.
The names of the rest we did not
ascertain. Wallace began in
the name of the people to state their
grievances, observing that
our principles and practice had caused
great disturbances in the
minds of the people, and led to the
extinction of civil and religious
society, which they are determined to
uphold; that our system
was a pecuniary system, and led mankind
into bondage and op-
pression; and that the people were
determined to bear it no longer
-and they endeavored to insinuate, that
they (the committee)
were in a capacity to prevent evil being
done, and perhaps pre-
vent much blood being shed, as the
people were fully resolved on
a redress, provided we would comply with
the terms they had
to propose, as the voice of the people.
After speaking in this
manner for some time, they stated the
following conditions as
the only terms on which the people would
be satisfied, and pre-
vented from forcing a compliance by
violent measures, viz:
1. That
we should deliver up the children of James Watts,
deceased, to their grandfather; alleging
that the said James, at
his decease, gave his children to his
father - and asked us if we
did not see the propriety.
We answered - we had not seen the
propriety hitherto, as
we supposed the mother, under whose care
the children now were,
had the greatest right to them; and
asked them if it was recorded,
that the said James gave his children to
their grandfather? They
408 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
answered, that it was not. We told them
that we could not give
up that which was not in our possession.
The children were with
their mother, and under her care, and we
exercised no authority
over them. We were sure that the mother
and children might be
seen by any two or three civil men; and
if the parent was willing,
and the children wished to go, it was
not our wish to have them
retained; nor if any demanded them, and
chose to force them
away, would any violence be used to
prevent them.
2. That
old William Bedle be permitted to see his grand-
child, a son of Elijah Davis, alleging
that the said child came
away, (from his father,) and was
forcibly brought back contrary
to his inclination. To this we also
replied, that the child was
under the care of his own parents; that
we had not any control
over him -that we did not
usurp the parents' right over their
children, but we doubted not that the
child might be seen, etc.,
etc., an answer similar to the above.
3. That we should give up the children
of James Smith
observing, that we were doubtless well
acquainted with the cir-
cumstances relative to these children.
To this, we also answered,
that the children were under the care of
their father; that they
were now in the hands of authority, and
that a suit had com-
menced in court respecting them. This,
therefore, they con-
cluded to drop for the present.
4. The chief speaker here observed, that
the next thing
might probably seem hard to us, and then
proceeded to state the
weightiest proposition, as the sense of
the mob party, (whom he
still termed the people,) viz: that we
cease publicly to inculcate
our principles, and that we cease our
practice; that we cease to
dance on the Sabbath-days and on the
week-days, observing that
such practices were reverse from the
gospel; or depart out of
the country by the first Monday in
December next. The amount
of which proposition was, that we should
renounce our faith and
practice, our manner of living,
preaching, and mode of worship;
or depart out of the country.
These were the terms proposed by the
mob's committee in
the name of the people. If we accede to
the terms, well; and if
not, the people, as they called them,
were determined to enforce
them by violence. We now requested them
to state their pro-
An Expedition Against the
Shakers. 409
posals in writing; but Wallace observed,
that what had been pro-
posed was short, and could be easily
remembered without writing.
Benjamin replied, as the proposals were
short, they might be the
more readily committed to writing; but
they pointedly refused.
It was two o'clock, and one hour was
agreed upon to receive
a positive answer. The committee arose,
and we returned home.
All the elder brethren and sisters
present, were assembled together
in an upper room of the house. We
invited in Judge Dunlavy,
Squire Corwin, and General Schenck, all
of this country. We
stated in their presence the proposals
and demands of the com-
mittee, and the answer we expected to
return; observing, also,
wherein we felt their requirements,
&c., in the first instance,
unreasonable and unjust, particularly in
not allowing any persons
present at the conference who might
serve as witnesses against
the unlawfulness or injustice of their
demands; and also, of the
unreasonableness of grandfathers
demanding to be given up to
them their grand-children who were among
us under the care of
their own parents. These judicious men, though they said
nothing on the present occasion,
appeared to be much affected, and
feelingly interested for the cause of
justice. After we arose,
Judge Dunlavy and General Schenck went
out, and found Dr.
