Ohio History Journal

SAMUEL J. TAMBURRO

Frances Jennings Casement and the Equal

Rights Association of Painesville, Ohio:

The Fight for Women's Suffrage,

1883-1889

The history of the national struggle for women's suffrage is well chroni-

cled.¹ While the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 is generally accepted as

the starting point of the campaign for women's voting rights, women's civil

and political rights advanced slowly. Although several states granted women

the right to vote in municipal and school elections, only the Territory of

Wyoming, in 1869, granted full political equality prior to 1890. Colorado,

Utah, and Idaho enfranchised women in the 1890s, but few other states per-

mitted women's suffrage in state elections before 1910.2

This slow pace of change did not reflect a lack of organization. The suf-

fragists organized grassroots movements in extremely imaginative ways, of-

ten attempting to link their cause with those of other movements.³ At times,

women involved in the abolition and temperance movements also became in-

Sam Tamburro is a historian with the National Park Service and works in the Cuyahoga

Valley National Recreation Area. He wishes to thank the staff at the Lake County Historical

Society for its assistance in locating research materials and Dr. Carol Lasser of Oberlin

College for her thoughtful and observant comments on the article.

1. The campaign for women's suffrage is amply described in Eleanor Flexner, Century of

Struggle: The Women's Rights Movement in the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1959);

Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920 (New York,

1965); William O'Neill, Everyone was Brave: The Rise and Fall of Feminism in America

(Chicago, 1969) and Feminism in America: A History (New Brunswick, N.J., 1989); Janet

Zollinger Giele, Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of

Modern Feminism (New York, 1995); The Concise History of Woman Suffrage, Mari Jo and

Paul Buhle, eds. (Chicago, 1978); and Ellen Carol DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage: The

Emergence of an Independent Women's Suffrage Movement in America, 1848-1869 (Ithaca,

N.Y., 1978); and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, et al.,

History of Woman Suffrage, vols. 1-6 (Rochester, N.Y., 1881-1902).

2. For a detailed description of the progression of the women's suffrage cause after the

Civil War, see Flexner, Century of Struggle and DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage.

3. According to DuBois in Feminism and Suffrage, Stanton and Anthony attempted to estab-

lish women's suffrage as an independent political movement by linking it with the emerging or-

ganized labor movement. The result was the formation of the Working Women's Association

(WWA), a female wing of the National Labor Union (NLU).

Frances Jennings Casement                                                    163

volved in the push for voting rights.     Suffragist leaders such as Susan B.

Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and later Carrie Chapman Catt recruited

support from various organizations. It was this degree of organizational effort

and support that eventually created the political pressure to ratify the

Nineteenth Amendment, ensuring women's voting rights in 1920.⁴ Local

leaders also significantly aided in the early organization of the women's

movement especially in Ohio. One of these local leaders was Painesville's

Frances Jennings Casement.⁵

Page through any study of the women's suffrage movement and there is

scarcely a mention of Frances Jennings Casement even though she was cen-

tral to the Ohio movement.       Casement served as president of the Ohio

Woman Suffrage Association (OWSA) from 1885 to 1888 and was a leading

activist for women's rights. Under her influence, Warren, Ohio's, Harriet

Taylor Upton, the treasurer and one of the founders of the National American

Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), became interested in the suffrage

movement. Upton wrote, "She [Casement] bombarded me with letters and

pamphlets and helped me see the light about the need for woman's suffrage."⁶

Casement also worked closely with national women's rights leaders such as

Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Her work con-

centrated mainly in the formative period of the Ohio women's suffrage

movement (1870 to 1888) and centered on organizing the Equal Rights

Association (ERA) of Painesville (1883 to 1885).⁷

4. Giele, Two Paths, 1-15; The relationship between women's suffrage and the abolition and

temperance movement in Ohio is explored in Jack S. Blocker Jr., "Give to the Wind thy

Fears": The Women's Temperance Crusade, 1873-1874 (Westport, Conn., 1985), 163-76;

Carrie Chapman Catt and Nettie Rogers Shuler, Woman Suffrage and Politics: The Inner Story

of the Suffrage Movement (New York, 1926), 196-210; Charles B. Galbreath, History of Ohio,

vol. 2 (New York, 1925), 153-351; Philip D. Jordan, Ohio Comes of Age, 1873-1900

(Columbus, Ohio, 1968); and Eugene H. Roseboom and Francis P. Weisenburger, A History of

Ohio (Columbus, Ohio, 1976).

