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REPORT OF FIELD WORK

CARRIED ON IN THE MUSKINGUM, SCIOTO AND OHIO VAL-

LEYS DURING THE SEASON OF 1896, BY WARREN KING

MOOREHEAD, IN CHARGE OF EXPLORATIONS.

PREFACE.

It is interesting to note that as general archaeology pro-

gresses in the United States, men are more inclined to confine

their observations to special or limited areas. A generation ago,

before the Government, the Museums of our various cities and

the Scientific and Historical Societies undertook large explora-

tions, it was possible for one observer to cover the whole of the

American field from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Mexico.

Later, as anthropologic science advanced, one essayed to write of

the Mound Builders, another on the Cliff Dwellers and yet an-

other upon the antiquities of Central America. To-day, scientists

have so specialized that volumes may indeed be written upon the

prehistoric remains of one river valley. This is the natural out-

come of much study and investigation. What is true of every

other science is also true of that most important branch of An-

thropology-prehistoric archaeology. In the past it was suffi-

cient to briefly describe our mounds and earthworks, give their

measurements, enlarge upon their supposed character and pur-

pose, etc. Most of our archaeologists in this modern age follow

the natural history method, which, by the way, is by far the

safest and most satisfactory, and study every little pottery frag-

ment, flint implement, bit of shell or worked tool as carefully

and persistently as does the palaeontologist his fossil. With

them, it is not so much the prettiest and most perfect specimen,

but all the specimens which tell the story. A mound is explored

by them, not for what it contains, but because something may

be learned from its examination. The rude hammer stone*-an

* In this connection, Archaeologist J. D. McGuire well remarks:

"The hammer is homely at best, and is less sought for by collectors, but

from an archaeological standpoint the hammer tells us more of ancient

times than does the celt."

(165)

166 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

object of contempt among ill-trained collectors of only fantastic

objects,-the arrow head, the pottery sherd and the bones from

the mound are religiously placed by themselves in one of the

museum trays. Finds, poor though they may be, from other

mounds are similarly treated, and in the museum do they study

the mounds of the whole valley and compare the testimony with

that of another.

Our Society must carry on this detailed, local work, if it

would cover the State thoroughly and obtain the most satis-

factory results.

Indeed, our work done otherwise, fails to extend archaeo-

logic knowledge and will surely bring upon our heads the con-

demnation of future generations. During the season described

in this report our party constantly bore in mind the importance

of local work and endeavored to make thorough the explora-

tion of each section visited.

To Mr. Walter O'Kane I am indebted for assistance during

the trip down the Muskingum from its source to McConnelsville.

Mr. O'Kane acted as photographer and also rendered valuable

services in directing the laborers at Coshocton and Duncan's

Falls.

Mr. Clarence Loveberry accompanied me through Brush

Creek Valley, along the Ohio River to Portsmouth and up the

Scioto to Richmondale. Having had three summers' experi-

ence in the field, Mr. Loveberry took charge of the men in my

absence. I am especially indebted to him for the exploration of

the Harness Mound (which was carried on largely under his

supervision) and for assistance in Perry County and at the Great

Stone Mound of the Reservoir.

I desire to thank Mr. Clinton Cowen, C. E., of Cincinnati,

for ground plans and surveys of the works on the Scioto and

along the Ohio. Mr. Cowen was with our party two weeks.

To the following ladies and gentlemen, the Ohio Archaeo-

logical and Historical Society, the Ohio State University and our

survey are indebted for permission to excavate upon their lands,

for personal courtesies and for information as to mounds, etc., to

be located upon the State map:

Report of Field Work. 167

Mr. Alderman, McConnelsville.

Mr. C. Ackerwood, Dresden.

Mr. F. E. Bingman, Jackson.

Mr. T. M. Bright, Chagrin Falls.

Mr. William Beaumont, Alexandria.

Mr. W. S. Bradshaw, Hanging Rock.

Gen. R. Brinkerhoff, Mansfield.

S. H. Binkley, Alexandersville.

Mr. G. F.Bareis, Canal Winchester.

Mr. Briggs, Portsmouth.

Mr. J. W. Barger, Waverly.

Mr. William Briggs, Fields.

Mr. Owen Brown, Thornville.

Mr. R. L. Condon, Omega.

Mr. J. C. Corwin, Waverly.

Mr. Austin Cooprighter, Glenford.

Messrs. Davis Bros., Diamond.

Mr. Flory, Newport.

Mr. J. V. Farver, Millersport.

Mr. Finley, North Liberty.

Mr. Feurt, Portsmouth.

Major Foster, Higsby.

Mr. A. C. Francisco, Akron.

Mr. Gamble, Walhonding.

Miss Hunter, Brink Haven.

Mr. E. Hyde, Lancaster.

Mr. Higby, Higby's.

Messrs. Harness, Richmondale.

Mr. H. Hope, Paint.

Mr. W. C. Hampton, Mt. Victory.

Mr. R. E. Hills, Delaware.

Mr. J. H. Johnson, South Portsmouth, Ky.

Mr. Johnson, Coshocton.

Mr. E. H. Moore, Athens.

Mr. G. F. Manning, Coshocton.

Mr. Wm. McCormack, Youngsville.

Dr. A. J. Marks, Toledo.

Mr. Monteath, Concord, Ky.

168 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

Mr. J. Maxwell, Coshocton.

Mrs. Jane McCullough, Youngsville.

Mr. John Montgomery, Youngsville.

Miss McCullough, Newport.

Mr. C. C. Naylor, Manchester.

Mr. J. R. Nissley, Ada.

Mr. Owens, Concord, Ky.

Mr. Plummer, Newport.

Mr. Patton, Youngsville.

Mr. E. S. Perkins, Weymouth.

Mr. Joseph Porteus, Coshocton.

Mr. Porteus, Sr., Coshocton.

The Quick Heirs, Loudonville.

Mr. J. M. Richardson, Wilmington.

Mr. L. Simonton, Lebanon.

Mr. J. Stout, Rome.

Mr. E. Schlupp, Lovell.

Mr. C. C. Stamin, Mifflin.

Mr. Sherwood, Malta.

Mr. Swarington, Newport.

Mr. L. D. Sprague, McConnelsville.

Mr. Tomlinson, Newport.

Mr. Tom Tipton, Williamsport.

Mr. J. W. Tweed, Ripley.

Mr. F. E. Williams, Wauseon.

Mr. Barton Walters, Circleville.

Mr. J. Williams, Youngsville.

Mr. George Workman, Walhonding.

Mr. Wilhelm, Duncan's Falls.

Mr. Frank Yost, Thornville.

Mr. Irvin Yost, Thornville.

Several gentlemen were especially courteous in obtaining

permissions for exploration, in introducing us, in procuring col-

lections and in showing us remains which might have escaped

our notice. I acknowledge my obligations to them:-Mr. H. B.

Case, Loudonville; Messrs. Pomerine, Coshocton; Mr. R. Mc-

Cullough, Youngsville; Mr. Arrick, McConnelsville; Dr. W. H.

Report of Field Work. 169

Robe, Youngsville; Mr. Charles Wertz, Portsmouth; Mr. Higby,

Higby's Station; Messrs. Harness, Richmondale; Mr. W. H.

Davis, Lowell.

WARREN KING MOOREHEAD.

Columbus, O., Dec. 1st, 1896.

FIELD WORK DURING THE SPRING AND SUMMER

OF 1896.

SECTION 1. PERRY COUNTY.

Perry County is pretty well divided as to drainage between

the Muskingum and the Hocking. The northern portion of the

County is drained by Jonathan Creek, a tributary of the former.

As our observations were to be confined to the Muskingum and

its branches we did no work in the southern part of the County.

We found that Hopewell and Thorne Townships alone con-

tained more than forty ancient remains and that at least Jon-

athan Creek Valley, if not all of Perry County, is but a contin-

uation of the great works known as the Newark Group.* But

none of the mounds and enclosures can compare in size with

them, and of the entire county but three structures can be placed

in what may be termed "the first class," and they are the Reser-

voir stone mound, the stone fort and the earth enclosure near

Glenford.

THE STONE MOUND OF THE LICKING COUNTY RESERVOIR

is located upon a high hill ten miles from Flint Ridge, two miles

from the town of Thornville, Perry County, and seven miles

from the stone fortification at Glenford. It is just over the Lick-

ing County line, north from Thornville, and overlooks the valley

now filled by the Licking County Reservoir and formerly occu-

pied by an ancient lake.

* See Squier & Davis' "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi

Valley", plate XXV; also "Notes on Ohio Archaeology", by Gerard

Fowke, plate V.

170 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

It is one of the greatest mounds in the State, but has never

been generally known because at the time of the construction

of the Reservoir, most of the sandstone blocks and fragments

of which it is composed, were hauled away by the contractors

and utilized in the formation of the Reservoir walls. At the

present day it is upon the farm of Mr. Owen Brown.

Early in April, 1896, the structure was of the following

dimensions: 189 feet northeast and southwest; 207 feet north-

west and southeast; average height 81/2 feet; maximum height

12 feet; minimum height 5 feet. From traditions and publica-

tions of early archaeologists and from the curve preserved by a

large tree on the north side, it must have been about 55 feet in

height when completed. This tree, some five or five and a half

feet in diameter, has an extensive spread of roots and holds in

place a bulk of material 15 by 25 feet. (Figure 1).

Large stones, 20 to 40 pounds, originally composed the bulk

of the mound, but these have been nearly all removed, and only

the smaller ones, sand, earth and decayed vegetable matter re-

main. Work was begun early the morning of the 24th of March

and continued for five days with an average force of nine men.

Excavations proved that the mound rested upon original sur-

face yellow clay (see museum specimens in tray 6285), that the

Report of Field Work. 171

ground had been cleared and burned over; the sod line or base

was one inch thick and interspersed with flint chips, burnt clay

and a little charcoal and gravel. Figure II will show the struct-

ure from natural clay down to shale and from the base line of

the mound to the top. At this point the mound was nine feet

high. Generally above the base line was three feet of clay in which

a few stones occurred. The clay showed the "dumps" plainly.

In some places instead of clay, sand was found, and our section

exhibits such a part of the mound.

As near as could be determined, an undisturbed section of

the mound 40 x 20 feet was selected and an excavation sunk to

the original base line. In other parts of the mound eight or ten

large holes were put down, but it seems that nearly the whole

of the original area covered had been disturbed by those vandals

who hauled away stone, not by the hundreds but by the thous-

ands of wagon loads for the Reservoir walls. Thus, in the in-

terest of modern progress, was destroyed one of the most im-

portant and imposing, if not unique, tumuli in the entire Ohio

valley.

This may seem at first sight to be an exaggeration, but let

us call your attention to the facts. We have, it is true, stone

fortifications, enclosures and mounds. But these are never more

than 12 or 15 feet high,-while the average is less than 6 feet.

Hence a stone monument 30 feet high would be both unusual

172 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

and unique-a freak, as it were. Imagine the importance in pre-

Columbian times, of a stone mound 50 or 55 feet in altitude.

What important personages must have been interred in it! One

old man, who visited the mound, said that as a boy he had seen

several skeletons, covered with copper rings and plates, sur-

rounded by chestnut logs. He thought these were found near

the north side. Our excavations in sites which we took to be

undisturbed, yielded no returns. Too thoroughly had the ignor-

ant teamsters done their work of demolition.

One can conceive the magnitude of the task undertaken by

the builders when it is remembered that the most conservative

estimate places the number of wagon loads of stone hauled from

this mound at 5,000.

The large mound was originally surrounded by a low em-

bankment of earth which has disappeared. South of the mound

is a small one 250 feet distant. It was 40 feet east and west, 28

feet north and south, and three feet high. It is composed of

yellow clay and on the top were some large stones weighing from

40 to 60 pounds, about one hundred of them. We cannot as-

sign a reason for its construction. We dug 20 x 25 feet, taking

out all of the original mound. In the mound were found some

burnt stone and one arrow-head.

We can find but one satisfactory reference to the explora-

tion of this structure, and that is in Rev. J. P. McLean's "The

Mound Builders:"* "Perhaps the largest and finest stone mound

in Ohio was that which stood about eight miles south of Newark,

and one mile east of the Reservoir on the Licking summit of

the Ohio Canal. It was composed of stones found on the ad-

jacent grounds, laid up without cement, to the height of about

50 feet, with a circular base of 182 feet diameter. It was sur-

rounded by a low embankment of oval form, accompanied by a

ditch, and having a gateway to the east end. When the Reser-

voir, which is seven miles long, was made, in order to protect

the east bank so that it might be used for navigation the stones

from this mound were removed for that purpose. During the

years 1831-32 not less than fifty teams were employed in haul-

ing them, carrying away from 10,000 to 15,000 wagon loads.

* Cincinnati, 1885, page 42.

Report of Field Work. 173

Near the circumference of the base of the mound were discov-

ered fifteen or sixteen small earth mounds and a similar one in

the center. These small mounds were not examined until 1850

when two of them were opened by some of the neighboring farm-

ers. In one were found human bones with some fluviatile shells,

and in the other, two feet below a layer of hard white fire clay, they

came upon a trough covered by small logs, and in it was found

a human skeleton, around which appeared the impression of

coarse cloth. With the skeleton were found fifteen copper rings

and a breastplate or badge. The wood of the trough was in a

good state of preservation, the clay over it being impervious

to both air and water. The central mound was afterwards

opened and found to contain a great many human bones but

no other relics of any note."

In the possession of a farmer we saw an X-shaped copper

ornament which he claimed came from the mound. It will be

remembered that the so-called "Holy Stone of Newark" was

found in this structure encased in a stone box. While any arch-

aeologist would admit the genuineness of the copper cross and

bracelets, they have proven that the "Holy Stone of Newark"

is a "fake" pure and simple. Mr. Warrick is the only surviving

workman who assisted in the excavating at the time of the

discovery. He knows nothing personally of the "Holy Stone,"

but did see the other relics. In this connection it might be well

to quote the expose as published in "Primitive Man in Ohio.:"*

"Some writers have misrepresented and distorted field tes-

timony to uphold theories previously formed. As an illustra-

tion of this, and of the great damage that it has done, we need

but call the attention of our readers to the famous 'Holy Stone of

Newark.'

"An enthusiastic archaeologist resided many years ago at

Newark, O. He was thoroughly in love with his work, and his

life's ambition was to discover the origin of man upon the Amer-

ican continent. He believed the lost ten tribes of Israel to be

the ancestors of the mound-building tribes. After opening

mound after mound and finding no evidence whatever in sup-

port of his hypothesis, he became desperate. He purchased a

* G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1892, page IV, preface.

174 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

Hebrew Bible and primer and shortly afterwards there was dis-

covered in a stone box, in a mound that he had investigated,

a slab, on one side of which was a likeness of Moses, and on the

reverse an abridged form of the ten commandments. The stone

attracted world-wide attention, and many publications were is-

sued describing it. No one doubted the genuineness of the

affair until after the man's death. In cleaning up his office the

administrator found in a small rear room bits of slate with at-

tempts at carving Hebrew characters upon them. They also

found a fair copy of the wood-cut of Moses used as a frontis-

piece in the testament.

"The influence of this over-zealous deceiver has gone

throughout the length and breadth of our land, and one may

still hear at lectures upon American archaeology statements con-

cerning the Indian's descent from the Jew, basing such asser-

tions upon the testimony of the supposed 'Holy Stone of New-

ark,' which, as is above shown, was simply a counterfeit."

We could not detect a trace of the small earth mounds men-

tioned by Rev. MacLean. Man has destroyed them all. Con-

sidering the size and character of the mound, one would nat-

urally suppose that it would have contained much of value and

importance. Viewed in this light our work was a disappoint-

ment.

FRANK YOST'S MOUNDS.

A large irregular fortification and three mounds occur upon

the farm of Mr. Frank Yost, three and a half miles south of

Thornville, on a hill some 100 feet in height. Clay is used in

their composition. The group is distant about two miles from

the great stone fort on the hill south of Glenford. South of the

fortification and almost adjoining it, is a circle enclosing a bird

with wings outspread. The circle, as near as we could judge

without the use of surveying instruments and employing a hun-

dred-foot tape, was 652 feet around, 31 feet wide and 4 feet high.

Its gateway faces to the north and was 23 feet wide. The bird

effigy (body, head to tail), is 48 feet north and south. The east

wing is 122 feet from edge of body to tip; west wing 111 feet

from edge of body to tip. The body is 20 feet wide. The total

Report of Field Work. 175

length from tip to tip is 253 feet. Measurements of the wings

20 feet from the ends are, east wing 31 feet, west wing

30 feet. A ditch existed between the bird and the cir-

cle. It has filled considerably and is now 18 inches deep. Its

original depth was about four feet. The original distance from

the bottom of the ditch to the top of the circle was 9 feet. The

head of the bird was 28 feet from the center of the circle bank.