Little, one of the committee, in the
yard before the house, and
talked to him in an affecting manner on
the illegality and conse-
quences of this day's concourse of
people.
At the expiration of the time appointed,
Benjamin informed
Dr. Little that we were now ready to
meet them. Accordingly,
we again met the committee at the same
place in the woods,
before-mentioned, and delivered the
following answer, viz:-
I. Respecting the children demanded to be given up, we
observed, that we had already stated
what we had to say on that
subject; adding, that all adults among
us were free, and that it
was contrary to our principles and our
practice to oppress any,
or hold them in bondage.
2. Respecting
our faith which we held in the gospel, we
esteemed it dearer than our lives, and
therefore meant to main-
tain it, whatever we might suffer as the
consequence. And as to
our leaving the country, we were on our
own possessions which
we had purchased with money obtained by
our own honest in-
410 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
dustry. It was our endeavor not to owe
any man anything; we
had not a cent of any man's money; we
enjoyed our own peace-
able possessions in a free country, and
were entitled to those
liberties (including the liberty of our
consciences) which the laws
of our country granted us. This was the
answer.
In the course of the first sitting of
the committee, we had
observed to them, that things were
misrepresented and wrongly
reported of us; that there was no
evidence of the existence of
those things of which we were accused,
and that they were only
reported by prejudiced persons; that
there was no need of all this
concourse of people; if we had done
wrong in any matter, we
were willing that any judicious persons
should make examina-
tion, and the laws of our country made
ample provisions for the
redress of grievances. To which they
replied by the chief speaker,
that the means prescribed for redress
would require too lengthy
a process, and the people would not wait
the issue of such
measures, adding that they had evidence
sufficient.
It is here worthy of notice, that,
although the committee had
solemnly agreed not to admit or suffer
any of the party near them
while they conferred with us, yet before
we closed with them,
they had a number of false witnesses and
accusers standing by,
with charges against us, particularly
John Davis, the apostate
before-mentioned, who falsely, and in
the most malicious spirit,
brought accusations against the
Believers; others, also, were
standing round, in readiness to take
their turns in accusation. In
this state of things, we asked the
committee again and again if
they had understood us. And they again
and again answered in
the affirmative; and though we had
pointedly delivered our
answers, still they labored hard to urge
upon us the propriety of
our compliance to their demands; for
how, said Wallace, could
we withstand a thousand men? But not
acceding to their terms,
we left them, and it appeared very
doubtful what would be the
event.
About the meeting-house, the
school-house, the children's
family, and the first family of young
Believers, there was a vast
and promiscuous concourse of armed men
and spectators, some
disputing, some inquiring, others
railing out against, and en-
deavoring to scatter falsehood, and
urging the propriety of ban-
An Expedition Against the
Shakers. 411
ishing us out of the country by
violence. Women of the baser
sort, who were in fellowship with the
riot, had placed themselves
within sight of the buildings, on the
edge of the woods, waiting
to see the destruction of the Shakers;
others, of the same cast,
were taking an active part in urging on
parties of the mob to
take away, by force, children of their
connections, who believed,
and such like acts of violence. Some men
of talents and good
principles, were engaged in contesting
those violent measures
agitated by the mob party, urging our
right of citizenship from
our peaceable deportment, and the
unconstitutionality of infring-
ing upon our right, which had never been
forfeited by any mis-
conduct.
About three o'clock, a public speaker of
the party, standing in
the street before the meeting-house
door, proclaimed liberty,
that all who had any charges against the
Shakers might come
forward and enter them. A number of
charges were produced;
but no charge, however, was regularly
entered and taken up,
except a charge of murder against Amos
Valentine, upon the
deposition of John and Robert Wilson,
two of the before-men-
tioned apostates, who deposed, that when
they lived among the
Shakers, the said Amos had a boy that
had fits - that he whipped
said boy unmercifully; also, that the
said boy was whipped by
Daniel Moseley, and that the said Amos
and Daniel both wished
that he was dead; that the boy for some
time past had been miss-
ing, and that the said deponents
believed that the said boy was
murdered, and put out of the way. A
habeas corpus was im-
mediately served on Amos, and he put
under guard, until the
said boy should be produced. The boy was
immediately sent for,
being at Moses Easton's, about two miles
off. About this period
of transactions, the committee were
sitting the second time, with
the three brethren before
mentioned. Judge Dunlavy, who
understood the proceedings of the
committees before, followed
them to the edge of the woods, and there
sat down upon a log,
about five rods distant from where the
committee were sitting,
and there waited to see the issue.