5. To avoid confusion, Frances Jennings Casement is referred to as Casement, Jack

Casement as Jack, and C.C. Jennings as Jennings. Other local suffragists leaders in Ohio who

were active during the Reconstruction era include Rosa L. Segur of Toledo and Elizabeth Coit

and Rebecca Janney of Columbus.

6. Virginia Clark Abbott, The History of Woman Suffrage and the League of Women Voters

in Cuyahoga County, 1911-1945 (Cleveland, Ohio, 1945), 10-11. Ohio became central to the

national suffrage movement, and from 1903-1909 the NAWSA headquarters was located in

Warren, Ohio, while Upton functioned as treasurer and executive director of the organization.

In addition to her activities in NAWSA, Upton served as president of the OWSA for 18 years

(1899-1903 and 1911-1920). Upton, in her autobiography Random Recollections, Chapter

XIV, 4, credits Casement with reorganizing the Ohio woman's suffrage movement. For fur-

ther bibliographic information regarding Harriet Taylor Upton, see Phillip R. Shriver's descrip-

tion in Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Edward T. James,

ed. vol. 3 (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), 501-02.

7. Prior to the Civil War, the women's suffrage movement in Ohio remained closely linked

with the Abolition movement. During Reconstruction, women began to realize that the

Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments would apply only to African-American males and thus

established their own suffrage advocacy organizations.  The Ohio Woman Suffrage

164                                                              OHIO HISTORY

The formation and early history of Painesville's Equal Rights Association

is worth close attention, as is Frances Casement's role therein. Casement is

important because she represents the type of suffrage leadership that emerged

from a local context and expanded to influence the movement at the state and

national levels. Casement's ability to organize and manage the ERA cannot

be understood without reviewing the formative period of her life. Strong be-

liefs in temperance, abolition, and religion affected her zeal for reform move-

ments. Moreover, supportive men in her life enhanced Casement's leadership

qualities. Her father, C. C. Jennings, and her husband, John S. (Jack)

Casement, encouraged her conviction in causes such as abolition and wom-

en's rights, causes in which both men actively participated. They became

prominent figures in the Painesville community and received a high level of

respect. Their support of the ERA afforded it a sense of respectability.

II

Frances Jennings Casement, born on 23 April 1840 to Charles C. and

Mehitabel Park Jennings, spent her childhood on the "Jennings Place," a 400-

acre farm overlooking the Grand River in Painesville, a small agricultural

community thirty miles east of Cleveland.⁸ Being from one of the founding

families in the Western Reserve, Casement did not experience a typical pio-

neer farm upbringing. The only child of successful agriculturists who owned

an extensive apple orchard and nursery, Casement rarely found herself toiling

on the family farm. In an autobiographical sketch of her childhood, she re-

counted days spent in a playhouse, complete with a set of fine china, built on

Association formed in 1869. This formative period, 1870 to 1910, has been labeled the

"doldrum" years by historians studying the period because efforts for women suffrage had few

successes during this time. For an example see Olivia Coolidge, Women's Rights: The Suffrage

Movement in America, 1848-1920 (New York, 1966), 84-87.

For historical accounts of the women's suffrage movement in Ohio that touch on the period

of Casement's activism, see Eileen Regina Rausch, "Let the Women Vote: The Years to

Victory, 1900-1920," (Ph.D. diss., University of Notre Dame, 1984); Florence E. Allen and

Mary Wells, The Ohio Woman Suffrage Movement: A Certain and Unalienable Right

(Columbus, Ohio, 1952); Harriet Taylor Upton, Random Recollections of Harriet Taylor Upton

(Columbus, Ohio, 1927); Harriet Taylor Upton, "The Woman Suffrage Movement in Ohio," in

Charles B. Galbreath, History of Ohio vol. 2 (New York, 1925), 329-39; James R. Henry, "The

Woman Suffrage Movement in Dayton and Montgomery County, 1912 to 1919," (M.A. thesis,

Miami University, 1977); Kevin Martin Gerrard Kuethe, "The Courage of their Convictions:

The Woman's Suffrage Movement in Cincinnati from 1912 to 1920," (M.A. thesis, Miami

University, 1995); Ralph Henry Mikesell, "The Woman Suffrage Movement in Ohio 1910-

1920," (M.A. thesis, Ohio State University, 1934); Mary Majorie Stanton, "The Woman

Suffrage Movement Prior to 1910," (M.A. thesis, Ohio State University, 1947); and Sabiha

Naz, "Woman Suffrage in Wood County, Ohio: 1910-1920," (M.A. thesis, Bowling Green

State University, 1980).