A small mound 100 feet northwest of the circle was opened

and in it was found much burnt earth, charcoal and calcined

stones, but no specimens. The mound is 40 feet in diameter

and 4 feet high. There was a large deposit of burnt clay in the

bottom. We excavated in the bird effigy, finding ashes.

Mr. Austin Cooprighter owns an adjoining farm to Mr. Yost,

and upon his land runs the same embankment for some four or

five hundred feet. On the first terrace on Jonathan Creek, dis-

tant 300 yards from the fortification above, are two elongated

mounds, one headed north and south and the other east and

west. Large holes were sunk in Mr. Cooprighter's mounds and

in the largest one were ashes, mica and burnt clay in quan-

tities. Neither relics nor bones were found. Some time was

spent in surface hunting over neighboring village sites with pro-

fitable results.*

IRVIN YOST'S MOUND.

On a high hill three and a half miles south of Thornville,

is a mound 51x56x41/2 feet. With the exception of a few large

stones near the center, the mound was composed entirely of

clay. We began on the south side with a trench 36 feet wide

and carried it entirely through, finding charcoal, burnt earth,

pottery fragments, flint implements, a circular disc and a hema-

tite celt. Some decayed bones, all that remained of a skel-

ton, were found. A village site extended to the northwest of

the mound.

Mr. Atwater in his volume, "Archaeologia Americana," de-

scribes the great stone work in Perry County, five miles north-

* Dr .Cyrus Thomas in a Smithsonian Institution Bulletin (Washing-

ton, 1891), entitled "A Catalogue of Prehistoric Works", reports some

eight remains in Perry county.

176 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

west of Somerset, or one mile from Glenford.* His descrip-

tion is valuable in that it gives us some conception of the height

of the walls and of the mound they surrounded. He says it

resembled a sugar loaf and was 12 to 15 feet high at the time

of his visit. We can judge of the enormous amount of stone

taken away by neighboring farmers and contractors, for the

mound is to-day but a pitiful heap of stones and the wall in places

has about disappeared.

Not only because of their geographic position but also on

account of similarity in construction and contents, do the

mounds of Perry County belong to the Muskingum tribe. Art,

as found in them, does not evince a high degree of culture, but

it is very ancient and therefore of paramount importance. Per-

haps one makes no mistake in venturing the suggestion that the

people in this region had no commerce with other tribes. Cer-

tainly there is not sufficient mica, copper and other foreign sub-

stances to prove that trade relations existed.

Never have we witnessed so many chips and discs of Flint

Ridge material (except at the Ridge itself) as occur upon the

Perry County sites. Nearly every knoll was a workshop. Boys

and farmers find thousands of arrows, spears, knives and scrapers

of this material and yet the supply does not seem to be exhausted.

Little other material occurs.

Flint Ridge stone being found in every county of Ohio set-

tles as a fact the proposition that while we may consider one

section of the State older than another, yet the quarries at the

Ridge were worked through a long period of time. It is cer-

tain that the earliest men in Ohio resided within the State but

a short time before they discovered and utilized Flint Ridge ma-

terial. In this connection it would be interesting to ascertain

if the quarries upon the Walhonding River are older. It is just

possible that both localities may have been developed at the

same period.

SECTION 2. THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY PROPER.

On May 6th Mr. Walter O'Kane and myself left for Mans-

field with the intention of following the Muskingum from its

* American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., 1820, page 132.

Report of Field Work. 177

source to the Ohio River. Our mission was two-fold-to locate

upon our State archaeological map all the ancient remains in the

region and to explore burial places and collect specimens. The

Muskingum as a whole has never been investigated by any insti-

tution and there was, consequently, almost nothing known re-

garding its pre-Columbian occupation except at three localities-

Newark, Loudonville and Marietta.

Proceeding east from Mansfield we struck the head waters

of Black Fork at a point where the stream was some twenty feet

in width. We followed this down through Mifflin and Perryville,

Ashland County, also through the edges of Holmes and Knox.

As we drew near to Coshocton the valleys deepened and other

tributary streams swelled the stream until it became the Mohican

River and presently the Walhonding. We found many gravel

burials, especially between Loudonville and Warsaw, but they

were most numerous around Warsaw, Mohawk, Mifflin and

Zanesville. We do not consider that the gravel knoll burials

were made by the same tribe which erected the tumuli, but by an

earlier and more primitive one.

MIFFLIN, ASHLAND COUNTY, BLACK CREEK VALLEY.

On Mr. C. C. Stamin's farm are several gravel knolls or

glacial kames. In two of these decayed skeletons have been

found three to five feet from the surface. About fifteen were

found when grading for a bank barn was in progress. A few

flint implements were with the bones. In searching the fields

we found a hematite celt and a flint knife. Figure III shows Mr.

Stamin's kame and barn on the site of the skeleton finds.

We dug several holes about the lame (shown in photograph,

16,201 museum number), but found no skeletons, all having been

removed. In a large gravel hill at the edge of Mifflin we also

dug without results. There are few mounds this far up the

stream.

Reaching Perrysville we met Professor Sample, who has a

large collection. He located mounds and village sites on our

map. En route to Perrysville we stopped at the Copus monu-

ment, where whites were killed by Indians in 1812, and photo-

graphed it. It is an historic spot. We met and conversed with

178 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

the grandson of the pioneer. At this point, as throughout the

valley, we purchased specimens of farmers.

From Perrysville Mr. O'Kane inspected the Delaware village

site three miles up the stream, known as "Black Fork of the

Mohican." He looked for graves and lodge sites, but was unable

to find them, though he dug several deep holes. He also saw

two mounds. Both had been examined.

LOUDONVILLE, ASHLAND COUNTY.

We began work the morning of the 8th on the Quick farm.

There are two mounds, one about obliterated and the other stand-

ing 9x72x68 feet. The former is in low ground and the latter on

a hill of 200 feet elevation. They are in the edge of Holmes

County, just a little over the line in Washington Township. The

nearly obliterated one was about ten inches high and was speedily

excavated. Nothing in it.

The large one is composed of dark red clay and is shown

in Figure IV. It had been partly dug some sixty years ago.

In it were found two skeletons, a boulder layer and a slate

Report of Field Work. 179

ornament. There were slight evidences of camp sites in the ad-

joining fields, but more in the valley below, along the stream.

We sunk a trench eight and one-half feet wide and nine feet

deep and continued the same around the mound, widening it at

the bottom. We found the mound had been built over a slight

depression and therefore while but seven feet high on the north

side, was nine feet on the east and south sides.

It was erected upon a burnt floor or base. Above this was

a dark streak one-half inch wide; then a layer of ashes and pottery

fragments and burnt bones one-half inch thick. A hard burnt

"pan" or floor, one inch thick and cement-like in character was

above this. It seems to have extended over a space 12x15 feet.

From the summit down to within one foot of the base line the

structure exhibited no stratification. There was a heavy deposit

of white earth eight inches thick above the hard floor.

We extended our trench forty feet in total length around

the old or central excavation, examining all the earth as far as

there were indications of burials, ashes, pottery, etc.

We found, some sixteen feet southeast of the center, a skele-

ton on the base line. It was much broken and decayed. How-

ever, a large piece of skull and some of the leg bones were secured.

Thirty-five or forty beads lay about the neck. All the earth around

180 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

the skeleton was carefully examined with trowels, also sifted

through our hands in search of more beads, but the string had

been a small one.

The legs of the individual were crossed at the knees. Under

them were some small pebbles of irregular shape.

Animal bones, chiefly deer, were in the ashes below the hard

floor. Some fifty of these were found and about 400 pottery frag-

ments.

Upon completion of the work we filled the trench to within

a few inches of the top. Figure V shows a section of our trench

and its curvature.

We inquired of local collectors as to other mounds, but ascer-

tained that all of them had been excavated.

Mr. H. B. Case, of Loudonville, was with our party during

the work in Ashland County. In the Smithsonian Institution

report for 1881, pages 592 to 601, he describes the antiquities of

his county. All the remains he mentions, together with some

thirty others which we discovered, have been transferred to our

State archaeologic map. As Mr. Case is an authority we will

present his report in full.

"A square inclosure with a gateway to the southwest is situ-

ated in section 36, Clear Creek Township, on the line between

the northwest and southwest quarters of the section, upon land

owned by John and Thomas Bryte. It is about 400 feet long

by 200 feet wide, and has a gateway at the southwest corner near

a very strong spring. In 1824 Mr. Bryte commenced to clear

his farm. The embankment at that time was from three to four

feet high and ten feet wide at the base. Both the embankment

and the area were covered with large oak trees. The place now

goes by the name of Bryte's Fort.

"Two mounds stand upon a high natural elevation (90 feet),

covering about five acres at the base, and being about 60 by

90 feet on the top, which is nearly flat. Each is twenty-five feet

in diameter and four or five feet high. They are situated on the

northeast quarter section 35, Clear Creek Township. At least

one of them was explored as early as 1844, by Thomas Sprott and

brother, who found a number of human skeletons in a kind of

Report of Field Work. 181

stone cist, upon which was almost a peck of red Indian paint.

The bones were replaced.

"A circular inclosure containing two acres, more or less, is

situated just north of the Atlantic and Great Western Railway

and within the city limits of Ashland. The farm was formerly

owned by Henry Gamble. In 1812-'15 the first settlers found

embankments from three to four feet high and from eight to ten

feet wide at the base. A forest of oak, hickory, sugar and ash

grew upon and near this work. It overlooked the valley to the

south and east, and had a gateway at the southwest opening near

a fine spring. The site has been plowed for more than fifty years;

and scarcely a trace of it remained in 1878.

182 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

"There is a circular inclosure located near the north line of

the northeast quarter section 9, Mohican Township, one mile east

of Jeromeville.

"On the farm of Nicholas Glenn is a mound and an earth-

work. Information might be obtained from John Glenn, Jr., or

from William Gondy, an old settler, both of whom live at Jerome-

ville, Ohio. The works are about two miles southwest of Jerome-

ville.

"The Mohican town called Johnstown was located here. In

the years 1808-'10 it contained Delawares, Mohegans, Mohawks,

Mingos, and a few Senecas and Wyandots. Captain Pipe, a

Wolf Indian, ruled the village until he left it in 1812.

"A large circular inclosure and burial mound are situated

in Wayne County, just south of the road leading from Lake

Fork to Blatchleysville and just east of the road leading from

McZena to Blatchleysville. These remains are upon a high,

gradual elevation overlooking a vast range of prairie, northeast

and southeast, as well as the valleys westward. The circle is

a little less than one-third of a mile in circumference. At present

the embankments are from one to two feet in height. The area

and embankment are covered by the forest growth, which is not

older than sixty or seventy years, the Indians having burned this

region annually until about 1812, for the purpose of hunting.

Years ago the mound was opened by unknown persons. In 1876

the author visited it, and found that an animal had burrowed into

it and brought out a fragment of skull, which is now in his

possession. Some time after, Mr. Thomas Bushnell, of Hayes-

ville, made excavations in the mound and found only bones,

among which was a well-preserved skull. The mound is twenty-

five or thirty feet in diameter and four feet in height.

"A small mound, three or four feet high and fifteen feet in

diameter, stands upon a very high hill, perhaps the highest land in

the county, and is composed of stone and clay. It was excavated

some years ago by Dr. Emerick and a Mr. Long, who are said

to have found a skeleton in a kneeling or sitting posture, and a

pipe, both near the center. The author was unable to learn what

had become of the pipe. Messrs. H. B. Case and J. Freshwater

made another examination in 1876, but found nothing. There is a

Report of Field Work. 183

large spring at the foot of the hill, on the east side, but it is nearly

half a mile from the spring to the mound on the hill.

"In 1876 the author, in company with Mr. J. Freshwater,

made a slight examination of this mound. It is twenty or thirty

feet high, oval in shape, and over 100 feet long. The citizens

regard it as an artificial mound, but we considered it a natural

elevation of gravel drift. Excavations might change this view.

The mound is located on the west side of the Lake Fork, and just

north of the road and bridge leading from Mohican to McZena

in Lake Township.

"A mound is situated on the lands of J. L. and Cyrus Quick

in Washington Township, Holmes County, Ohio. It stands

upon an eminence which slopes gradually for half a mile south-

ward toward the bottom lands of the Lake Fork; northward and

westward it declines a short distance to a small valley extending

to the southwest. It is about five or six feet high, and thirty feet

in diameter. Some trees were growing upon the mound when

the author first visited it, some twenty-seven years ago. The

trees were perhaps not of more than one hundred years growth,

but were as old as the trees in the immediate vicinity; not far

from it, however, were oak trees two and three feet in diameter,

The mound was excavated about 1820-'25 by Isaac and Thomas

Quick, Daniel Priest, and others. It is said that, upon making

a central excavation, they found a wooden puncheon cist, to-

gether with some human remains, and ornaments of muscle shell,

which appeared to be strung around the neck. All the remains

are reported to have crumbled away on being exposed to the air.

It is difficult to ascertain the facts concerning this excavation. It

has been said that some pottery was found also. Additional re-

mains might be disclosed by further investigation. The persons

who made the excavation are dead.

"A lake is situated a short distance from the mound, on the

farm of D. Keck, Washington Township, Holmes County, Ohio,

In draining this pond a cache of flint implements was discovered.

Specimens of these implements may be seen in the Smithsonian

collection. The remainder are in the author's possession. (See

Smithsonian report of 1877, article by H. B. Case.)

"There are mounds southeast of Odel's Lake, upon the sum-

184 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

mit overlooking the lake, on the farm of J. Cannon. They were

excavated by Dr. Boden, of Big Prairie, Ohio, who has in his

possession some teeth, jaw bones, and long bones taken from

them. He says that they should be further examined. The

author has not visited the mounds.

"A mound stands on the summit of Dow's Lake, one mile

northeast of Loudonville, just east of the Holmes County line.

It was excavated about 1855 by Dr. Myers, of Fort Wayne, and

D. Rust, who found a skeleton near the center, whose structure

is of stone and earth. The top has since been leveled by the

plow. In 1876, Mr. Lucien Rust made some excavations upon

the site of the mound, and great numbers of stone were re-

moved. At length a kind of pot or cist was unearthed, which

was about 18 inches in diameter and 8 or 9 inches deep. It was

formed of stone, and the edge was covered by other stones which

made a roof over the pot. The removal of this roof or top

showed that the cist was filled with charcoal, apparently closed

while glowing coals. About 4 feet below this charcoal deposit

human remains were found, reposing horizontally. Near the

left hand was a perforated stone having the figure of a bird, re-

sembling slightly the pheasant, scratched upon it. A part of a

bone implement was also found. The bone, which is of firmer

texture than the human bones, and is perhaps a part of the leg-

bone of a deer, had been perforated, evidently with a stone drill.

Lying across this lower skeleton and some distance above it were

the remains of another. But little of the mound has been excava-

ted and further examination should be made. From the mound

the view of the surrounding country is very fine. The mound

proper has been obliterated for some years, but the site can be

observed by a slight elevation and the great number of stones

scattered about and upon it. There must have been a kind of

hollow made in the Waverly shale which lies near the surface

upon the underlying Waverly sandstone, of which the hill is

composed, because when one digs the same depth elsewhere on

the hill the shaly sandstone is penetrated. The stone implement

is in the possession of L. Rust, Loudonville; the bones, bone

implement, and charcoal are in the author's cabinet.

"A mound is situated just north of Loudonville, on the sum-

Report of Field Work. 185

mit of Bald Knob. For a long time it was supposed by the

citizens of Loudonville to have been formed by counterfeiters

in former times. The author excavated it in 1877, and found

it a veritable mound containing fragments of human bones and

of charcoal. Being encased with large sandstones, and com-

posed of stone and earth, it is very difficult to excavate. As

there has been a central depression for a great many years, what

remains the mound contained of a perishable character have

probably been destroyed by the collecting of water. This site

also commands a fine view of the Black Fork valley.