Immediately after the brethren
left the committee, he mounted his horse
in the midst of the as-
sembly, and, with a loud voice calling
attention, he delivered a
solemn injunction, that no one violate
the laws of Ohio, and re-
412 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications.
quired all civil officers present to
take cognizance of the conduct
of any who should violate them. Soon
after this, the aforesaid
boy arrived, very corpulent and hearty.
This was about four
o'clock. Dunlavy understanding the case,
gave public informa-
tion of the boy's arrival, and the
satisfaction which was given
of the innocence of the party accused,
ordered the prisoner to
be released, and the people to disperse,
as nothing remained as
any matter of investigation.
Nevertheless, Capt. Kilbreath re-
fused to comply with Dunlavy's order to
release the prisoner,
alleging that he was as high in office
as the judge. Upon which,
Dunlavy ordered him to be apprehended,
and put in prison; but
Kilbreath being armed with a sword and
pistol, and refusing
to be taken, they left it to be
determined some other way which
of them should be greatest. The
prisoner, however, was released;
but some of the party treated the judge
with great contempt, and
uttered the most bitter invectives
against him for his interference.
At this stage of the proceedings, the
committee having returned
and mingled among the multitude, and
Dunlavy having given his
orders, the mob-party were somewhat
irritated, and thrown into
confusion. But the word of command being
given, and the party
mounted, they moved down the street in a
violent career, amid
clouds of dust, and halted in a vast
crowd, facing the dwelling-
house of the Elders; and, after a little
pause, Major Robinson,
with a loud voice, demanded of those in
the house whether we
would comply with the proposals of the
committee, Yea, or Nay.
This was repeated a number of times,
crying aloud, Give us an
answer, Yea, or Nay! but no one answered
a word. Then all
the people in the house, men and women,
old and young, were
commanded to come out of the house, and
to place themselves in
a circle on the green before them. But
none offered to move.
Then Robinson continued his harangue to
this effect; that
we should comply immediately with the
proposals of the com-
mittee, and accede to remove out of the
country by the first of
December next, or suffer the
consequences; and then cried, Is
not this the voice of the people? which
was instantly answered
by the mob with uplifted hands, and a
general loud and hideous
yell, in the most exasperated manner.
But as none appeared or
answered, they ordered the gates to be
thrown open, which, after
An Expedition Against the
Shakers. 413
some considerable hesitation, some of
the concourse ventured to
perform. The doors of the house were now
instantly shut and
fastened, as hitherto they had been left
open. After the gates
were thrown open, the house was
immediately surrounded by a
promiscuous multitude of armed men and
spectators, but the
main body of the corps remained on their
horses in the street.
After some consultation in the
mob-party, they proposed a com-
mittee from among them, whom they wished
to enter and search
every apartment of the house, to see
whether there were not
some who were held in bondage, and such
other like instances of
cruelty and injustice as were reported.
The committee proposed
came forward, consisting of Major
William Robinson, Capt.
John Robinson, Capt. John Clark, and
Capt. Cornelius Thomas,
and one or two more. They entered upon
conditions of behaving
civilly, and began their search and
examinations with the young
sisters, and asked them, one by one, if
they wished to leave the
Shakers.
Betsey Seward replied, that she was
satisfied with the people,
and her present place of abode--that she
liked it better than
among her natural relations; because
they treated her more kindly
than ever her natural relations did, and
that she did not wish to
see any of them any more, while they
remained so wicked. The
committee then said, Let her stay.
Prudence Morrell being
interrogated, replied, that all the
world would be no inducement
to her to go away; that she had much
rather lay her head down
upon the floor, and have it chopped off,
than she should be taken
from her present abode; and so did Jenny
McNemar, and all
the rest - each declaring that they were
free to go away, if they
chose, at any time, and that nothing
bound them but their faith
and love. All whom they interrogated,
whether brethren or sis-
ters, made similar replies.