8. Painesville was founded in 1797. By the 1870s, its population consisted mainly of second

and third generation WASPs whose families migrated from New England after the American

Revolution.

Frances Jennings Casement                                              165

the family property. The everyday chores of farm children of this period es-

caped Casement. The Jennings's family wealth also allowed her to receive

formal schooling, which was a rarity during this time. Although Ohio had

11,661 public schools in 1850, only approximately one out of four Ohioans

attended classes. This elite 25 percent included Casement.    She attended

Painesville District School in 1847 and excelled in curriculum courses, espe-

cially reading. Casement graduated from the Painesville Academy in 1852

and the Willoughby Female Seminary four years later. Her parents were sup-

portive of her educational career and stressed the importance of literacy and

speaking skills; the latter would serve her well in her future role as a wom-

en's rights activist. Casement, however, believed that the most useful educa-

tion was provided by her father's personal and political activities. She devel-

oped her sense of social responsibility from her father's beliefs. He supported

abolition and women's suffrage long before they became generally accepted

ideologies.⁹

To claim that Charles C. Jennings served as a strong role model would be

an understatement; he was truly a dynamic and innovative man. In 1825, he

became a teacher in the Painesville Public School system and a strong advo-

cate of free education. Even after he established himself as a fruit grower and

horticulturist, Jennings acted as the director of the school district.

Furthermore, he organized and led the Painesville agricultural community.

Jennings founded the Patrons of Husbandry, or the Grange, in 1870 and even-

tually was elected the executive master of the organization.     Moreover,

Jennings emerged as an influential member of the Painesville religious com-

munity. Serving as president of the Building Committee at the Methodist

Episcopal Church of Painesville, he oversaw the construction of the new

church in 1868.10

Probably the most impressive part of Jennings's resume centered on his po-

litical activities. From 1854 to 1856, Jennings served his district in the Ohio

House of Representatives. He began his political career as a Whig but even-

tually converted to the Republican Party. An outspoken critic of the expan-

sion of slavery, he publicly called for abolition on the House floor in 1854.

Jennings had become involved in the abolition movement in the 1830s, and

9. Little historical information exists regarding Mehitabel Parks Jennings (1815-1870). She

married C.C. Jennings in 1837 and Frances was their only child. Jennings had been married

previously to Roxana Graham (1809-1833) and had one child, Clymena (1833-1885). Graham

died three weeks after her daughter's birth and Clymena was raised by Jennings's parents,

Oliver and Jerusha Jennings. Frances and her stepsister remained close friends until Clymena's

death in 1870. Frances Jennings Casement Papers, MSS 510, Box 2, Folder 2, Ohio Historical

Society, Columbus, Ohio, cited hereafter as Casement Papers, OHS; Dan Dillon Casement, "A

Pioneer Childhood: Frances Jennings Casement," The Bicentennial Edition Lake County History

(Mentor, Ohio, 1976), 257-60; George W. Knepper, Ohio and Its People (Kent, Ohio, 1989),

189; Painesville Telegraph, 16 March 1876.

10. William Brothers, The History of Lake and Geauga Counties (Cleveland, Ohio, 1876), 43;

Painesville Telegraph, 16 March 1876.

166                                                   OHIO HISTORY

the ideology of William Lloyd Garrison, leader of the American abolitionists,

influenced him greatly. This equal rights ideology espoused by her father had

a lasting effect on Casement. Like most early suffragists, her beliefs in polit-

ical equality for women formed from the abolition movement.

Jennings ardently supported the first Republican presidential candidate, John

C. Fremont, in the 1856 election. Four years later, he backed Abraham

Lincoln and the cause to contain slavery. In his political activity after the

Civil War, Jennings focused on the grassroots populism of the Grange, be-

lieving that the Grange should not be identified with any political party but

should serve as a check on dishonest politicians. Jennings died before the

People's Party rose to prominence, but he supported the movement in its

formative stages. It is reasonable to conclude that Jennings's belief in social

equality helped to shape his daughter's ideas on social causes.