"The settlers of 1808-'09-'10 found here a village of Dela-

wares, the remnant of a "Turtle" tribe. Their chief was a white

man, taken in infancy-Capt. Silas Armstrong. They removed

to Piqua, Miami County, Ohio, in 1812, the site of the old bury-

ing-ground, now almost entirely obliterated by cultivation. It

is located a few rods north of the Black Fork, upon a gentle emi-

nence, in the southwest part of northeast quarter section 18,

Green Township. The southern portion of the site is still in

woods, and the depressions that mark the graves are quite dis-

tinct. Henry Harkell and the author exhumed several of the

skeletons in the summer of 1876. In some cases the remains

were inclosed in a stone cist; in others, small rounded drift-bowl-

ders were placed in order around the skeletons. The long bones

were mostly well preserved. No perfect skull was obtained, nor

were there any stone implements found in the graves. At the

foot of one a clam shell was found. The graves are from 21/2 to 3

feet deep, and the remains repose horizontally. A few relics,

such as stone axes, arrow-heads and a few bits of copper, have

been picked up in the immediate vicinity. They are in the hands

of the author. On the opposite side of the stream and some

distance below, near the south line of southeast quarter-section

18, Green Township, there are ancient fireplaces. They are about

15 inches below the present surface, and are formed of bowlders,

regularly laid. The earth is burned red. Great numbers of

stones have fallen into the stream during its incursions upon the

west bank. Some three or four of these fireplaces are yet plainly

visible, but in a few years they will be swept away by the cur-

rent. About half a mile east of the graves is a small circular

186 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

earthwork almost razed. It contained about 1� acres, and

had a gateway looking to the river, which is westward. It

is situated upon the nearly level bottom land of the beautiful

valley.

"Upon the high ridge separating the valleys of Black Fork

and Honey Creek is a depression filled with large and small

bowlders. J. Freshwater and the author removed them to some

depth, but as the stones were heavy we desisted from further in-

vestigation. This point would command a view of the valley

of the Black Fork, overlooking, as it does, the old village of

Greentown; and by walking a few rods eastward on the same

eminence a view of the valley of Honey Creek might be had.

Most of the trees on this height are less than 100 years old. It

may have been timberless during the occupation of this work.

The excavation appears to have been about 15 feet in diameter.

"There is a stone mound, situated on a lofty eminence

overlooking the Black Fork valley northwestward, and east-

ward the valley near Loudonville. The author has never

seen the work, but it has been described to him as a small stone

and earth mound such as are usually found on high points.

"A short distance northwest, on the farm of L. Oswald,

southwest quarter-section 18, in the woods, is a mound about

30 feet in diameter and from 4 to 6 feet high. It was slightly

opened at the center by the owner of the lands, who found part

of a skull.

"A mound and earthwork are located upon the old Parr

farm, now owned by C. Byers, in the northwest part of south-

west quarter-section 19, Green Township. The mound stands

on the west side of the Black Fork, within 2 or 3 rods of the

stream. It was quite large originally, perhaps 8 or 10 feet high

and 35 to 50 feet in diameter. At present it is from 4 to 6 feet

above the level of the bottom land and is spread over a consid-

erable space. When the first settlers came, there was an earth-

work running a little southwest from the mound for some 20

rods, then back eastward to the river. The place has been un-

der cultivation for forty or fifty years and the work is now ob-

literated. The mound was encased with a wall of sandstone

bowlders as large as a man can lift.

Report of Field Work. 187

"These stones must have been carried from the hill half

a mile west where they are found in place. The wall was care-

fully laid, as can be seen by excavations below the depth of the

plow where the pile is still intact. The mound was examined

in 1816 by some persons named Slater, who found in it bones,

flint implements, a pipe, and a copper wedge which they thought

gold. Accordingly they took it to a silversmith at Wooster,

Ohio, who told them that it was copper, and bought it from them

for a trifle. In 1878 the mound was explored by J. Freshwater

and the author. The center of the mound, where not disturbed

by former excavations, resembles an altar or fire-place where

the fire had burned the earth to a brick-red. In the ashes and

burnt earth were fragments of arrow-heads broken by the heat.

The fire had been kindled on the mound when it was from 2�

to 3 feet high. No human remains were discovered in this last

excavation. A few scrapers were found, which are in the cab-

inets of the above named gentlemen.

"On the summit of a hill west of Perrysville, and to the right

of the road leading to Newville, was a mound, now entirely

obliterated. In 1816-'20 it was opened by the Slaters, who found

a pipe, human remains, and some other relics.

"A large oval earthwork is on the summit of the ridge be-

tween the valleys of Black Fork and Clear Fork. It is 210 feet

wide by 350 feet long. About the center of the inclosure was

a large pile of stone bowlders, most of which have been removed

to the level of the ground. There is, however, a visible outline

of the stonework, which consisted of a paved circular space.

No excavation has been made in either the stone or clay work

beyond 1 or 2 feet in depth; consequently the character of the

mound is unknown. A forest, containing oak trees over 30

inches in diameter and other large trees, covers most of the work,

but a portion extends into a field and has been almost razed

by the plow.

"On a high hill directly north of the junction of the Black

Fork and the Clear Fork, and overlooking the same, is a stone

and earth mound composed principally of large sandstones from

the immediate vicinity. Some twenty or twenty-five years ago

it was explored by unknown persons. The author examined it

188 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

again in 1877, but discovered nothing. A similar mound is said

to have been located upon the hill south of the Clear Fork, just

below the junction of Pine Run. The stone were hauled away

and the site plowed over.

"The old Delaware village of Hell Town is on the Clear

Creek in Richland County, near Newville. It is on the south

side of the stream about 4 miles from the Ashland County line.

It was deserted about 1782, the time of the massacre of Gnaden-

hutten. Graves were visible until two years ago; the field is

now cleared and plowed. In the author's cabinet are two iron

scalping-knives and an iron tomahawk which were thrown up

by the plow; also the brass mountings of a gun, a gun-flint, a

stone ax, and some arrow-heads. Dr. James Henderson of New-

ville, Ohio, has in his possession several articles obtained from

this site. The Indians formerly called their settlement Clear

Town, and the stream Clear Fork, but learning the German

word hell, for clear or bright, they changed the name to Hell

Town.

"A rock shelter is located on the west side of Clear Fork,

in the conglomerate sandstone of the Lower Carboniferous. It

was explored in 1877 by L. Rust and the author, who found

about 2 feet of ashes intermingled with a few animal bones and

coprolites. No human remains were disclosed excepting a split

bone, and even that is doubtful. The ashes continue deeper, and

further examination might prove interesting."

At Brink Haven the stream (Mohican River) is large and

can be navigated in a canoe. There are many stone mounds

on both sides, upon the high hills.

On the Hunter farm one mile below the village, is a small

mound 3 feet high and 35 feet base, made of yellow clay. It

is shown in Figure VI. Although thoroughly examined, there

was nothing found in it.

Mr. Gann lives opposite the Hunters, across the Mohican.

On his farm are two mounds 300 yards apart. One is 4 feel

high and 35 feet base. Both are injured by cultivation. In

the larger one we found some charcoal. Four large white flint

arrow-heads lay about a foot from the surface near the center.

Nothing else was found.

Report of Field Work. 189

The small mound contained charcoal and burnt earth.

There were no bones or relics. Both mounds were examined

thoroughly.

We reached Walhonding late in the evening of the 12th.

We saw a cache of rough flint implements in the possession of

Mr. George Workman. He found them in a pit 3 feet deep when

clearing a woods. They occupied a space 2x11/2 feet, and num-

bered more than 400. People have carried off about half of the

cache. The others yet lie in his yard.

We went six miles up Green valley to Mr. Staats', where a

large mound 7x65 feet was reported. It had been excavated,

some one having run two large cross trenches through it. We

did not attempt to dig in it.

On the Gamble farm, 31/2 miles up Owl Creek, were two

mounds in the front yard. Each was 40x4 feet and the edges

within 20 feet of each other. Both were thoroughly trenched,

but nothing was found, except two small arrow-heads.

It is singular that the Muskingum mounds contain so little.

We cannot account for it save in this wise: that the culture was

190 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

very low and the mortuary customs different from those in vogue

in the Scioto valley.

On the way back in passing a gravel pit we secured the

skeleton of a young person. It had been buried near the pit

by the workmen who exhumed it.

Walhonding appears to have been built over several mounds

and a village site. On the north edge of the village are two

mounds yet standing. One owned by Mr. Johnson is 9 feet

high and 69 feet in diameter at the base. Mr. P. Neff had sunk

a trench through it several years ago. We found his trench

to be 5 feet wide at the top and 4 at the bottom. He does not

report having made any discovery.

There seems to have been no considerable number of bur-

ials in this structure, for we found only one decayed skeleton,

near the center and 3 feet above the base line. Nothing re-

mained but the teeth. Not far from the bones was a cone-shaped

stone (see Figure XXV). There were a few broken and one

whole arrow-head scattered through the soil. Little burnt earth

and charcoal on the base.

Report of Field Work. 191

The mound was very promising and we could not account

for its lack of contents. See Figure VII.

THE WORKMAN MOUND.

On the farm adjoining Mr. Johnson's there is a small mound

2 feet high and 60 feet in diameter. It originally stood some 5 feet

high but had been reduced by cultivation. The excavating re-

quired but a trifle over an hour, yet the results were very sat-

isfactory. (See Figure VIII).

Near a decayed antler and other deer bones, was found

an unfinished stone tube of hard material. The perforation is

but begun, yet the stone is dressed and ready for polishing. A

little south of the center of the mound were traces of bone, but

so decayed that nothing could be preserved. Above these traces

and lying in a layer with edges overlapping were 67 leaf-shaped

implements.* They are all of clear chalcedony. North of them

were some 500 small scales and fragments of flint (of the same

kind) in a heap or pocket. We take it, from their size and

* See also Figure XXIV, page 238.

192 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

form, that they are the very fragments struck off in the man-

ufacture of the leaf implements. Never having heard of a cache

accompanied by the chips and spalls, we look upon this dis-

covery as one of interest to the archaeological world.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, in his Catalogue of Prehistoric Works,

notices in Coshocton County 16 various remains. Our survey

noted all of these, examining most of them, and recorded some

thirty additional ones. Dr. Thomas says: "At Flint Ridge, on

the north bank of the Mohican River, between Walhonding and

Warsaw, numerous pits show that is was much worked. There

is a thick layer of dark flint overlooking a stratum of chalcedony;

the latter seems to have been the kind sought." While most

of the implements in the valley for twenty miles either up or

down from the quarries seem to be of the Coshocton flint and

chalcedony, yet the Muskingum valley as a whole was supplied

from Flint Ridge in Licking County. The Coshocton quarries

are small and of limited extent compared with those of Flint

Ridge. The same methods of quarrying seem to have been in

vogue and a description is therefore unnecessary.

A deposit of chalcedony (the implements found in the Work-

man mound above Walhonding seem to be of material from this

quarry) occurs upon the farm of Col. P. Methan in the south

central part of Jefferson Township.

In Muskingum Dr. Thomas reports three mounds and one

group of enclosures. The latter are near Zanesville and were

described in "'Ashe's Travels," page 108. The works are now

about obliterated.

THE LARGE PORTEUS MOUND.

In the neighborhood of Coshocton there were a large num-

ber of mounds and village sites. The town itself has covered

two mounds and obliterated a large village site. Few town sites

in the Ohio Valley can lay claim to being both prehistoric and

historic, but Coshocton can justly assume this honor. After the

mound period it was inhabited by the Delawares, Mingoes, Shaw-

nees and other tribes from 1720 to 1790. The student of Indian

and pioneer history is familiar with the various expeditions sent

against the tribes of the Tuscarawas and Walhonding. Memo-

Report of Field Work. 193

ries of such names as Logan, Cornstalk, the Half King, Pontiac,

Brandt, etc., cluster about the place. The early missionaries-

those self-denying Christians, Heckewelder and Zeisberger, also

played a part in the history of the upper Muskingum.

About two miles below Coshocton stand two mounds. Both

are on the Porteus estate, the one twenty-three feet high and 120

feet base; the other, four and one-half feet high and fifty feet

base. For many years persons have endeavored to secure per-

mission to excavate them but without success. Mr. Joseph

Porteus and his brother kindly gave consent for the examination

of the interesting tumuli. Of the large mound little need be said.

Sixteen men were employed day and night for four days in sink-

ing a trench thirty-five feet wide and seventy feet long.

The sides were loose and dangerous, and heavy bracing was

necessary. It was composed entirely of earth and unstrati-

fled. There were few pieces of charcoal noticed and no burnt

earth. No difference in color was observed even on the bottom,

and there were no soft places, the entire mass being hard packed.

194 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

While work progressed a boy found a most beautifully chipped

six-inch spear head by the base of the mound. (Specimen* 7896.)

This mound is shown in Figures IX and X. It was im-

possible to get the whole mound in the negative without re-

moving the camera some 200 feet distant. On this account the

structure appears to be smaller than it really is. Some idea of

its height can be obtained by comparing the men who stand

on the top with the structure from the plowed ground to its

summit.

After exceedingly laborious and dangerous excavation, the

bottom of the structure was reached. To our chagrin one or two

small bones, a ceremonial of galena, a few pottery fragments and

flint chips were found. No burials were discovered, although

tunnels were run in for several yards on the base line in various

directions. This was disappointing, especially after the ex-

penditure of a large sum of money. However, we learn again

that it is not always the largest and most imposing monument

which contains the greatest treasure. Failure to find anything

cannot be charged to imperfect or hasty exploration-the whole

* Museum number.

Report of Field Work. 195

center of the mound was exposed by the trench and tunnels for

a distance of thirty by twenty-five feet. As it was desirable to

restore the monument to its former shape, we engaged Mr. Por-

teus to fill our trench.*

Upon the same property is a small mound situated about 400

yards north of the large one. It is four and one-half feet high,

with a base of fifty feet. Mr. Porteus says that it was originally

eight feet high, with a base of thirty-five feet. As our force of

workmen was considerable, we were less than half a day exam-

ining its contents.

Most tumuli are entirely of earth, but this one was largely of

pure sand and rested upon a knoll of sand. The burials were

three to four feet below the surface and all considerably decom-

posed. Of seven skeletons exhumed, but few fragments were

preserved. Numerous flint chips, a few arrow-heads and three

bear tusks constituted the finds. No order was observed in the

burials with reference to cardinal points, nor were any two skele-

tons headed in a common direction.

The following day we visited a fortification three miles up

the Walhonding upon Mr. Miller's farm. It is on a hill some

200 feet high and overlooks the valley. Many of the citizens of

Coshocton claim it to be a French fort, but we would call it deci-

dedly Indian in form. It is some two acres in extent, the em-

bankment low and broad. Where preserved by woods it appears

to have originally been five feet high. A long passage way from

the valley below leads up to it, and in this respect the place is

peculiar. The passage is some fifteen feet wide on the average

and walled on either side by natural ledges eight to twelve feet

high. We think the enclosure merits future investigation.

Up the Walhonding, three miles from Coshocton, is a mound

five feet high and sixty feet in diameter on the land of Mr. M. C.

Maxwell. Situated upon the second terrace it is 200 yards from

the river. Some one had sunk a small hole in the center. Mark-

ing a space 28x35 feet we removed about all the area origi-

nally covered by the mound, and found ten skeletons, some of

* At no time were less than sixteen men employed and for two days

we had nineteen at work. No larger force was ever put on a mound in

the Ohio Valley.

196 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

which were well preserved. The humeri and other bones show-

ing peculiarities, we removed entire or nearly so. Previous dig-

ging had disturbed two skeletons in the center, cutting one body

in halves at the hips and destroying all of another save the skull.

It was interesting to note that in the eight years since the central

excavation had been made, the bodies near it were more decayed

than those farther away, all of which tends to confirm the facts

that the skeletons in a mound decay very slowly if so placed that

water cannot reach them, and that a few years of exposure to

moisture will cause more decay than three hundred years of dry

interment.

As was remarked in the case of the small Porteus mound,

no order was observed in the interment of these remains. All

were extended and lay upon the base line. A polished bone

knife or cutting tool, some arrow-heads, pottery, etc., were found.

"Skeleton B" is the most remarkable one in the mound.

When the cranium was reached, though fragmentary, it was found

to bear evidences of having a section about the size of a nickle

removed from the frontal bone on the crown of the head.

Whether this is evidence of trepanning or the result of a blow

from some round instrument, is to be determined by one of our

medical experts. We have sent the fragment to the Smithsonian

Institution and await the opinion of experts in craniometry.

This having finished the work about Coshocton, we set out

in a large skiff down the Muskingum for Zanesville. Many,

many Indians, traders and pioneers have made this trip, and as

we moved along we could but think of the history of the stream

and its importance to our native Ohioans.

At Duncan's Falls there are some tumuli, and we opened

a mound upon the Wilhelm farm one mile southwest of town,

upon a hill. It was of earth containing numerous ashes. A

former excavation (small) had been put down from the center,

and one skeleton found. The other had not been disturbed by

this excavation. The first skeleton was found on the north side

of the mound. The bones below the knee were all decayed,

other parts well preserved and nearly all saved. Near the center

was found the second skeleton. It was buried in ashes with its

head to the north. Across the cervical vertabrae was a clay pipe,

Report of Field Work. 197

broken, but yet in such fragments as will permit restoration.