The committee having searched every
apartment of the
house, declared themselves satisfied.
Capt. Thomas, (who was
a man of considerable feeling,) in
particular, said he saw a
decent house, and decent people in it.
They then drank
generously of cold coffee, went out, and
reported-Well
satisfied. After this, they went back
again to their former
ground at the meeting-house, and the
same committee pro-
414 Ohio Arch. and Hist.
Society Publications.
ceeded to examine the house and family
of the young Believers.
All who were interrogated, made firm
replies, that they were
free, and might go away whenever they
chose, but would not:
some said they had rather die, than
abandon their faith, or for-
sake the people of God. By this time the
committee were un-
der considerable mortification, and
their zeal began to abate,
having been disappointed in all their
researches, and some per-
suasions had to be used to get them into
the schoolhouse. Mat-
thew being present at their
examinations, wished them to go,
especially, as they had it reported that
we would not suffer our
children and youth to read the
scriptures. When they went into
the school, they found Testaments
plenty. Matthew observed,
they might see at least one lie had been
told them. They looked
at the children's writings, which they
acknowledged far sur-
passed their expectations. Matthew then
wished them to ask the
children questions, whether they had
enough to eat, etc., ob-
serving, that he had children among
them, and had long been
absent, and knew not at present how it
might be with them.
When they asked, First-have you enough
to eat? they an-
swered, Yea! yea! yea! as much as we
want, ran all through the
school. Second-are you whipped more than
you deserve? They
answered, Nay! nay! nay! all through;
and many said, Not
whipped at all. Third-do you want to go
from these people?
If you do, continued they, fear not, we
will protect you. Nay!
nay! nay! ran all through the school.
They were then wished
to hear the children read, but they
would not, declaring them-
selves fully satisfied. Then they were
requested to go to John
Wood's; perhaps they might find that
enslaved woman, of whom
they had spoken, and about whom the
party were so much agi-
tated, (for it was reported that some
certain woman was en-
slaved by the Shakers; those in search
had not yet found her, for
another select number of the party had
searched the meeting-
house for her a little while before, and
the children's order at
John Wood's had also been searched and
examined.) But the
committee would not go any further,
declaring themselves, again
and again, fully satisfied; and so they
departed.
No ground of accusation being found or
reported to the
party, and the generality being wearied
and perplexed with the
An Expedition Against the
Shakers. 415
same, and under a mortifying
disappointment, were dismissed;
the last of them disappeared as the
darkness of night began, to
creep over the horizon, without leaving
behind them any visible
marks of cruelty.
No disturbance or confusion appeared
among the Believers
through the whole occasion. The
generality kept busy at their
usual employments-took dinner in their
usual manner, and en-
tertained such as they could with
convenience. They answered
those mildly who spoke to them, whether
peaceably, or in a
taunt. Such as wished to enter the rooms
from the noise and
clamor, did so, and spent their time in
conversation.
Perhaps a scene entirely like this, has
not transpired since
the rights of conscience have been
esteemed sacred by man.
That no evil or cruelty was transacted
after such formidable
preparations of design, can be assigned
to no other cause than
the interposing hand of Divine
Providence-that invisible Power
of God which turneth the hearts of men
whithersoever He will,
and saith unto the mighty waters,
hitherto shalt thou come, and
no further.
N. B. The foregoing transactions are
stated according to the
best recollection, and information of
the circumstances, immedi-
ately after the event transpired. It is
not to be understood, that
every individual of this vast body were
persons of malicious
designs. Some even of those under arms,
appeared not to know
in reality for what purpose they were
come together, only as
they had been ordered out by their
officers. There were some, also,
who had been influenced to evil designs
by the malicious and evil
reports in circulation, who, when they
received true information,
and were induced to consider the
impropriety of such illegal con-
duct, they manifested no disposition to
do any injury. Some of
this description left the mob, and
returned back, after Doctor
Bladgley went to know their intentions.
There were numbers,
also, who were men of good information
and just principles,
some of whose names have been mentioned,
whose only en-
deavors were to inculcate reason into
the minds of as many as
were accessible, and to maintain a
spirit of peace and freedom.
BENJAMIN SETH YOUNGS.
Miami County, State of Ohio, August
31, 1810.