On 15 October 1857, Frances Jennings married John S. Casement (1829-

1909), the other dominant influence in her life. Born in Ontario County,

New York, "Jack" Casement moved to a farm in Ann Arbor, Michigan, at age

fifteen, where he began working as one of the many laborers constructing the

Michigan Central Railroad. In 1850, his work brought him to Ohio to help

build the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad. By 1856, Jack be-

came a foreman and returned to Cleveland to supervise a track-laying gang for

the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula Railroad (CP&A). The CP&A track

was laid near the "Jennings Place," which enabled Casement and Jack to meet

in 1857 and marry three months later. 11

After marriage, Jack continued building railroads. He later filled ravines and

laid track for the Grand Trunk and the Erie & Pittsburgh. At the start of the

Civil War, Jack's abolitionist convictions compelled him to join the Union

cause. He volunteered, was elected major of the Seventh Ohio Volunteer

Infantry, and served in the Virginia theater of the war where he saw combat at

Cross Lanes and Winchester; he also led numerous attacks in Tennessee

against Mosby's guerrillas. Jack would later be breveted to brigadier general

and assist in Sherman's "march to the sea." More importantly, during

Sherman's campaign, Jack met General Grenville Dodge who would later be-

come the chief engineer for the Union Pacific Railroad. In 1866, Dodge con-

tacted Jack and informed him that the U.S. Congress was anxious to complete

the transcontinental railroad. Jack, with the help of his brother Daniel, en-

tered into a contract to complete the Union Pacific Railroad. The Casement

brothers were responsible for laying 1,044 miles of track between Omaha,

Nebraska, and Promontory, Utah, and participated in the ceremonial driving of

the "golden spike" upon the completion of the link in May 1869.

11. Jack Daniels, "Railroads Big Part of Casement's Life." Painesville Telegraph, 18

January 1986; Jessie Rayduk, "The Truth about General Casement," Painesville Telegraph, 3

February 1958.

168                                                    OHIO HISTORY

Rights Association in 1883. The 1870s proved to be a period of disunity

within the national women's suffrage cause, and it is useful to review quickly

the issues that created the split.¹³

III

Two rival groups within the national women's suffrage movement pursued

opposing policies in the years after the Civil War. The National Woman

Suffrage Association (NWSA), founded by Stanton and Anthony in 1869, ag-

itated for a federal constitutional amendment that would give women the right

to vote. The NWSA promoted a broad spectrum of women's rights such as

equal suffrage, equal pay, more liberal divorce laws, and birth control to pro-

mote "self-sovereignty." Furthermore, NWSA members denounced the

Fifteenth Amendment, which enfranchised only African-American males, and

eventually decided to exclude men from their organization.

The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), organized in 1869

by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe, went in another direction. The AWSA

recommended that women not seek federal action until the campaign for black

suffrage succeeded. This association, which included males within its ranks,

published the Woman's Journal and waged state referendum campaigns for

women's suffrage. But after black male suffrage was achieved with the ratifi-

cation of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, it became clear that the

Republican Party would not take up the fight for women's suffrage as the

AWSA had hoped. Residual bitterness between the two women's suffrage

groups kept them apart for another twenty years, although the division over

the Fifteenth Amendment no longer applied. The effective leadership of both

wings soon passed to younger, more moderate women who realized reunifica-

tion was necessary to obtain women's suffrage. In 1890, the two organiza-

tions merged to become the National American Woman Suffrage Association

under the leadership of Susan B. Anthony and later Carrie Chapman Catt.

Casement had seen the need for unity seven years earlier when she founded the

ERA of Painesville.¹⁴

By 1883, the American Equal Rights Association (AERA), founded in

1868, had been dismantled for nearly fifteen years. Historian Janet Zollinger

Giele contends that the AERA, founded by Susan B. Anthony, worked in uni-

son with the National Labor Union to stress the need for women's suffrage.

Both the NWSA and the AWSA had grown out of the AERA, which immedi-

13. Daniels, "Railroads," Painesville Telegraph, 18 January 1986; Rayduk, "The Truth about

General Casement," Painesville Telegraph, 3 February 1958; Ida Husted Harper, The Life and

Work of Susan B. Anthony, vol. 1 (Indianapolis, Ind., 1898), 432: Maury Klein, Union Pacific:

Birth of a Railroad, 1862-1893 (New York, 1987), 63; Larson, History of Wyoming, 67.

14. Giele, Two Paths, 114-16; O'Neill, Everyone Was Brave, 18-21; Kraditor, Ideas of the

Woman Suffrage Movement, 4-8.