Near the skeleton was a large number of charred deer bones in

ashes. No chips of flint occurred in the mound. In the left

temple of the skull was a hole evidently made by some sharp

pointed instrument. The cranium was preserved nearly entire.

Dimensions of the mound, seventy feet broad and eight feet

high.

Down the river at Malta (opposite McConnelsville) we found

many mounds and secured permission to excavate in several.

At Mr. Sherwood's farm, three miles above Malta, we found two

mounds upon a hill overlooking the Muskingum. The small

one was of stone, the larger of earth. Their dimensions were

eighteen feet broad, two feet high, and seventy feet broad and

eight feet high. In the small one were fragments of decayed bone

and two leaf-shaped spear heads of great beauty. The stones

were large and ran from ten to thirty pounds in weight. But

thirty feet intervened between the two mounds.

In the large one we ran two broad trenches, finding a layer of

ashes at the bottom. No skeleton could be located, but we found

a nice discoidal stone and some flint chips. There is a village

198 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

site of some acres in extent upon the terrace below the mounds.

The surface material upon it is not very thick. Figure XII repre-

sents the large one.

Five miles north of Malta on the McHenry farm is a clay

mound which has been much cultivated. It is four feet high and

seventy feet base. Absolutely nothing was found in it. (See

Figure XI).

Upon a high hill in the edge of McConnelsville is a large

mound owned by Mr. Alderman. He consented to let us explore

it, although his residence is but sixty feet distant and the mound

really a lawn ornament. We did the work with care and re-

stored the structure to its original form.

Being well preserved, this fine earth monument stands eight

feet high and sixty feet base. It overlooks the river and the

Sprague mound in the center of town below. Perhaps the ele-

vation of Mr. Alderman's lawn above low water in the river is

175 feet.

In the center, and just above the base line, we uncovered

some two bushels of ashes, and in them a child's remains. But

for the remarkable preservative power of ashes, these bones would

have decayed long ago, for the infant was but one or two months

old. A most beautiful bone awl, one of the best ever found,

Report of Field Work. 199

accompanied the remains. There were no other objects. In a

south side excavation we found a large spear head of Coshocton

County material.

Mr. Sprague, who owns a large mound directly in the heart

of McConnelsville, gave us permission to explore in the month

of October.

Accordingly, we went to McConnelsville the 20th of October

and thoroughly explored Mr. Sprague's mound, also giving a

lecture in the Opera House to citizens on the work of the

society. It was found that the mound could be best explored

by means of tunnels and therefore we began at the south side

and ran two main tunnels nearly through the structure. Branches

were run from these and the whole interior of the mound

thoroughly explored. The tunnels were about three feet wide

at the bottom and about four feet high and, with the branches,

extended a total of 100 feet.

The base of each tunnel was about a foot below the bottom

of the mound. Three skeletons were encountered, one on the

east side, fairly well preserved, and two upon the west, both de-

cayed. The former was near the top of the mound and had been

covered by large, flat limestone slabs. The latter were upon

the base line and we considered them original interments. The

first may have been an intrusive burial. With one of the decayed

skeletons we found a fine coffin-shaped, perforated ceremonial,

such as is shown (to the right) in Figure XXI of this report. A

few curious water-worn stones, noted for their odd shapes, and

a broken ceremonial lay upon the base line near the second de-

cayed skeleton. There was nothing else in the mound.

It was built upon a slight knoll or elevation of gravel. Very

few stones and but little gravel occurred in the mound. The clay

of which it was built is such as occurs in the immediate neighbor-

hood. As this mound was in Mr. Sprague's front yard and its

exploration necessarily caused him much inconvenience, we are

under special obligations to him for his kindness.

Although the Sprague mound was opened five months after

Mr. O'Kane and myself returned from our examination of the

Muskingum, it may be fairly stated that with the Alderman mound

ended the work in this region.

200 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

From McConnelsville we drove ten miles down the river,

inspecting mounds, etc. From that point to Marietta we ac-

cepted the testimony of Mr. Willard H. Davis, of Lowell, Wash-

ington County, who is better posted than any one else.

Rock carvings have been found at several points along the

Muskingum.

Pictographs cut into the surface of a large boulder lying

along the bank of the Muskingum were noticed by several gen-

tlemen and communicated to Washington in 1842.* The marks

represented tracks of birds, figures, etc. We inquired diligently

but no one had ever heard of it anywhere along the river from

Coshocton to McConnelsville. We did obtain description of a

carved face cut in relief on the walls of the gorge near Brink

Haven on the Mohican in the edge of Knox County. In con-

nection with this carving occurred one of the greatest pieces of

vandalism ever brought to our notice. A man living in Brink

Haven (now a barber in Springfield) deliberately chipped off

the nose of the sculpture, after which he mutilated the eyes and

mouth. We should have a law to punish such offenders. Such

a thing would not be tolerated in Europe, and the culprit would be

taught to respect antiquities.

Caleb Atwater, during his observations on archaeologic mat-

ters, knew of mounds along the Muskingum but does not at-

tempt to describe them, for he proceeds down the river to Mar-

ietta. He observes, however, that the mounds have not been

surveyed and that they are in Morgan County near the river.

Possibly he refers to those near McConnelsville.

Dr. Thomas, in his "Catalogue of Prehistoric Works," lists

about one-tenth of the number.

Of the whole Muskingum region, as to number of monu-

ments, of course Licking and Washington Counties stand first.

We have purposely omitted descriptions of the groups at New-

ark and Marietta, as these have been described and redescribed

in every work upon Ohio archaeology until the outlines are famil-

iar to all intelligent persons. But it may not be amiss to call

* Bureau of Ethnology. Report for 1882-'83, page 22.

Report of Field Work. 201

attention to some facts connected with them that are not gen-

erally known.

As to Licking County, Dr. Thomas, one of the authorities

upon mounds, says:

"With the exception of Ross, this is the most interesting

county archaeologically in the State. From the great works at

Newark divergent mound systems reach to the Ohio at Ports-

mouth and Marietta. Numerous earth mounds and enclosures

occur, besides several stone enclosures and probably more stone

mounds (some of great size) than any other equal area in the

Mississippi valley."*

+"The high ground near Newark appears to have been the

place, and the only one which I saw, where the ancient occupants

of these works buried their dead, and even these tumuli appear

to me to be small. Unless others are found in the vicinity, I

should conclude that the original owners, though very numerous,

did not reside here during any great length of time.

"If I might be allowed to conjecture the use to which these

works were originally put, I would say that the larger works

were really military ones of defense; that their authors lived

within the walls; that the parallel walls were intended for the

double purpose of protecting persons in time of danger from

being assaulted while passing from one work to another; and

they might also serve as fences, with a very few gates, to fence

in and enclose their fields, etc.

"The hearths, burnt charcoal, cinders, wood, ashes, etc.,

which were uniformly found in all similar places, that are now

cultivated, have not been discovered here; this plain probably

being an uncultivated forest. I found here several arrow-heads,

such as evidently belonged to the people who raised other sim-

ilar works."

Dr. S. P. Hildreth, of Marietta, on June 8th, 1819, wrote

to Atwater regarding the fortifications about Marietta and the

latter saw fit to insert the communication in his work. That

* Bureau of Ethnology. Report for 1890-'91, pages 458-472.

+ Archaeologia Americana, published by the American Antiquarian

Society, Worcester, Mass., 1820, by Caleb Atwater, page 129.

202 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

part which is of most importance, and we think, little known

among persons of archaeologic tendencies, we will quote.

(Pages 137-8):

"The principal excavation or well, is as much as 60 feet in

diameter at the surface, and when the settlement was first made

it was at least 20 feet deep. It is at present 12 or 14 feet, but has

been filled up a great deal from the washing of the sides by fre-

quent rains. It was originally of the kind formed in the most

early days, when the water was brought up by hand in pitchers

or other vessels, by steps formed in the sides of the well.

"The pond or reservoir, near the northwest corner of the

large fort, was about 25 feet in diameter, and the sides raised

above the level of the adjoining surface by an embankment of

earth 3 or 4 feet high. This was nearly full of water at the first

settlement of the town, and remained so until last winter, at all

seasons of the year. When the ground was cleared near the

well, a great many logs that laid nigh were rolled into it to save

the trouble of piling and burning them. These, with the annual

deposit of leaves, etc., for ages had filled the well nearly full;

but still the water rose to the surface and had the appearance

of a stagnant pool. In early times poles and rails have been

pushed down into the water and deposits of rotten vegetable

matter to the depth of 30 feet. Last winter the person who

owns the well undertook to drain it by cutting a ditch from

the well into the small covered way and he has dug to the depth

of about 12 feet and let the water off to that distance. He finds

the sides of the reservoir are not perpendicular, but projecting

gradually towards the center of the well in the form of an in-

verted cone. The bottom and sides, so far as he has examined,

are lined with a stratum of very fine ash coloured clay, about

8 or 10 inches in thickness, below which is the common soil

of the place, and above it this vast body of decayed vegetation.*

"On the outside of the parapet, near the oblong square, I

picked up a considerable number of fragments of ancient potters'

ware. This ware is ornamented with lines, some of them quite

* See volume XXVI, page 73, of Squier & Davis' Ancient Monu-

ments of the Mississippi Valley.

Report of Field Work. 203

curious and ingenious, on the outside. * * * The ware

which I have seen found near the rivers, is composed of shells

and clay and not near so hard as this found on the plain. It

is a little curious, that of the 20 or 30 pieces which I picked up

nearly all of them were found on the outside of the parapet as

if they had been thrown over the wall purposely. This is, in my

mind, strong presumptive evidence that the parapet was crowned

with a palisade. The chance of finding them on the inside of the

parapet was equally as good, as the earth had been recently

plowed and planted with corn. Several pieces of copper have

been found in and near to the ancient works at various times.

One piece, from the description I had of it, was in the form of

a cup with low sides.

"The bottom was very thick and strong. The small

mounds in the neighborhood have been but slightly, if at all,

examined.

"There was lately found at Waterford, not far from the bank

of the Muskingum, a magazine of spear and arrow-heads suffi-

cient to fill a peck measure. They lay in one body, occupying

a space of about 8 inches in width and 18 in length and at one

end about a foot from the surface of the earth, and at the other

18 inches, as though they had been buried in a box and one end

had sunk deeper in the earth than the other. * * * * They

appear never to have been used and are of various lengths from

2 to 6 inches; they have no shanks, but are in the shape of a

triangle with two long sides."

Men of Atwater's ability, living at a time when agricultural

pursuits had not spoiled the form of any of the earthworks,

made a great mistake in giving up the bulk of their publications

to discussions upon the "purpose, use, etc." of the enclosures.

Dr. Hildreth's letter, which we have quoted, is valuable because

it gives us just such information as we seek. Atwater's testi-

mony, when he confines himself to pure description, is also of

great importance. If these men had made careful measurements

of such of the works as they could conveniently visit, they would

have done archaeologic science an immeasurable service.

That little reference to the finding of ashes and charcoal on

the surface within enclosures during plowing time, is of more

204 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

real value than twenty pages of his speculations, although At-

water was undoubtedly not aware of it at the time.

*"No better idea can be obtained of the Muskingum valley

than from the substance of a letter written by Mr. Williard H.

Davis on December 14, 1891.

"He has observed during an acquaintance of twenty years

with the Muskingum River, among hills, terraces, and alluvial

lands from Marietta to Meigs Creek, in Morgan County, mounds

irregularly distributed. But one mound was ever found upon

the alluvial bottom.

"One mile and a half from Marietta, upon the farm of Mr.

Strecker, are two mounds 3 or 4 feet in height. In the same

neighborhood are several mounds upon the farm of Josiah Devol,

one-fourth of a mile from the river. Mounds are also numerous

in the following localities: just back of Devol's dam near Mari-

etta, on John Drake's farm in the same neighborhood, upon the

farm of Joseph Stow five miles up the river, on Bear Creek upon

the farms of Messrs. Wilkings, Snyder, etc.

"It is very interesting to note that Mr. Davis has occasionally

found whole pottery in the mounds. Pottery is very rare in the

tumuli of any section of Ohio, although it has been frequently

found at Madisonville and occasionally in the Miami valley. In

exploring the mound upon Mr. John Drake's farm, a whole pot,

decorated, filled with charcoal and ashes, was taken from a point

three feet below the surface. There seems to have been noth-

ing else in the structure, except a badly decayed skeleton.

"Just below the mouth of Bear Creek is a small village site,

while on the high bluffs above there is a fair-sized mound which

commands a good view of the surrounding country. As in the

case of the major portion of the mounds throughout the Mus-

kingum valley, it seems to have been designed more as a place

of observation than for the interment of the dead.

"Above Bear Creek there is a fine alluvial bottom, and near

the hills a splendid gravel terrace, one-third of a mile in width,

extends for some distance. An elliptical stone mound, 35x²5

feet, and 4 feet in altitude, a village site and other evidences

* Primitive Man in Ohio, page 21.

Report of Field Work. 205

of occupation are upon this terrace. In May 1881 the mound

was thoroughly explored; two copper bracelets, slightly oxidized,

and human bones, were found scattered among the stones.

"The hills, several miles above Bear Creek, recede from the

river to the northwest and leave a broad bottom, part of which

is occupied by a terrace similar to the one described above. A

large village site and several mounds are located upon the ter-

race on the Davis estate, Wilkings, Snyder and other farms.

One of the mounds, 40 feet in diameter by 4 feet in height, was

explored with the following results:

"Near the surface was a decayed skeleton and a polished

hematite spherical object. In the center, above the base line,

was an ash-pit containing an arrow-head, while at the bottom

lay a decayed body. A cannel coal gorget, 4x6 inches with two

perforations, was found upon the breast. There were no stones

in the mound. One hundred yards west of the structure is a

ravine, on the west side of which once existed a small mound.

A few rods further west a roadway is traceable. It has been

cut into the bank of the terrace, and leads from the top of the

hill above to the river bottoms below. As in the case of some

of the Miami valley terraces it is under discussion regarding its

origin, whether natural or artificial. Upon the river bank at this

point, many mussel shells, flint chips and pieces of pottery seem

to indicate the presence of a village.

"There are three mounds surrounded by a semi-circular em-

bankment near the same spot. The circle has an inside ditch.

A fourth mound is distant fifty yards west, on the edge of the

bluff at the bottom of which runs Wilson's Creek, a small trib-

utary of the Muskingum. Mr. Davis thoroughly explored these

mounds and also made excavations in the semi-circle, finding

flint implements, an unfinished sandstone tablet and decayed skel-

etons. The best entire earthern pot, which it was his privilege

to take from the tumuli in his neighborhood, was found at the

head of one of the skeletons in the largest mound. The vessel

had a contour like a cocoa-nut, and exhibited on its exterior the

impression of a twisted bark basket.

"A most singular slate effigy was found upon the surface

near the semi-circle. It is of banded slate 31/2 inches long, the

206 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

upper portion being semi-circular, the lower portion having

been drawn and narrowed until it gracefully ends in a fair rep-

resentation of a child's feet and toes. So far as we are aware

no effigy of this kind has ever been found in the State of Ohio.

"Several mounds lie on the Davis estate on the bluffs over-

looking the Muskingum. From their summits views can be had

for a distance of eight or ten miles up the beautiful river. In

reference to these mounds much cannot be said, except that a

few relics, cremated skeletons, and mussel shells were in the

tumuli, and the usual village site debris upon the hearths. One

or two stone graves are also to be found upon this property.

"In December 1888, a mound upon the farm of Mrs. Henry

Hall, 7x40 feet, was examined. * * * * The ash-pits were

small and one or two layers of sandstone slabs were observed.

Upon the same farm a skeleton was found in a small mound

surrounded by limestone slabs. * * * * The stone cov-

erings were fitted so closely as to exclude earth, and when lifted

off gave a perfect view of the body. About the wrists were

beads of copper, bird bones, elk and bear teeth, with short pieces

of buckskin strings preserved by the copper; a small grooved

axe (in all our explorations we never found a grooved ax. The

find is certainly very remarkable. Ungrooved axes, however,

are common in the tumuli), and a bone awl accompanied the

remains.

"Another small mound, just east of the one described, was

excavated by Mr. Davis. In it he found three skeletons with

heads to the east. With them were elk teeth, beads and a worked

hematite object similar to a cylinder. A mound west of the

group enclosed by the semi-circle, as described above, was found

to contain four skeletons. The largest of the skeletons was

placed in one of the stone graves. The head of this skeleton

was separated from the rest of the body by a distance of a foot.