Frances Jennings Casement                                                 169

ately after the Civil War sought the enfranchisement of both women and for-

mer slaves. The AERA disbanded after the split within the women's suffrage

movement occurred.

Casement's ERA of Painesville differed from other local suffrage organiza-

tions in Ohio in that it did not attempt to avoid association with the national

suffrage groups. Casement reached out to both the NWSA and AWSA, bor-

rowing ideas and techniques from each to shape her group into an effective

suffrage  association.   Additionally, she utilized    the  ERA    to  educate

Painesville's women about suffrage and other women's issues. Her leadership

qualities gained her respect within the national women's organizations, and

she may have influenced the 1890 suffrage "reunification."15

Early women's rights advocates can be categorized into various groups that

illustrate their commitment to the cause. Historian William L. O'Neill di-

vides early suffragists into two categories: social feminists and "hard core" or

"extreme" feminists whom he calls equalitarians. Social feminists wanted

equal rights for women but not at the expense of other causes such as temper-

ance, while equalitarians were politically radical reformers willing to place

women's individual rights before all other causes. As an individual, Frances

Casement can be categorized as an equalitarian, but she founded her ERA on a

social feminist ideology because of the strong existence of the women's tem-

perance movement in Painesville. Casement specifically designed the ERA

to develop a social network of women committed to societal reform and edu-

cation, and her plan for widespread appeal succeeded.¹⁶

IV

Unlike twentieth century women's suffrage organizations, which normally

consisted primarily of middle-class members, the Painesville ERA was com-

posed mostly of wealthy, upper-class women.¹⁷ The group of twenty-one

15. Giele, Two Paths, 50; Rausch, "Let Ohio Women Vote," 24-25; Carol Lasser, "Party,

Propriety, Politics, and Woman Suffrage in the 1870s: National Developments and Ohio

Perspectives" New Viewpoints in Women's History: Working Papers from the Schlesinger

Library 50th Anniversary Conference, March 4-5, 1994 (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 153.

According to Lasser, Ohio's Reconstruction era suffragists tended to avoid the partisanship that

came to characterize the rivalry between the two major suffrage organizations in the country.

By 1870, Ohio had thirty-one suffrage societies. Suffrage groups in Toledo, South Newbury,

Dayton, and the Western Reserve remained disaffiliated from both the NWSA and the AWSA.

The fight for woman's suffrage was viewed as a local issue. For the founding of other local

suffrage groups in Ohio, see Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage,

et al, eds., History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 3 (Rochester, N.Y., 1881-1902), 491-509, cited

hereafter as HWS.

16. O'Neill, Feminism in America, 18-21.

17. DuBois argues, in Feminism and Suffrage, 160-61, that the NWSA's effort to reach

working-class women alerted the suffragists to an entirely different constituency-the middle

class. Prior to 1890, the ranks of the women's suffrage movement were filled with mostly

170                                                        OHIO HISTORY

charter members elected Casement as president and met weekly at a member's

residence. Casement clearly defined the objectives of the ERA. She believed

that the ERA would serve as a discussion forum for the community's

"progressive" women, and that the discussion of important social questions

would serve as a form    of education.  Influenced by her experiences in

Wyoming, Casement firmly believed that the time would eventually come

when men and women would have equal voices in the nation's government.

In her ERA diary, Casement wrote:

...there is a real need for a society in which women could come together and talk of

the questions of the day and inform themselves upon those questions and do what

they might for the education of themselves and their sisters.... the time will soon

come when men and women will stand as equals and have an equal voice in the

government of our nation.¹⁸

The group chose the ERA's name because it expressed their goals without

alienating people who did not agree with the women's suffrage cause.

Casement realized that some of the most skilled and articulate anti-women's

suffrage leaders in Painesville were women. For this reason, the ERA ex-

tended membership to women and men who disagreed with equal suffrage.

Casement believed that effectively refuting critics quickly gained converts to

the cause.

Furthermore, women from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union

(WCTU) joined the ERA, such as Mary Hickson, the president of the

Painesville WCTU, an outspoken critic of women's suffrage and a founding

member of the ERA. Because of her husband's drinking, Casement also be-

lieved strongly in temperance. During his time away from Casement, Jack

had a tendency to find solace in alcohol. Casement implored him to resist the

habit and went as far as to make him swear a vow of temperance while in

Wyoming, a vow he did not keep. Nevertheless, Casement never joined the

WCTU, and the topic rarely arose at weekly meetings even though the tem-

perance cause was well represented within the ERA.¹⁹

The discussions, which often developed into debates, at the ERA sessions

centered mainly on the women's suffrage cause. How Casement raised the is-

sue is fascinating and nothing short of subterfuge. The ERA would headline

wealthy elite members. Painesville's ERA was indicative of this trend. Out of the twenty-one

original members, nineteen could trace their family's ancestry back to the founding of the

community. Two of the women were not married, but most were married to prominent men in

Painesville. All lived within a mile radius of Painesville's town square, and eleven lived in a

neighborhood once known as "millionaires row," which was indicative of the wealthy families

that resided there.

18. ERA Diary, Casement Papers, Box 1, Folder 60, OHS.

19. ERA Diary, Casement Papers, Box 1, Folder 60, OHS; Klein, Union Pacific, 68; Frances

Jennings Casement to John S. Casement, Frances Jennings Casement Papers, Box 1, Folder 2,

Lake County Historical Society, Mentor, Ohio, cited hereafter as FJC Papers, LCHS.

172                                                    OHIO HISTORY

tion. In March 1884, however, the school's Board of Trustees proposed ex-

cluding women from admission. Responding, the ERA spent two weeks cir-

culating petitions among citizens and sending letters of protest to the Adelbert

College trustees; within a week, the ERA helped to collect 1,000 signatures.

As a result of such pressure, the trustees decided to retain co-education. More

importantly, for the sake of its cause, the ERA developed a close relationship

with the Western Reserve Club (WRC) of Cleveland, a women's suffrage

organization. The ERA and WRC would continue to work together on

women's rights issues and hold joint informational meetings. The ERA

doubled its mobilizing resources by cooperating with the WRC and, with its

newly found strength, moved slowly toward the equalitarian model of radical-

ism.²¹

On 26 April 1884, the ERA and the WRC held a joint meeting to discuss

women's issues; fifteen members of the ERA, including Jack, attended the

meeting.  Casement delivered a paper endorsing the enfranchisement of

women, as well as equal opportunities for them in education and labor. Her

well-received paper spurred a spirited debate between anti- and pro-suffrage

members at the conference. No longer viewed as simply a women's social

club, the Painesville ERA openly became a leading advocate of equal voting

rights. Significantly, the ERA's stance at the joint conference thrust it into a

position of importance in the Ohio state suffrage movement.²²

From November 1883 to May 1884, the ERA tripled in membership and

formed two new branches in the surrounding towns of Mentor and Kirtland.

Casement intended to establish ERA chapters in every Lake County township

and called for all members to become active recruiters. She also organized

several rallies at the Lake County Courthouse to call attention to the need for

equality between the sexes; in one especially pointed courthouse speech,

Casement called on the Ohio General Assembly to allow women the right to

control their earnings or dowry and to retain guardianship of their children in

the case of divorce. Her speech, which met with a hostile reaction from a

segment of men in the audience, brought attention to the real problem of do-

mestic inequality, including fair treatment for divorced women.²³

The ERA's rallies and Casement's speeches drew an invitation to attend the

Ohio Woman Suffrage Association's (OWSA) First Annual Convention.

Although the OWSA had existed since 1869, it remained largely unorganized

and did not hold a formal convention until 1884. On 19 June 1884, the ERA

21. ERA Diary, Casement Papers, Box 1, Folder 60, OHS; HWS, vol.3, 499; C.H. Cramer,

Case Western Reserve: A History of the University, 1826-1976 (Boston, 1976), 90-93; David D.

Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski, eds., The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Bloomington,

Ind., 1987), 158-59.

22. Frances Jennings Casement's Speech to the Western Reserve Club 26 April 1884, FJC

Papers, Box 1, Folder 3, LCHS; Farmers's Institute Speech, Casement Papers, Box 1, Folder 58,

OHS; Cleveland Plain Dealer, 28 April 1884.