A large stone was placed in an upright position back of the head,

and another large one stood near the lower jaw. Thus the head

was enclosed in a small stone box-shaped cavity entirely sep-

arate from the one that enclosed the body. Seven dark gray

sandstone objects, similar to an ax in outline, and a cup, con-

structed from the shell of a land tortoise, were with the head.

Report of Field Work. 207

In the right parietal was an aperture where an arrow had pen-

etrated the brain. The point was found within the skull. One

of the fragments of another cranium had a small arrow-head

imbedded in it.

"Just above Cat's Creek, which empties into the Muskingum

a mile above Lowell, is a gravelly terrace on which are 11 mounds

and a small enclosure. This is the only enclosure in the Mus-

kingum valley,* save the large one at Marietta. The highest

mound between Marietta and Zanesville lies upon the farm of

John Newton. It is 12 feet in altitude and has a base of 90 or

100 feet. North of the enclosure is a small mound which Mr.

Davis explored, finding upon the base line an altar 4 feet square,

dipping toward the center, and 6 inches high. In the altar were

the following objects, together with charcoal and ashes: A sand-

stone tablet, 3x4 inches, and half an inch thick; a diamond-

shaped tablet of slate, 21/2x3 inches; a flint spear-head 5 inches

long; a striped slate ornament 4 inches in length, with two per-

fect perforations; another beautifully polished ornament, oval-

shaped, with two perforations; a thick tablet of sandstone 4

inches in length; a somewhat smaller tablet; fragments of cop-

per, and a tube of clay and sand.

"Below the altar just described were found logs 10 to 12

inches in diameter resting upon a second and larger altar, but

in it there were no remains.

"It is very singular that hematite should have been used so

largely by the aborigines of the Muskingum valley for fash-

ioning implements, when tribes of the Miami or Scioto regions

used it only to a limited extent. Mr. Davis reports finding a

highly-polished hematite celt and cone and fragments of hema-

tite in a tumulus upon the same terrace as the altar mound.

Upon a terrace near Big Run a rich stone mound was exam-

ined, in which were found fragmentary bones and four large

beautiful slate ornaments all perforated for suspension. These

were 6 or 7 inches in length and beautifully worked.

"Copper in the Muskingum valley is exceedingly rare. In a

mound near Rainbow Station, upon Mr. Joseph Dayr's farm,

*He means in the Lower Muskingum.

208 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

was a decayed skeleton. At the hips lay a copper spear-head

6 inches in length. At the head lay a copper disk three inches

in diameter with a central perforation. In a mound upon Mr.

S. S. Stow's land Mr. Davis found the bones of a young woman

in a kneeling position with a child's skeleton in her arms.

"There are no surface indications of a large village site near

the same place. (This is not far from Lowell).

"In Mr. Davis' letter some twenty more mounds are men-

tioned than are here recorded. Nearly all of them he had ex-

plored, and found objects similar to those described in the pre-

ceding pages. The village sites he found to be small when com-

pared with those in the Scioto and Miami valleys."

Considerable white and light yellow flint outcrops in the

northern part of Clear Creek Township, Fairfield County, Ohio.

We are not aware that any attention has been paid to the re-

gion other than brief statements to the effect that limited quar-

rying was carried on at that point. We went over the ground

very carefully, and found a number of pits, that the ledge out-

cropped on a place of thirty or forty acres, and that a number

of workshops and sites are in the neighborhood. There is little

evidence that the flint was transported to any distance, and the

place was probably resorted to by local tribes.

SECTION 3. EXPLORATIONS IN THE VALLEY OF BRUSH CREEK,

ADAMS COUNTY. DONE FOR THE OHIO STATE UNIVER-

SITY, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY.

This region is well known because in its northern part is

located the famous Serpent mound. The Serpent itself has been

the subject of much literature and considerable has been published

regarding Fort Hill, in the edge of Highland County, but a few

miles up Brush Creek from the Serpent; but no one seems to

have examined the remains lying between the Serpent and the

Ohio River. There are several "branches" of Brush Creek,

which also have remains along their shores, so that altogether

there is about sixty miles of occupied territory along Brush Creek

Valley. No survey seems to have explored the region and there-

fore we located at Youngsville, Adams County, the 19th of June,

Report of Field Work. 209

and began work upon the monuments. Dr. Robe, a very intelli-

gent gentleman and collector residing in the village, accompanied

us to several places where mounds and village sites occurred and

secured permission for us to excavate.

Work was begun the morning of the 22d (Monday), four

miles north from Youngsville upon the farm of Jane McCullough.

The stone grave (really a small mound) was twelve by six feet and

one and one-half feet high. A skeleton was found near the center

with head to the east. It was badly decayed. Several flint war

points, some bones, needles and a few drills and bear tusks were

found by the shoulders.

One-half mile farther east a stone mound thirteen by six feet

was opened and nothing found but burnt bones. (See Figure

XIII.)

The same day a small stone mound was opened upon the

farm of John Montgomery one-half mile farther east. A cre-

mated skeleton and one much decayed were found in it. It was

fourteen by eight feet and two feet high.

On the 23d an earth mound three-fourths of a mile northeast

of Montgomery's was opened and a hammerstone and decayed

bones found.

We worked upon Miss McCullough's farm five miles south

of Youngsville on the 24th. On her farm are three stone heaps,

nine by eleven, seventeen by twenty-one, seven by ten feet. Each

was about one foot high. They were upon a high point of land

210 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

overlooking the west fork of Brush Creek. The bodies, as in

the case of all stone graves or mounds, lay upon the surface, had

been covered with bark and stones heaped on top. No relics

accompanied the remains. Figure XIII is typical of all the

Brush Creek Valley stone mounds.

On a spur of the same hill, lower down, say 100 feet above

the valley, was an earth mound. A few flat stones were scattered

over the top. This mound was two feet high and thirty-two feet

in diameter. In its center we found a skeleton buried about five

feet deep, or three feet below the center of the mound. We could

easily trace the excavation for the grave in the hard earth below

the mound base. The skeleton was surrounded by large flat

stones set on edge and forming a rude sarcophagus, as indicated

in figure XIIIa. No relics were with it. We took out the bones

for they were splendidly preserved and nearly entire. Length of

grave six feet eight inches, width two feet seven inches. All the

stones were evenly placed and were about the same size, and the

bones were in natural positions.

On Thursday, the 25th, we explored a small stone mound on

the north side of Brush Creek, opposite the one just described.

Nothing but a badly decayed skeleton was found. Some relics

were purchased and field searching done over village sites.

June 26th we went to Newport, eight miles down the West

Fork, where the two Brush Creeks unite and form Big Brush

Creek. Mr. Swarington's mound is down stream two and one-

half miles from Newport on the lowest terrace 200 yards from

the creek. It is of earth containing no stone. Nothing was in

it save one arrow-head. As in the case of other mounds, it was

thoroughly explored.

Upon our return we examined a large village site along the

Report of Field Work. 211

west border of Brush Creek just below Newport. It covers

twenty-five acres and must have contained at least 200 lodges.

There are numerous pottery fragments, flint chips, bones and

other remains found scattered over the surface. The pottery is

very peculiar. Men report that some skeletons in graves have

been found. It is owned by Mr. Plummer. We dug several

holes without results. Our men in two hours' field hunting

secured some 300 specimens. We purchased numerous relics

from boys.

In the afternoon we opened two stone graves upon Mr.

Plummer's land. They are 400 yards west of Newport, upon high

ground just opposite each other on the West Fork of Brush

Creek. Three skeletons occupied each grave, being placed about

one foot below the surface. A number of the humeri were pre-

served and part of one cranium.

We sunk a shaft in the Flory mound, but as it had been

previously excavated in the center, nothing was found. Situated

upon one of the highest hills in that region (500 feet) it com-

mands a view of the surrounding country for ten miles.

June 27th.-On Mr. Patton's farm, two and one-half miles

southeast of Youngsville, is a small mound upon the second

terrace. It is four feet high and forty feet base. In it we found

a decayed skeleton and two rare spear heads. A layer of char-

coal two inches in thickness was observed.

June 29th, Monday.-On the Wm. McCormick farm, four

miles north of Youngsville, are traces of several graves, but they

have been disturbed. In one of them we found decayed bones

but nothing else. The stones have largely been removed by

farmers for foundations, etc.

Near West Fork of Brush, on the same farm, is a single grave

which we opened and found a badly preserved skeleton and one

flint war point.

The same day we opened the mound on Mr. J. William's

farm across Brush Creek from McCormick's, and distant about

one mile, on a hill of some 175 feet elevation. There was much

burnt earth and charcoal, a cremated skeleton and one spear-

head. The mound was four feet high and forty feet in diameter.

June 30th.-We proceeded to North Liberty and opened a

212 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

mound on the farm of Mr. Finley. It is fifty feet broad and four

feet high, on the second terrace and composed of earth. After

the examination our hopes were somewhat raised, for it was the

most interesting structure which we had examined. Near the

bottom the soil was very dark and soft. Above this it was lighter

in color, but at no point was it compact and hard as in the cases

of many of the mounds. On the base near the west side was a

cremated skeleton, a badly decayed one lay in the center, a heavy

layer of burnt earth ran along the base under both the remains.

Above the skeletons were much charcoal and ashes and also

two fine spear heads of the "shouldered" pattern. They lay

above the decayed skeleton, while the boat-shaped ceremonial

lay among the fragments of the cremation. It was of the form

known as "coffin" or "canoe" type. Ceremonials of this character

are occasionally found in mounds and but seldom upon the sur-

face. This may have some bearing upon their use and should

be carefully noted by all archaeologists. Above the decayed

skeletons a little over a foot were the spears, yet we conclude

they were originally intended to accompany the remains.

Rev. MacLean in his report describes interesting earthworks

found in Winchester Township of Adams County.* The works

are a half mile north of the village of Winchester. We looked at

the mound (which stands over eight feet high), but did not

attempt exploration, as it had been previously examined. The

works consist of three small circles and the mound. MacLean

says of them:

"When first discovered these works were covered with forest

trees. The walls averaged five feet in height. The material is

composed of clay of the same kind as that in the immediate

vicinity. * * * The spot is level and appears to have been

well chosen." He gives the measurements as follows:

"First circle 510 feet in circumference, second circle (oblit-

erated), third circle 150 feet in diameter."

On the West Fork of Brush Creek, in Concord Township,

in Highland County, are several mounds, circles and a peculiar

stone enclosure. The walls are parallel, distant thirty-two feet,

*J. P. MacLean in Smithsonian Report for 1885, pages 893-899.

Report of Field Work. 213

and 165 feet in length. One end is rounded and the other seems

to have been filled with earth straight across from one side to the

other. The walls are not more than a foot high to-day and at

the time of MacLean's visit were two feet high. Many of the

stones show the action of fire. Fort Hill and Serpent mound are

within six or eight miles. We agree with Mr. MacLean in his

statement:

"It is fair to assume that the works near Winchester, those

of Eagle Township and the ones just described belong to the

same people. There is no evidence that they were constructed

in different ages by different people."

July 1st.-Mr. Loveberry secured 18 spears from Mr.

lames McNutt, who in clearing a new piece of ground found

them in a cache or pocket. This happened but a few days prior

to our arrival, and but for Mr. Loveberry's efforts the specimens

would have become scattered and lost and thus an important

cache distributed among those who were unable to comprehend

its real significance. Mr. McNutt found them one mile north

of Winchester on a branch of Brush Creek. With the exception

of two, they are all over six inches in length, of fine workmanship

and constitute one of the finest deposits ever discovered.

We went to Tomlinson's ridge, two miles below Newport on

the East Fork of Brush Creek, and examined a site on which

graves were said to exist. Careful cultivation had removed every

trace and we could only find evidences of a thinly settled and

small village site. We drove along the East Fork of Brush

Creek for several miles, mapping graves and sites.

July 2d.-With a view to ascertaining if there were mounds

in the Sun Fish Hills along the Scioto Brush Creek, we drove

eighteen miles southeast with six men, and explored a territory

so rough and rugged that we were forcibly reminded of our ex-

pedition in Utah. We climbed a number of hills and ridges 400

to 600 feet high and thoroughly explored a region four by seven

miles. Having started at four o'clock in the morning, we worked

until dark and reached home about ten o'clock. There were but

very few stone graves in the region and therefore it is to be con-

cluded that the hills offered no inducements for villages and were

used solely as hunting grounds.

214 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

July 3.-Graves at Duncansville were explored. Nothing

was found except decayed bones. These graves seem to have

been erected by roving bands of hunters, as they evince no culture

beyond middle savagery.

Dr. Gaston, of Tranquillity, presented his collection to the

university. We were able to purchase some interesting speci-

mens. Mr. Morrison, of Newport, also donated his collection.

July 4th.-Having thoroughly worked upper Brush Creek

and its tributaries, we decided to proceed to the Ohio River. Our

route lay through West Union, and all the way we inquired about

mounds, village sites and collections. Half way down the stream

we engaged a skiff and set out for the Ohio.

SECTION 4. MOUNDS ALONG THE OHIO RIVER.

On July 6th, finding that we could make better time and

examine the banks on each side to advantage, we engaged a

river man and his launch for our party. We worked up and

down from the mouth of Brush Creek on both sides, digging two

stone graves upon Mr. Monteath's farm. These graves crowned

the tops of high hills. There was nothing in them but chips of

flint and decayed bones.

July 7th.-We opened two stone graves and one mound

on high hills back from the Ohio river below Brush Creek. All

were of stone, the mound four feet high and the graves two feet

high. These were on the farm of Mr. Owens near Concord,

Kentucky. No relics, save two arrow-heads, could be obtained,

although decayed bones in large quantities occured in all three.

Undoubtedly these hill top tumili are of the same character from

Louisville to Pittsburg. They range back from the river on

either side following tributary streams, and might roughly be

estimated to cover a belt 100 miles north and south and 500

miles east and west. It is certain that scientists can learn noth-

ing more from them and further explorations of these small

stone structures are unnecessary.

July 8th.-- We located at Rome. It is about 6 miles above

the mouth of Brush Creek in Adams County. Above and below

it village sites refuse is scattered over the fields in great pro-

Report of Field Work. 215

fusion. Just below Rome, on the high bank of the river, 200

yards from the water, is a mound 2 feet high and 50 feet in diam-

eter. In this small structure were found no less than 22 skele-

tons, some of which appeared to have been buried in part only.

These are omitted from our illustration. Figure XIV, made

from a drawing by Mr. C. E. Cowen, will show them in correct

positions. It is in the center of a village site, and while the men

dug Mr. Cowen hunted the surrounding lands with profitable

results. His collection will be mounted separately in the mu-

seum just to show what one man can do in field hunting on a

favorable spot in two hours.

There were many fragments of pottery in the mounds, but

we think the presence of these is due to this fact, that the earth

immediately around the village was scooped up to form the

mound, consequently much of the village site debris was gath-

ered into the baskets and dumped upon the structure.

216 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

Perforated mussel shells were with many of the bodies, a

bone awl and a slate celt polished at both ends. There were

three arrow heads, three war points and three worked pieces of

shell. Some 20 perforated humeri were secured, but no whole

skulls, as every one was broken, as were most of the long bones.

The vertebral columns of some of the skeletons were only half

present, which led us to believe that some of the bodies had been

gathered when the flesh was denuded from the bones. Possibly

from a battle field, possibly from a charnel house - who can tell?

The most important find was the bones of an exceedingly

large individual. These bones were very badly decayed, but the

tibia was removed in fair shape. The width of this bone was

nearly two inches in diameter, being very massive and somewhat

bent. The femura were very large and more curved than is

usual.

Many pipes and ornaments have been found around the

mound. It is also historic, for several pioneers were captured

by Indians at this point and one Captain Donaldson had a very

hard fight, being in the end captured.

Thursday, July 9th.-- Work having been completed upon

the Stouts (Rome) mound, we packed and shipped the speci-

mens and then journeyed to Vanceburg, Kentucky, the nearest

stopping place. We worked the fields on the Ohio side. No

mounds of note or promise, and the two or three in the neigh-

borhood could not be explored.

Friday, July 10th.--The field notes briefly state: "Bought

relics, hunted fields. Rain prevented digging, so we journeyed

to Portsmouth."

July 11th and 13th.--Three mounds upon the farm of Mr.

J. H. Johnson, two miles below Portsmouth on the Kentucky

side were opened. They were of sand 5 by 40, 3 by 40 and 4 by

35 feet in extent. Small holes had been sunk in each by pre-

vious diggers. Nothing of note was discovered. These mounds

are a part of the famous Greenup County works. The extensive

fortification is but 350 yards up the Ohio River from them. The

mounds must have been house sites instead of burial places.