23. Painesville Telegraph, 27 April 1884.

Frances Jennings Casement                                             173

sent to the convention a delegation of five women, which did not include

Casement. (She remained in Painesville consoling a friend whose daughter

had suddenly died.) The Painesville group found the state gathering small,

disorganized, and "laughable" in its level of discussion. Nevertheless, the

ERA's party voted on amendments to the OWSA Constitution and assisted in

electing as its new president U.S. Congressman Ezra P. Taylor, Harriet

Taylor Upton's father. The conference also elected the absent Casement as

OWSA's vice president. Shortly after the conference, Taylor resigned from

the OWSA presidency, believing that his responsibilities in Washington,

D.C., would limit his effectiveness in the OWSA cause, and Casement be-

came de facto president of the suffrage organization. The following year,

Casement would be elected the president of the OWSA in her own right. At

this time, Casement's ERA began to gain recognition in the national suffrage

arena as well.²⁴

From the early formation of the ERA, Frances Casement had reached out to

the AWSA. In return, Lucy Stone's AWSA provided Casement with free

copies of the Woman's Journal and additional pamphlets concerning women's

issues. Stone also aided in the drafting of the ERA's Constitution and the

organizing of its governing structure. Being impressed by the ERA's organi-

zation and leadership, Stone invited Casement to speak at the Sixteenth

Annual AWSA Convention in Chicago on 20 November 1884. Casement's

speech centered around the state of the women's suffrage movement in Ohio.

By making the speech, Casement became one of the foremost spokespersons

of the Buckeye State's cause in 1884, but her address also made a strong

statement regarding the larger movement. She stated that the national crusade

needed to set aside its petty differences between the AWSA and NWSA and

unite in action for the movement to be successful; Casement's call for unity

came six years prior to the actual reunification of the two associations. Her

statement characterized the mood of numerous local suffrage organizations.

The fact that she remained friends with both Lucy Stone and Susan B.

Anthony gave her declaration further legitimacy. Casement realized that only

minor differences separated the AWSA and the NWSA.²⁵

24. Rausch, "Let Ohio Women Vote," 23-26; Allen and Welles, The Ohio Woman Suffrage

Movement, 34-35; Harriet Taylor Upton, "The Womans Suffrage Movement in Ohio" in

Charles B. Galbreath, History of Ohio, vol. 2 (New York, 1925), 329-31; HWS, vol. 3, 502-09;

Courthouse Speech, FJC Papers, Box 1, Folder 3, LCHS; Painesville Telegraph, 27 April 1884;

ERA Diary, Casement Papers, Box 1, Folder 60, OHS. From 1885 to 1920 the OWSA had six

presidents: Frances Jennings Casement, Painesville, 1885-1888; Martha H. Elwell, Willoughby,

1888-1891; Caroline M. Everhart, Massillon, 1891-1898; Harriet B. Stanton, Cincinnati, 1898-

1899; Harriet Taylor Upton, Warren, 1899-1908 and 1911-1920; Pauline Steinem, Toledo,

1908-1911. The OWSA president was elected during annual conferences usually in

northeastern Ohio towns.

25. In the mid-1880s the only minor personal differences existed between the AWSA and

the NWSA leadership. By 1887, Lucy Stone was ready to reconcile her personal disagree-

ments with Susan B. Anthony. For a further description of the reunification issues see Friends

174                                                      OHIO HISTORY

One week after the AWSA address, Susan B. Anthony lectured in

Painesville at the behest of the ERA. An audience of approximately 1,000

filled the Painesville Methodist Church to capacity. A twenty-five cents ad-

mission charge raised nearly $300 for the ERA's coffers. Anthony spoke as a

representative of NWSA, and her address focused on the subject of equal rights

for women in politics, in the workplace, and in the home. She emphasized

unity between the international and national women's movements. In fact,

her message echoed Casement's speech at the AWSA conference in calling for

a united women's front as the only way to achieve the goal of suffrage. What

effect Casement's views on the reunion of the associations had on Anthony's

speech is unknown, although we do know that Anthony spent two days at the

Casement home prior to her talk. Regardless of its inspiration, Anthony's

lecture highlighted the ERA's first year.²⁶

The first anniversary meeting of the ERA had plenty to celebrate. In one

year, the association grew from twenty-one to 131 members and branched out

into the surrounding communities of Kirtland, Mentor, and Chardon.