The afternoon of the 13th we went up the Scioto 5 miles to

Mr. Feurt's farm, where there are three mounds and an extensive

Report of Field Work. 217

village site. We opened the smaller mound and dug the large

ones the following day. They are located upon the second ter-

race. The small one is 2 by 25 feet, the next 4 by 50 feet, the

largest 6 by 60 feet in size.* See Figure XV. The village site

must cover at least 5 acres. Many interesting specimens were

collected from it while the men dug, by Cowen, Loveberry and

myself.

The mounds are all sand and gravel. This is rather unusual.

The burials numbered 5 in the smallest, 9 in the next, and 19 in

the large one. No relics save mussel shells accompanied the

* Mr. Cowen prepared an elaborate drawing from which Figure XV

was made. Only the complete skeletons are shown on the diagram.

218 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

remains. The pottery of the village site is very like that found

along the Ohio. We find a difference in the character of the

pottery after reaching Higbys in Ross County as one ascends the

river. It may be that all the people from Higbys or Waverly on

down used different clay, different forms, or were another tribe.

Future study will determine that.

Mr. Feurt's farm is 5 miles up the Scioto on the east bank

and seems to have been a remarkable village site. Field search-

ing resulted in the finding of many pottery fragments and other

material common to village sites. The pottery is peculiar to the

lower Scioto and Ohio River valleys. There is no mica or cop-

per found.

In the mounds there were more burials above the base line

than upon it, yet the place does not seem modern, for no Euro-

pean relics were found. Nearly every skeleton was doubled up,

lay in every direction and several were on top of each other.

Some were found within 10 inches of the surface, but this is due

in part to long cultivation lowering the height of the mounds.

Some war points were found between the ribs of a skeleton

and several awls and needles lay near the heads of three skele-

tons. One skeleton was that of an old man whose teeth were

worn away.

Nine feet below the surface was found charcoal in the large

mound. This was followed to near the edges and yielded noth-

ing as usually is the case with charcoal layers. The excavation

in the large mound was 35 by 20 feet. There was a layer of ashes

above the charcoal. Sand above this to top of mound. None

of the others were stratified.

July 15th. -We went to William Biggs's and inspected an

interesting fortification 4 1-3 miles above Portsmouth. The fort

is thrown up 4 or 5 feet high. Trench is 4 feet deep. In the

center of the enclosure is a small mound 4 by 45 feet, which we

excavated, finding only burnt earth and charcoal. The fort is

212 feet in diameter.

July 16th.--We inspected the country about Wakefield

some 15 miles up the Scioto.

Report of Field Work. 219

SECTION 5. ROSS COUNTY TUMULI.

July 17th.-We moved to Higbys, Ross County, and opened

the small mound upon the farm of Major Foster. It was 4 by

40 feet, composed of clay, and on the second terrace were found

one decayed skeleton and a flint disc.

July 18th.-Opened a mound on Messrs. Higby's estate on

the first terrace. Just opposite this mound along the river banks

is a large village site from which much material has been gath-

ered of late years. Skeletons and whole pottery have been

washed out. Many bullets have been found down the river from

the site. Chillicothe collectors have pipes and other fine relics

from the Higby farm.

The mound was 6 feet high and 60 feet in diameter. Noth-

ing was found in it though we dug thoroughly.

The same day we journeyed to Mr. R. L. Condon's, one mile

south of Omega Station, Pike County, and opened a mound 5

by 49 by 50 feet. It was a beautiful structure. We found a cre-

mated skeleton, a decayed skeleton, a greenstone celt (by the

decayed skeleton) and charcoal.

The next day we visited Mr. J. W. Barger, who owns a large

mound situated upon the second terrace. It was 7 by 50 feet. We

excavated it quite completely and discovered two skeletons. The

bones of one had been painted. By the remains of the painted

individual were two copper beads and a copper bracelet. A rude

ceremonial was found with the other one. All these lay upon the

base line. As in the case of mounds farther up the Scioto, the

base line was formed by burning the surface of the ground until

it assumed a brick color and hardness. Neither Messrs. Condon

nor Barger's mounds were stratified.

During the next day we opened a mound upon the farm of

Mr. J. C. Corwin, one-half mile on toward Waverly. There was

in it a cremated skeleton and an arrow-head, but nothing else.

THE LIBERTY GROUP.

The Liberty group of earthworks, situated on the banks of

the Scioto, on the second terrace eight miles south of Chillicothe,

220 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

constitutes one of the largest and most important remains of the

Mound Builders.*

It will be seen that the large mound (C) on Squier and

Davis' plan occupies the most central position with regard to

the location of the various squares and circles constituting the

group. It was also the central point of the village site, and, as

was customary among the mound-building tribes, the house of

the principal shaman and chief must have been upon it. Just

a little over a mile above it is the famous High Banks group and

below it are the mounds about Richmondale and the large village

sites at Higby's. This region is known among archaeologists

as the "copper belt." It extends from central Pickaway County

to the southern edge of Ross along the Scioto River and up the

two Paint Creeks.

"This work is a very fair type of a singular series occuring in

the Scioto Valley, - all of which have the same figures in combi-

nation, although occupying different positions with respect to

each other, viz. a square and two circles."+ These figures are

not only accurate squares and perfect circles, but are in most

cases of corresponding dimensions,- that is to say, the sides

of each of the squares are ten hundred and eighty feet in length;

and the diameter of each of the large and small circles, a fraction

over seventeen hundred and eight hundred feet, respectively.

Such were the results of surveys made at different times, the meas-

urements of which correspond within a few feet. Although in the

progress of investigation singular coincidences were observed be-

tween these works, yet there was at the time no suspicion of the

identity which subsequent comparison has shown to exist.

"The first of the series here represented is situated on the

east bank of the Scioto River, and occupies the third bottom or

terrace. The ground upon which it occurs is level. The walls of

the entire work are unaccompanied by a ditch, and are slight,

nowhere more than four feet in height. The embankment of the

square is perceptibly heavier than that of the small circle, which

* Squier & Davis in Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley,

plate XX.

+ Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, page 56.

Report of Field Work. 221

is also heavier than that of the larger one. The square work

measured ten hundred and eighty feet upon each side; and its

walls are interrupted at the corners and at the middle of each side

by gateways thirty feet in width. The central gateways are each

covered by a small mound, of about the same height with the

embankment, and placed forty feet interior to it. The manner

in which the circular works are connected with the square en-

closure, and the relative position of each, are accurately shown

in the plan, precluding the necessity of a long and intricate de-

scription. It will be observed, that while the wall of the larger

circle is interrupted by numerous narrow gateways, that the

smaller one is entire throughout, - a feature for which it is, of

course, impossible to assign a reason. Besides the small mounds

at the gateways, there are three others within the work, two of

which are inconsiderable, while the other is of the largest size,

being one hundred and sixty feet long, by not far from twenty

feet high. There are also a few other mounds outside of the

walls, reference to which is had elsewhere. Numerous dug holes

occur in the vicinity of the great mound. Most of these are in-

terior to the work, -- a very unusual circumstance. In fact, the

whole work appears to have been but partially finished, or con-

structed in great haste. The mounds at the gateways, and those

outside of the walls, were formed by carelessly scooping up the

earth at their base, leaving irregular pits near them. In most

of the regular works, the material seems to have been taken up

evenly and with care, or brought from a distance.

"No one would be apt to ascribe a defensive origin to this

work, yet it is difficult to conceive for what other purpose a

structure of such dimensions, embracing nearly one hundred

acres, could have been designed. The great mound is anomalous

in its character, and throws no light on the question. That there

is some hidden significance, in the first place in the regularity,

and secondly in the arrangement of the various parts, can hardly

be doubted. Nor can the coincidences observable between this

and other works of the same series be wholly accidental."

Having seen the distribution of burial mounds with refer-

ence to the enclosure, we shall proceed at once to describe the

oblong Harness mound. This structure was partly explored

222 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

by Professor F. W. Putnam. He abandoned the exploration

after having dug not quite half way through it, some ten years

ago. We present his report in full at the end of this section.

Our work upon the mound was begun July 22d and ended

the evening of August 9th. We first cleaned out the end of the

trench abandoned by Professor Putnam, and measuring the

mound thence to its end, ascertained the distance to be about

eighty feet, at least sixty feet of which should be excavated. We

started in with a trench some thirty feet in width, being a little

wider than the excavation he had conducted. We had proceeded

twelve or fifteen feet when we ascertained that burials followed

each other pretty much the same distance apart on either side

of the mound, and that there were few burials in the main or

central portion. Most of the burials in these rows occupied little

domes or pits, varying from three to five feet in diameter and

three to five feet in height. The first five followed each other

with regularity.

We decided to explore the mound by means of two tunnels,

which should follow the lines of burial, and, at short distances,

to run side branches from the main tunnels toward the center,

and, if necessary, toward the edges of the mound. As the work

proceeded the scheme was found to be practical and the whole

base of the mound was thoroughly covered at much less expense

than would have resulted had we attempted to remove the entire

structure. Some idea of the extent of the tunnels can be gained

from figure XVI. The total length of tunnels and branches was

253 feet, the main tunnels 98 feet, the branches 155 feet. It

occupied the time of from four to five men continuously for six-

teen days. They were five feet wide at the base and about four

and one-half feet high.

Nearly all the mounds of the Scioto Valley are constructed

upon one plan. The ground is first cleared and then beaten down

and burned until it presents a hard and even floor. Holes are

dug in this floor at various intervals and posts inserted and some

sort of structure is erected. Many of these holes were found in

the Harness mound. In one or two of them, soft brown and

gray matter, such as results from the decay of wood, was found.

Just what this structure was cannot be determined. It seems to

Report of Field Work. 223

have been the same in the Oblong mound and Effigy mounds of

the Hopewell group, the Porter mound at Frankfort and in the

Harness mound of the Liberty group. The post holes do not

show any regularity as to position, some being six or seven feet

apart, and others as much as twenty feet. In the Harness mound

several of these holes were found alongside of cremated skele-

tons. Every one of them was carefully cleaned out but nothing

found. In one or two at the Hopewell group we found ashes and

mussel shells. In one (opened 1889) on Mr. Porter's farm at

Frankfort, we found ashes and burnt bones, and in 1888, upon

the same farm in another mound, we found some pearl beads in

one of these post holes. Taken in connection with the burnt

224 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

floor and the position of skeletons, the posts must have supported

a roof some distance above the burnt floor, under which ceremo-

nies conducted at the time of the cremation or interment must

have taken place. Especially is this true of the large Hopewell

mound.* It will be remembered that two altars were found in

this mound, one of which contained a large quantity of burned

obsidian implements, melted copper, calcined bone, ornaments,

tusks, effigy pipes, needles, sacrificial implements, pearl beads

and other valuables. These had all been subjected to intense

heat. It is just probable that the construction of these, the plac-

ing of the copper deposits, may have occupied several days' time

and were accomplished with much ceremony. However, we

offer this simply as a suggestion based upon field testimony. It

is possible that there may be better reasons assigned for the

presence of the post holes and the evidence of decayed wood in

them.

In the end of the mound opened by Professor Putnam a

number of entire skeletons were found, accompanied by various

objects. In the end which we explored were a total of twenty-

seven interments, but two of which were uncremated skeletons,

a child and an adult. All the others were more or less burnt.

In figure XVII all skeletons with which relics were found are

numbered, and the brief description accompanying the illustra-

* Called "The Effigy" because of its resemblance to the human trunk

and on account of boulder mosaics in the form of panthers (or other

animals) found just below the surface in the east end.

Report of Field Work. 225

tion will acquaint readers with the find. Skeletons Nos. 4 and 5

had some of the copper objects with them. No. 10 had the best

copper plate. Eight of the bodies had objects buried with them.

Every one of these skeletons had been cremated, and even some

of the beads and copper showed marks of fire. The total inter-

mentsin the mound numbered 27.

Nearly all the skeletons were on little raised platforms of

burnt earth, varying in height from four to ten inches. The

platforms were usually about two by three feet. Such relics

as accompanied the remains were placed in no special order and

many of them were partly burnt up. The looseness of the earth

above the skeletons, or the little domes to which we have referred,

is probably due to small structures of poles having been built

about the remains. The supports remained in position suffi-

ciently long for the earth to become somewhat packed, and after

their decay just enough earth fell upon the remains to cover them

loosely. Frequently there was a space of about a foot between

the top of the dome and the loose earth below. The good copper

plate found with No. 10 is nine inches long and five inches

wide. It has two small perforations. With No. 5 was a burnt

copper plate, three-fourths of which we took out entire, beads

and bear tusks, etc.

The skeleton uncremated (and placed by itself) was found

as indicated by No. 12 in Figure XVII. These individual inter-

ments, at a distance or isolated from the other burials, are often

observed in the large mounds of the Scioto.

In the heavy layer of charcoal and carbonized wood accom-

panying skeletons Nos. 7 and 3, were fragments of cloth, which

we preserved in order that the texture and manner of weaving

might be carefully studied.

In this connection it would be advisable to quote from Squier

and Davis' "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," page

178, as to what discoveries they made during their partial exam-

ination of the same structure:

"Besides the mounds already described, the purposes of

which seem pretty clearly indicated, there are many which will

admit of no classification. Some of them possess features in

common with all classes, and seem to have been appropriated to

226 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

a double purpose; while others, in our present state of knowledge

concerning them, are entirely inexplicable. As these mounds

differ individually from each other, it is of course impossible to

present anything like a general view of their character. We can,

therefore, only describe a few of the more remarkable, dismissing

the remainder with the single observation that their features do

not indicate any specific design, and are not sufficiently distinct

or uniform to justify or sustain a classification.

"One of the most singular of these mounds, and one which

best illustrates the remark that certain mounds were probably

made to subserve a double purpose, is situated within a large

enclosure on the east bank of the Scioto River. It is an irregular

oval in form, and is 160 feet long, ninety broad at its larger end,

and twenty feet in height. Excavations were made at the points

indicated in the section. The one towards the right, or smaller

end of the mound, disclosed an enclosure of timber, eight feet

square, and similar, in all respects, to those found in the sepul-

chral mounds, except that, in this instance, posts eight inches in

diameter had been planted at the outer corners, as if to sustain the

structure. These posts had been inserted eighteen inches in the

original level or floor of the mound. The holes left by their

decay were found filled with decomposed material; when this

was removed, they exhibited perfect casts of the timbers. The

casts also of the horizontal timbers were well retained in the com-

pact earth, and one of the workmen, without much difficulty, was

enabled to creep more than half the way around the enclosure

which they had formed. Within this chamber the earth was as

firm as in any portion of the mound. Upon removing a portion,

a skeleton partly burned was found, and with it a thin copper

plate seven inches long and four broad, perforated with two

small holes; also a large pipe of bold outline, carved from a dark

compact porphyry. The bones seem to have been enveloped in

a species of matting, which was too much decayed to be distinctly

made out. The floor of the mound, it should be mentioned, so

far as explored, was composed of clay, was perfectly level, and

had been burned to considerable hardness.

"The second excavation was made in the larger end of the

mound, somewhat to one side of the center, at a spot marked by

Report of Field Work. 227

a depression in the surface. At the depth of twenty feet was found

an altar of clay of exceeding symmetry. This was sunk, as shown

in the section, in the general level floor of the mound, and had

been surrounded by an enclosure in all respects similar to the one

above described, except that the timbers had been less in size.

A fine carbonaceous deposit, resembling burned leaves, was found

within the altar. Amongst the decayed materials of the sur-

rounding enclosure were found several skewers, if we may so

term them, in lack of a better name, made of the bones (ulna) of

the deer. They were finely tapered to a point, and had evidently

been originally highly polished. Some were not less than nine

or ten inches long. Though apparently sound, they were found

to be exceedingly brittle, retaining little if any of their animal

matter. Drifts were carried in the course shown in the section,

and the evidences of another enclosure discovered. The exca-

vation was suspended at this point, in consequence of heavy and

continued rains. The holes soon became partly filled by the

caving in of the loose earth near the surface; which discouraging

circumstance, joined to the extreme difficulty of digging, pre-

vented a resumption of the investigation. It is very certain that

another, perhaps several other chambers are concealed by this

mound.

"The surface of this mound was covered with the layer of

pebbles and coarse gravel already mentioned as characterizing

the mounds of the first class; but the sand strata were absent.

Around the base had been laid, with some degree of regularity,

a large quantity of flat stones, constituting a sort of wall for the

better support of the earth. These stones must have been brought

from the hills, which are here nearly half a mile distant. Why

the altar, as well as the skeleton, had been enclosed, and why the

floor of the mound had been so carefully leveled, cast over with

clay and then hardened by fire, are questions which will probably

remain unanswered and unexplained unless future investigations

serve further to elucidate the mystery of the mounds. At any

rate this singular mound can prove no greater puzzle to the read-

ers than it has to the authors of these inquiries."