Moreover, the level of the association's discussions evolved from parlor talks

to petitioning the state General Assembly to change property and inheritance

laws regarding women. Meetings moved from leading members' residences to

the county courthouse and the Painesville City Hall. The ERA's ability to

mobilize for women's causes became evident. The ERA's anniversary cele-

bration echoed these themes of change. Attending the meeting were members

of the NWSA and AWSA, in addition to the WRC and OWSA. Casement

served as the mistress of ceremonies and again emphasized the message of to-

getherness among women's organizations. She stated:

The organization represented here today differs in name alone, our outlook for the

future aim is toward the same object.... Let us work with renewed energy to in-

crease our numbers and more thoroughly organize throughout the state and the na-

tion. We have only to look at our sisters of the WCTU to see how thorough orga-

nization educates. There is much to be done, but with the advice and counsel of

those who have had more experience, let us do our part to help, knowing that be-

fore long right will prevail.⁷

The speech offered more, including the need to amend the nation's laws that

had been written exclusively by men and failed to consider women and chil-

dren. Additionally, Casement called for social as well as voting equality.

and Sisters: Letters between Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, 1846-93, Carol Lasser

and Marlene Deahl Merrill, eds. (Urbana, Ill., 1987), 227-36; ERA Diary, Casement Papers,

Box 1, Folder 60, OHS; Lucy Stone to Frances Jennings Casement, transcript in the hand of

Stone, 10 October 1884, FJC Papers, Box 1, Folder 4, LCHS; Frances Jennings Casement's

Address to the AWSA, 20 November 1884, FJC Papers, Box 1, Folder 4, LCHS.

26. ERA Diary, Casement Papers, Box 1, Folder 60, OHS; Painesville Telegraph, 28

November 1884; Harper, Susan B. Anthony, vol. 1,380.

27. Painesville Telegraph, 12 December 1884.

Frances Jennings Casement                                       175

She firmly believed that woman's position in society would change only

through the acquisition of suffrage rights.

Casement also persuaded her husband to speak at the anniversary meeting.

His address echoed her message of equality for women and called on the like-

minded men of Painesville to support the cause of women's suffrage actively.

Utilizing her husband's talents represented an astute maneuver on Casement's

part, as presenting a local, well-respected man who backed the suffrage issue

resonated within the males in the audience. Casement intended for her hus-

band to serve as a role model for the community's men.²⁸

The successes of the ERA created increased publicity for Casement. Her

leadership abilities displayed in the ERA and her progressive vision for the fu-

ture of the women's movement would propel her to the presidency of the

Ohio Woman Suffrage Association in 1885, a position from which she would

serve as a vocal advocate until 1888 when she resigned her office. Why

Casement resigned after only three years of service is a mystery. But an edu-

cated guess would point to her extreme fear of public speaking; she often be-

lieved herself to be an ineffectual speaker and loathed the responsibility of lec-

turing. Being the president of the OWSA presumably increased her public

speaking engagements, and thus it is possible that her phobia may have in-

fluenced her decision to resign in 1888. But it was more likely that a per-

sonal tragedy led to her resignation. Her son, John Frank Casement, died on

11 March 1886 of typhoid fever at the age of nineteen (of her three sons, only

one survived to adulthood, Dan Dillon Casement), a tragedy which perhaps

helped sap her willingness to serve.²⁹

In 1920, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

honored Frances Jennings Casement as a pioneer in the movement, one who

served as a leader in the movement before 1880. She displayed remarkable

foresight in her continual call for a unified national front in the suffrage

cause. Ironically, when the NAWSA formed in 1890, Casement was living

with her husband in Costa Rica where he served as chief engineer on the San

Jose-Pacific Railroad construction project. They remained in Costa Rica until

1903. Although she was not directly involved with the creation of the na-

tional organization, it is certainly likely that her efforts in the ERA and

OWSA helped lead to its birth.³⁰

Casement died on 24 August 1928 at the age of eighty-nine. She remained

active in women's causes relating to education and labor until her death. She

never strayed from her social justice ideals or her belief that solid organization

was the strongest asset to the women's suffrage movement, and she fought to

28. ERA Diary, Casement Papers, Box 1, Folder 60, OHS; Painesville Telegraph, 12

December 1884.

29. Painesville Telegraph, 18 March 1887.

30. Carrie Chapman Catt to Frances Jennings Casement, 15 March 1920, typescript, FJC

Papers, Box 1, Folder 4, LCHS.

176                                                   OHIO HISTORY

change state and national laws that were discriminatory toward women. She

had realistic goals and pragmatic, effective means of achieving them. In her

diary, Casement wrote, "To change society, you must change government,

and voting is the only way." The fate of the women's suffrage movement of-

fers testimony to her ideals and her means of achieving them.³¹

31. Casement Papers, Box 2, Folder 3, OHS.