228 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

EXTRACTS FROM 18TH AND 19TH ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE

PEABODY MUSEUM, VOL. III, NOS. 5 AND 6.

"Squier and Davis represent five small mounds inside the

great square of twenty-seven acres. These have been leveled by

cultivation, but we could trace the outlines of three at least, one

of which we thoroughly examined, and found that it had been

a simple mound of earth thrown up inside of one of the 'gate-

ways' of the square. Three mounds, one twice the size of the

others, are represented on the plan as just outside one of the

'gateways' on the eastern side of the great circle of forty acres'

area. All three have been much reduced in height by ploughing

over them, but probably only the superficial portions have been

disturbed. These three mounds we examined with care, and

found that the small one to the westward contained only a small

bed of ashes. The other two proved to be burial mounds of con-

siderable interest. The human bones were much decayed. We

found in these mounds various objects made of copper, stone,

shell and mica, of the same character as those found in the large

one of the group, consisting of copper plates, spool-shaped ear

ornaments, a few small ornaments of copper, one small copper

celt, a crescent-shaped ornament cut out of slate, another small

stone ornament, a few large beads covered with copper, and a

smaller one, covered with silver over the copper, shell beads and

numerous other small articles.

"Another mound in the cornfield, north of the three above

mentioned, was also dug over completely. In this we found a

large bed of ashes and charcoal about at the level of the natural

surface upon which the mound was made. This ash bed covered

nearly the whole area occupied by the mound, and in it we found

many fragments of pottery and cut pieces of mica, some of which

were circular. A large piece of grass matting and a mass of

burnt seeds, nuts and acorns, were found in the bed of ashes.

In one place the charcoal matting was in several layers, making

a thickness of an inch or more. Near the centre of the mound,

extending to the south, was a long narrow pit, about 9 x 2 feet,

which was a foot in depth. At the bottom of this pit were burnt

Report of Field Work. 229

stones, and over them ashes and charcoal, fragments of pottery

and a few burnt bones.

"Thus it will be seen that the several mounds connected with

the extensive earthwork were erected for different purposes and

vary considerably in their structure.

"Near the eastern corner of the part of the earthwork which

we have called the 'great square,' and within the line of the cir-

cular embankment forming the 'great Circle,' stands the largest

mound of the group, which is known as the 'Edwin Harness

mound.' This mound proved to be of great interest and unlike

any other mound which we have explored. It is 160 feet long,

from 80 to 90 feet wide and from 13 to 18 feet high along the cen-

tral portion, which rises gradually from the southern to the north-

ern part. Up to this time we have made a thorough exploration

of about one-quarter of the mound, and have ascertained that

it is a burial mound of a remarkable character. In the northern

portion, forty feet from the center, we discovered the first of the

burial chambers, of which we found a dozen in all. These cham-

bers were made by placing logs, from 5 to 6 inches in diameter,

on the clay which forms the lowest layer of the mound, in such

a way as to make enclosures 6 to 7 feet in length and from 2 to 3

in width and about a foot in height. In these the bodies were

placed, evidently wrapped in garments, as indicated by the char-

red cloth and mats found in several of the chambers. With the

bodies were buried various objects, such as copper plates, ear-

rings, shell beads, and, in one instance, long knives chipped from

flint. In two instances, the skeletons were found extended at

full length within the chambers, the outlines of which could be

traced by the imprint of the logs in the clay, the logs themselves

having decayed, leaving only a dark dust. On the breast of one

of the skeletons was a thin copper plate or ornament. The chem-

ical action of the copper had preserved the texture of a piece of

finely woven cloth lying between the plate and the bones of the

chest. In other chambers, the bodies had been burned on the

spot, as conclusively shown by the relative positions of the bones

and the fact that, in two instances, portions of the body had fallen

outside of the fire and escaped burning. It became evident, as

our exploration progressed, that these chambers were covered

230 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

by little mounds of gravel and clay, and that, in those where the

burning had taken place, the coverings of earth were placed in

position before the bodies were consumed, shown by the small

amount of ashes and the reduction of the logs to charcoal in their

position on the clay floor of the chamber, which was burned to

a thickness varying with the amount of heat. It is probable that

the burials and cremations did not all occur at one time, and that,

after all these mounds had been made, earth was brought from

various surrounding places and heaped over all. Then the

mound was finished with a covering of gravel and a low border

of loose stones was placed around its base.

"It is of interest to note that Squier and Davis, in 1840, dug

two pits in this mound. At the bottom of their pit A, which was

just south of the center of the mound, they opened one of the

burial chambers, and they state that the skeleton in it was partly

burned, that it was enclosed in a framework of logs, and that with

it were a copper plate and a pipe carved out of stone. They re-

mark that the body seemed to have been enveloped in matting.

Their pit B was about twenty feet northwest of the centre and

there they came to another burnt skeleton, as shown by our ex-

ploration, although, deceived by the imperfect examination which

the caving of the pit compelled them to make, they thought they

had found an 'altar' and mention the burnt burial chamber as

such. They state that they found at this point several implements

made of bone. At the side of their excavation we took out about

half a dozen pointed implements made from the leg bones of deer.

Several months before our work was begun, as already referred

to, the school boys, under the lead of Mr. Wilson, dug two pits

in the mound, one of which was between those made by Squier

and Davis over forty years ago, and the other at the side of Squier

and Davis' pit B. In each of these many remarkable objects were

found. So far as 'relics' are concerned, the boys made a lucky

hit and took out more objects from one of their pits than were

found in all our exploration. The larger part of these we have

been able to secure from the boys, and from Mr. Daniel R. Har-

ness, who very kindly gave to the Peabody Museum all that he

had purchased from the boys at the time, realizing that they would

be of more importance and value to science if placed in the Mu-

Report of Field Work. 231

seum with other objects from the mound, than if held in private

hands as mere curiosities. Among the specimens thus obtained

were two copper celts and three or four copper plates, also several

copper ear ornaments, some of which were covered with meteoric

iron in the same way as those from the Turner mounds in the

Little Miami Valley, and a celt made of meteoric iron. Thus we

have an important link, connecting the people who built this great

mound and the earthworks about it in the Scioto Valley, with

the builders of the singular group on the Turner farm, in the

Little Miami Valley." (Pages 404-406.)

"34856-35134. Burnt human, animal and bird bones; shells

of different kinds, some of them perforated; cores and chipped

points of flint; ornaments made of stone; hammerstone and a

discoidal stone; beads of pearl, bone and shell; canine teeth of

large bears, some of them perforated; teeth of deer and a shark's

tooth; ornaments made of copper; ear ornaments of copper, a

few covered with a thin layer of silver and others with meteoric

iron; small hemispheres of stone and of pottery, covered with

silver, copper and meteoric iron; fragments of silver ornaments;

a celt of meteoric iron and one of copper; ornaments and frag-

ments of mica; portions of a pipe carved out of stone; a large

mass of galena; cloth, seeds, nuts, corn and grass, all charred;

fragments of matting partly burnt; balls of clay; fragments of

pottery; bone handles, awl points and other implements of bone;

braided grass; charcoal, ashes and burnt clay, some of the latter

still bearing the impress of logs of wood; portions of burnt and

unburnt human skeletons; all from mounds belonging to the

Liberty group on the land of Edwin Harkness, Esq., in Liberty

Township, Ross County, Ohio." (Page 426.)

SECTION 6. RELICS OF ANCIENT OHIO TRIBES.

In the descriptions of explorations and of our journeys down

the various streams, we have purposely omitted the characteristic

ornaments, weapons, etc., found. These are to be treated under

this section.

Our collections contain material of every grade-fine and

poor, high and low. We gathered everything that related to the

232 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

pre-Columbian occupation of the region whether by purchase

from farmers, by our own field searching and digging, by gift

or loan.

We are all doubtless familiar with the imposing embank-

ments which once occupied the ground now covered by Circle-

ville, through the writings of our early antiquarian and historical

observers. Not one trace of the high walls of the combined

square and circle remains visible to-day. Truly has the oblitera-

tion been complete.

About two years ago a remaining half of one of the smaller

mounds was removed by contractors engaged in grading a new

street. In the mound were found the skull and clay vessel illus-

trated in Figure XVIII. The skull is remarkably well preserved,

brachycephalic in type, was found upon the base line and is there-

fore that of an original Mound Builder. It appears to be of the

same type as those found throughout Scioto County from Piketon

to Columbus. The vessel is not decorated, measures 6 inches

high, 51/4 inches across the top, and 19 inches around its greatest

circumference. It was moulded in a basket, as the impressions

of the strips are plain upon its surface. Mr. Barton Walters, of

Report of Field Work. 233

Circleville, procured the two specimens as soon as they were

discovered.

On nearly every field in northern Perry County are flint,

chert or chalcedony implements and flasks, etc., struck off in

their manufacture. Figure XIX presents 19 specimens, each

varying in details from the others, yet these may be divided into

six classes.

Knives .................. ....... .............. . 6

Rotary or beveled spears ............. ..... .... 2

Scrapers .............................. .... 2

Triangular spears ................. ........ ... 2

Hairpin or drill .............. ...... ... .. 1

indented at base ........... 1

shouldered ............ ...... 1

Barbed implements -

stemmed .. .... ... ........ 1

barbed at the side....... . . . 3

No. 3815 is most complete and represents the best type of

beveled spear head.

No. 3791 is a fine curved knife about 41/4 inches long and

well worked on either side.

Mr. M. E. Thrailkill, of Columbus, last year loaned the So-

ciety his large collection of Scioto Valley specimens. Figure

234 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

XX shows four hematite pendant or "plum bob" shaped objects

and a similar one of slate. The latter is larger and in addition

to the girdling groove has one across the top. No one has satis-

factorily explained these plummets.

Certainly the term "plummet" while it described the form,

is unappropriate, and should not find place in archaeological

nomenclature. That prehistoric people of this country (at least

north of Mexico) knew nothing of the use of the plummet, goes

without saying. That these were used as sinkers for fish-lines,

as has been suggested by some archaeologists, is beyond belief.

An aborigine sufficiently skilful to work hematite into so grace-

ful and symmetrical a form, would certainly hesitate about risk-

ing the object from his primitive fishing line. An ordinary

notched pebble would serve the purpose much better, and could

be easily duplicated. Surely the plummet must be ceremonial.

Dr. Bowers suggests that they were used as charm stones, basing

his conclusions upon the testimony of some aged California In-

dians whom he interviewed years ago.*

*See the Antiquarian, January 1897. (Columbus, O., first number.)

Report of Field Work. 235

Figure XXI exhibits five ceremonial and ornamental ob-

jects, a tube pipe broadened at one end, and a flat bone handle

to a flint knife or other cutting implement. Mr. Thrailkill pro-

cured these from a gentleman who had dug in the summit of a

mound along the Scioto near the Pickaway County line. He

found them a few feet below the surface. Beyond question they

constituted a small "cache" which some traveling prehistoric

merchant placed in the mound's top that he might more easily

discover them. With the specimens illustrated were thirty or

forty knives, spear and arrow points.

The figure to the left (upper row) in the plate, is a clay pipe

and was about seven or eight inches long. Some two inches are

missing. It is of an unusual type, called by many persons "tele-

scope." The little bone handle lying next to it is about 3 inches

long, well made and excellently preserved. None of the tablets,

ceremonials and ornaments need description save the one in the

lower left hand corner. It is of striped (red and white) granite

and rather unique in form.

Our museum contains few historic or post-Columbian ob-

jects. It is therefore interesting to note that a number of silver

236 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

arm bands, a thousand beads, some crosses and a kettle were

taken from a Delaware or Shawnee grave in Fairfield County

just across the Perry County line, south from Rushville.

Figure XXII exhibits these. Thousands of Ohio Indians

from 1650 to 1800 wore such ornaments, and yet but few have

been discovered.

Hematite objects are considered scarce among museums.

We are fortunate in being possessors of fifty of them. The mu-

seum as a whole contains nearly one hundred. Figure XXIII

illustrates seven of the best ones secured during the Perry County

explorations. The hollow cone to the right is extremely rare.

Solid hematite cones are found and occasionally one slightly hol-

lowed at the base, but very seldom one such as this. Excepting

quartz, there seems to have been no stone more difficult to shape

with primitive tools than hematite. Its very hardness would

seem to defy the simple artisan; yet he pecked, ground and pol-

ished until he reduced the refractory lump to a beautiful plum-

met, cone or celt.

Any one who studies prehistoric archaeology in America is

impressed by the extent of commerce between tribes. Here in

Ohio we have slate, hematite and flint, of the latter the greatest

quarries in North America. From them (Flint Ridge, Licking

County), material in the shape of discs as well as complete im-

Report of Field Work. 237

plements, was transported hundreds of miles. Slate was also

widely distributed. Hematite also found its way to remote sec-

tions where the material was not to be had. Of course the farther

away from its source, the more valuable it became. Most of

our hematite comes from the Muskingum region and therefore

we had little trouble in greatly enlarging our collection as we

traversed Perry, Muskingum and Morgan Counties.

Hematite axes are found in Missouri, but seldom in Ohio.

Surface ore there exists in large fragments and seems to be bet-

ter adapted for large implements. However, the Missouri spec-

imens (and there are several in the University collection) do not

equal those of Ohio in finish, care in manufacture and polish.

It is no exaggeration to state that the combined eastern

museums contain at least 2,000 hematite specimens from Ohio.

Figure XXIV shows seven of the cache implements from

Mr. George Workman's mound, Walhonding. No difference

can be detected in the form of these specimens save that some

have a nearly straight base, while others are slightly rounded.

All are most delicately chipped, being very thin. The minimum

size is 2 1-3 inches, the maximum 4 1-5 inches. No 8351 in

238 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

the illustration is rather leaf-shaped in outline, while No. 8379 is

nearly triangular.

Quarries from which chalcedony was mined are distant but

a few miles, so the find is local and therefore of great interest

The mass of small flakes and chips, cones, etc., lying just a few

feet beyond this deposit and the large (decayed) deer antler leads

us to conclude that the 67 implements were made on the spot

and then placed on the body.

We cannot find record of a similar sort of burial in a mound

or grave in this country.

Triangular spear-heads of the kind shown in Figure XXV,

(7896, 8657), we found in four mounds. Invariably they were

made of Coshocton flint. No. 8657 came from above Malta,

while 7896 was found at the base of the large Porteus mound.

These two vary in size, but the form, work and material is the

same. Three others found with skeletons are identical, all being

very thin, sharp and well wrought. We are inclined to the belief

that they were made by the same man, for there is that special-

ization or stamp, as it were, which marks them as the handi-

work of one person. The mound above Malta is 50 miles, that

of Mr. Porteus about 15 miles from the nearest quarries. We are

convinced that the tumuli containing these triangular spears were

Report of Field Work. 239

built at the same time, or at least within a few years of each

other. (See also figure XXVI.)

The central spear in Figure XXV (8659) came from Mr.

Alderman's mound at McConnelsville. Two spears, shouldered

exactly like this one, of the same size and material, were found

in the small Porteus mound below Coshocton.

The discoidals shown at the top of the picture are from

mounds; 8662 from Mr. Johnson's, Walhonding, and the small

one from a mound three miles above Malta.

Discoidals sometimes occur in the tumuli but more frequently

come from village sites.

The two bone needles or awls shown in figure XXVI come

from mounds 75 miles apart: one at McConnelsville and the other

near Richmondale. Both are exceedingly sharp and are per-

forated.

Discoidal No. 3618 (museum number) comes from a vil-

240 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

Report of Field Work. 241

lage site near the Sherwood mound above Malta. The trian-

gular spear above it has been described on page 196 of this report.

Serrated arrow-heads like No. 7101 (museum number) are

found along the Muskingum.

Most of the large spear-heads (those exceeding 7 inches in

length) found in Ohio, have gone to the eastern museums. But

we have quite a number preserved in Orton Hall. Figure XXVII

exhibits four of them. Beginning at the left we have one of

yellow flint, well made but slightly broken at the top. Locality,

near the Indiana line in Darke County. Next is a broad speci-

men 8x5 inches of quartzite. It is apparently foreign to Ohio

yet was found on the site of Logan's (Shawano) town 7 miles

southwest of Circleville. The long, shouldered (8� inch) spear

comes from Franklin County, banks of the Scioto below Co-

lumbus. That beautifully notched one to the right, from near

Circleville. (Harness Renick collection).

242 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

Olecranon perforations in the humeri were found in a large

proportion of the skeletons exhumed. Of the humeri preserved,

perforations were noted in thirty of them. Forty-six were un-

perforated. No greater number of humeri, either perforated or

unperforated, could be secured, as most of the skeletons found

were badly decayed.

Figure XXVIII shows one humerus each from four skel-

etons. The broken bone is the only unperforated one of the four.

In Figure XXIX there are seven objects, each one of which

can be classed as a rare specimen. Particularly is this true of

the copper bracelet, the hematite cone, and the three bear tusks,

all of which come from mounds. It will be observed that the

three bear tusks (shown at the top of the plate on either side

of the pipes) differ as to size. One has been cut (evenly) and

is not perforated. The others have three perforations each.

From finds in the Hopewell group, we would conclude that these

perforations are made for the purpose of inserting pearls or beads

in the side of the tusk, although no beads were found inserted in

these specimens. We cannot understand why so many of the

bear tusks are cut into two sections.

Report of Field Work. 243

Both of the pipes are of stone and come from the Muskingum

valley. The small one from Walhonding and the larger

from McConnellsville. The bracelet is from Mr. Barger's mound,

the hematite cone and tusks are from the Harness mound, Ross

County.

Figure XXX exhibits our best copper plate and four spool-

shaped ornaments from the Harness mound. All are covered

with a heavy incrustation of verdigris and the spools show action

244 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

of fire. The plate has two perforations. It appears to have been

evenly hammered out.

Figure XXXI shows seven interesting ceremonials and or-

naments of slate in the possession of the Society. Of these, No.

8719 (museum number) was found the past season in Ross County,

while the others have been in the possession of the Society for

some years. The rude effigy at the top, to the left, is of the

type occasionally found in Michigan and the north. It is gen-

erally perforated at each end of the base, something after the

manner of bird or saddle ceremonials. The crescent-shaped ob-

ject, perforated in the middle (lower left hand specimen) comes

from Ashland County, Ohio, and was collected by Mr. H. B.

Case. It was undoubtedly worn as a head ornament and prob-

ably typifies horns. The bar amulet, just over No. 8719, is 7

inches in length, perforated at each end, and seems to have been

worn on the fore-arm. The uses of the four objects on the right

(the slate "bead," the butterfly-shaped stone, the drilled, pick-

shaped object and the boat-shaped) are unknown, and these are

covered by the general term, ceremonials. All are interesting

specimens and add largely to the attractiveness of the collection.

Report of Field Work. 245

Figure XXXII exhibits two pestles and one large rude tube-

pipe. The lower pestle is the more symmetrical and the rarer of

the two. The slighter one is a common type in the Mississippi val-

ley. No. 3317 (museum number) the drilled sandstone pipe, is 8�

inches in length and 2 inches in diameter. It seems to be unfin-

ished. Many rude sandstone objects drilled to a depth of from 1 to

3 inches, are found in Ohio, but it does not appear that many of

them were used as pipes. On the contrary, it is quite evident

that they served as handles for flint or bone tools.

We are exceedingly fortunate in possessing a large num-

ber of grooved stone axes. Some of these are of rare form and

high polish. Especially is this statement true of the middle ax

in Figure XXXIII. This plate represents five axes, ranging in

weight from three-quarters to nine and a half pounds. Most

of the Ohio axes are of the type known as "flat back," that is,

the groove does not extend quite around the specimen, the back

is either flat or slightly hollowed out, in order that a wedge

might be driven between the fastening and the ax head and

thus it might be more firmly secured to the handle. Specimens

246 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

like the middle ax, having a round or pointed top and a nar-

row, thin, tapering blade, are exceedingly rare and seem to be

more of a ceremonial character than for rough usage. Perhaps

a larger percentage of axes and polished stone hatchets are found

broken than of any of the large relics, because many of them

were made of rather inferior stones. We can readily under-

stand how that severe blows, such as would naturally result in

the processes of cutting down trees, making canoes, quarrying for

flint, etc., would cause them to break, or at least, become badly

chipped and fractured.

Figure XXXIV represents six typical polished stone hatchets

or celts of different types. No 3073 (museum number) is oval on

one side and flat upon the other. It is highly polished. The speci-

men next above it is gouge-shaped, being hollowed out. The next

one is sharp at each end, a type exceedingly unusual, while the

one at the top is a large symmetrical specimen, yet the common

form. Below is shown a chisel and a small common hide dresser.

It is doubtless true that many of these polished stone hatchets

were lashed in convenient handles and used as tomahawks. They

were much lighter and more easily wielded than the stone ax,

and the form being wider at the edge readily admits of their being

lashed to handles.

Report of Field Work. 247

Plate XXXV represents a number of banded slate orna-

ments, the property of the Society. Of these, the T-shaped

one in the middle, the heart-shaped specimen (No. 7579, museum

number), and the tablet-shaped (No. 4076, museum number),

were all found this summer. Undoubtedly those perforated near

the top were worn suspended about the neck, for we find them

upon the breasts of skeletons in mounds and graves. But those

perforated at either end, such as the pointed one at the top, in

the illustration, and the one to the right, may have been worn

on the forearm and served the double purpose of ornamenta-

tion and protection of the wrist against the release of the bow-

string. No. 7579, the heart-shaped ornament, is an unique type,

not usually found in Ohio. It came from Brinknaven, having

been found near the border of Knox County.

SPECIMENS IN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLECTIONS.

The Ohio State University has in its collection some very

remarkable specimens. Perhaps the finest piece of work in slate

is that shown in figure XXXVI. Truly, aboriginal man out-

did himself when he manufactured this magnificent ceremonial

It is exactly twice the size of the illustration in every particular,

248 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

There is not the slightest flaw in it. It bears unmistakable

signs of having been worked either with flint, stone or bone tools.

Of the type known as butterfly, or banner stones, we can say

naught regarding its use or purpose. Many of our best archaeolo-

gists have not attempted to explain the idea that prompted the

manufacture of such delicate and unusual types as this. Others

Report of Field Work. 249

have said that they were kept by the chief medicine man or sha-

man, in the tribal mystery or medicine bag. Nothing is really

known regarding the use of this specimen and we may simply

examine it and remark its beauty and perfection. It was col-

lected by Judson Hughes of Holmes County, and is a part of his

collection now owned by the University.

Figure XXXVII shows three more specimens from the

Hughes collection. None of them, with the possible exception

of the turtle pipe, are like any specimens which we have previ-

ously observed in any of the collections from Ohio. Particu-

larly would we claim this for the delicate, slender diorite hatchet

to the right. It is well chiseled, very sharp, of unusually high

polish and fine workmanship. The ornament to the left of the

turtle is of banded slate. It differs from other slate ornaments

in having a raised section about one-quarter of an inch higher

than its regular surface. This is unquestionably an ornament

worn about the neck. The turtle pipe is of unique form, al-

though the sculpture of the head is not as well executed as in

the effigies from the lower Scioto valley. All three of these spec-

imens are from Holmes County.

Figure XXXVIII shows three specimens from the Mar-

shall Anderson collection of Circleville, Ohio. Mr. Anderson's

250 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

widow and son loaned the collection to the University some two

years ago. It is valuable in that it comes almost exclusively

from Pickaway County. The large flint implement eleven inches

in length, shown at the bottom of the picture, is of white flint,

and, so far as we are aware, with three exceptions, is the largest

flint implement found in the State of Ohio. The exceptions

are the chert dagger found at Oregonia, Warren County, Ohio,

1891, by the World's Columbian Exposition survey, un-

der our direction; the spear-head of Arkansas material, owned

by Mrs. Pricer, near Bainbridge, Ohio, and one implement in the

possession of Jacob Ankeney of Xenia, Ohio. The implement

is beautifully worked, but slightly nicked upon its edge. The

material of which it is made does not seem to be Ohio flint, but

we cannot, at present, exactly locate it. It is presumably south-

ern. The tablet over the spear is peculiarly grooved in the

middle. The pick-shaped ornament is of unusual length and

is slightly thickened just opposite the perforation.

In figure XXXIX are shown two axes. The one not num-

Report of Field Work. 251

bered belongs to the Marshall Anderson collection. It weighs

10� pounds and is of unusual perfection and polish. Axe No.

326, in the same picture, was found in Warren County, Ohio

(the writer's private collection), and weighs 151/4 pounds. It is

one of the largest axes in the United States, being excelled by

one or two in the Smithsonian Institution, one in Illinois, one

in the Field Columbian Museum and one in Wisconsin. Arch-

aeologists are rather of the opinion that axes of this great size

were made for ceremonial purposes, kept as it were by the tribe

for religious or other purposes and were not put to common use.

Figure XL illustrates a beautiful tube, an axe and a large

slate pipe. The tube and the pipe belong to the Hughes col-

lection and were both found in Knox County. The tube is per-

forated, as in other specimens of this character, but is unique in

that there is a raised section along the middle on either side of

the perforation, and, along this elevation, are two grooves. The

pipe is quite large, weighing about one pound, and appears to

have been used in councils by many smokers, rather than as

the property of one individual. The axe is slightly hollowed out

on the back, very short and thick, and more of the adze type,

252 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

such as are found on the Pacific coast. It was presented by Dr.

Herzer.

Figures XLI and XLII represent two of the finest pipes in

Report of Field Work. 253

the museum. These were obtained by the writer, the frog in

Warren County and the bird in Ross. At the time of the finding

of the bird pipe (No. 593) there was much discussion as to

whether it was a bird or a mastodon. The effigy is exceedingly

rude and, on that account, some were inclined to believe it to

be a mastodon. However, we are of the opinion that it is only

a bird. The frog is an excellent sculpture, weighs a trifle over

five pounds, and is cut from fine-grained sandstone, while the

bird is executed in red standstone. The frog is quite a trav-

eler, having been on exhibition at the Centennial, Philadelphia,

'76; the Smithsonian Institution and the Paris Exposition, '89,

at which places it received honorable mention. Most of the

large effigy pipes have been carried east or abroad, and we may

consider ourselves fortunate in having secured several of them.*

The three copper relics shown in Figure XLIII come from

Warren County, Ohio, and belong to the private collection of

*A large owl pipe, a fox, and a bear are in the University collection.

254 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

the writer. Quite a number of pieces of copper have been

found in Warren County. All of the specimens (an axe to the

left, a needle, 842, and a spear-head, 547), are formed of lump

copper, hammered in the cold state. In the axe and the spear-

head, one can plainly detect the edges of the sheet copper which

has been added to thicken the spear through the middle. It may

be well to remark in this connection that, while the Field, the

Peabody and the Smithsonian Museums and several other in-

stitutions have some thousands of specimens of Ohio copper,

we have but eighty-four pieces in our entire museum.

Figure XLIV shows a sculptured disk, found in the City

of Mexico at the time of the Civil war, by Mr. Anderson.

Photographs have been sent east to our American scholars, in

order that the full meaning of the inscription might be secured.

The stone is about an inch in thickness and upon the reverse

has three deep holes forming a triangle in the center.

Figure XLV represents a terra cotta head found on a village

Report of Field Work. 255

site on the banks of the Ohio River, near Youngstown. It is

of the same character as the little idol heads or pottery sculp-

ture found in Tennessee and Arkansas.

SUMMARY OF ALL COLLECTIONS IN ORTON HALL ARCHAEOLOGI-

CAL MUSEUM, PROPERTY OF THE HISTORICAL

SOCIETY AND THE UNIVERSITY.

Stone Pestles, various patterns ....................... 192

Rollers, or Elongated Pestles ........................ 47

Grooved Stone Hammers ........................... 92

Ungrooved Hammers, Hammer Stones, etc ........... 510

Grooved Stone Axes, many types .................... 235

Whole Pottery, Missouri, Arkansas, Mexico, Ohio...... 127

Polished Stone Hatchets, or Celts .................... 530

Flint Hatchets, or Small Agricultural Implements...... 305

Exhibit illustrating Southern Village Life, along the Sa-

vannah River .................................. 1,306

Slate and Sandstone Tubes .......................... 20

Copper Objects .................................... 78

Ocean Shells, from Mounds .......................... 7

Crania, from Mounds and Graves .................... 32

Saddle Stones (Ceremonials) ......................... 8

256 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

Ceremonial Axes and "Butterfly" Ceremonials. ....... 17

Whole or Partial Skeletons from Mounds .............. 36

*Village Site Material, Pottery, Flint, Bones, Implements,

etc ...................................... . 6,000

Casts of famous relics ............................... 115

Bone Implements from Mounds and Graves........... 198

Shell Implements from Mounds and Graves ............ 40

Mica Objects from Mounds .......................... 93

Vermont and Maryland Collection, estimated.......... 1,000

+Flint Implements, all kinds, estimated ............... 29,585

Flint Ridge Collection .................... ......... 1,637

Georgia Collection ................................. 1,018

Stone Mortars ..................................... 16

Stone Pipes ........................................ 51

Clay Pipes ......................... ................ 9

Modern or Historic Indian Objects ................... 62

Strings of Beads .................................... 14

Discoidals ........................................ 38

Hematite Objects ................................... 86

Silver Objects (Modern) ............................. 12

Slate Ornaments ................................... 185

Slate Ceremonials .................................. 80

Granite Ceremonials, etc ............................ 20

Photographs of famous relics and of explorations....... 281

Unfinished Objects ................................. 600

Miscellaneous Specimens ............................ 1,400

Total ....................................... 46,052

Specimens in Loan Collections (estimated) ............ 8,900

Total ....................................... 55,052

SECTION 7. AN ARCHAEOLOGIC MAP OF OHIO.

Two years ago, at the request of the Society, we undertook

the preparation of a large archaeologic map of the State of

Ohio. As the name implies, this map had for its object the

* This estimate is probably below the actual number in the museum.

+ This number is probably below the actual.number in the museum.

Report of Field Work. 257

proper recording (by townships) of the prehistoric mounds, vil-

lage sites, enclosures, fortifications, etc. The United States Gov-

ernment had observed, through the Smithsonian Institution and

Bureau of Ethnology Reports, some six or seven hundred sepa-

rate remains in the State. Butler County stood alone in this

report as being one of which it could be said that every monu-

ment (or nearly every one) was accurately recorded. To Rev.

J. P. McLean belongs the credit of having done this work many

years before the complete mapping of the entire area was under-

taken by the Society.

In the making of this map, Ohio stands as the first State

in the Union which has undertaken systematic recording of pre-

historic remains. France, England and Germany know exactly

how many dolmens, menhirs, cairns, tumuli and fortifications are

within their limits. Governments of these countries have been

particularly energetic in this matter, and the archaeologist to-day,

especially of France, is not confronted with any of the difficulties

which beset the path of the American scientist. He knows, by

reference to his map, just what mounds, and how many, are in

each parish.

We were aware, when this work was projected, that it would

take several years to locate all of the monuments whose exact

geographic position could be determined. We estimated that

the number of remains in the State would reach 17,000. We

were aware of the truth of the general statement that Ohio is the

richest State, archaeologically speaking, in the Union; but, as the

work progressed, we were astonished at the great number and

diversity of these earth and stone structures.

Many obstacles have arisen and our work has been carried

on under disadvantages. Nine counties have reported but one

mound each. Sixteen counties have reported five mounds, or

less. Our work has proved that there is no single county in the

State in which there are no prehistoric monuments. Further-

more, it is contrary to reason to assume that there are less than

twenty monuments in each county. There are several sections in

the State in which village sites and mounds may be extremely

rare, but a careful investigation of such districts would not fail to

properly record at least fifteen or twenty evidences of primitive

258 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

man's occupation. Failure to get any satisfactory returns from

about forty-five counties in the State can be charged directly to

those persons with whom we have corresponded, or conversed,

who are unwilling to take the time and the trouble necessary to

procure for us a complete report upon the neighborhoods in

which they reside.

Singular as it may seem, there are counties in which we

were unable to find any person who was willing to cooperate

with us. Generally, over the State more than 100 persons re-

turned our tracings with such comments as: "I have not time,"

or "How much do I get for this?" or "Don't know and don't

care," - and these were people of intelligence.

It may be interesting to readers to learn how we obtained

the 2843 characters placed upon the map.

We first took all those which Professor Cyrus Thomas, Mr.

Fowke, Rev. MacLean and a host of other investigators had

recorded in the various publications. This covered every report

relative to Ohio available in public and private libraries at Colum-

bus (something over 400 volumes and papers). As a total from

these we obtained about 900 locations.

Then we prepared tracings of each of the counties and sent

these to all collectors and members of the Historical Society

and persons of intelligence whom we thought would aid us.

Many of the tracings were lost. Others came back and were

again sent out. Most of them were returned with but one or

two markings. Pickaway County may be taken as an example

of the method pursued. It was first sent to Mr. Barton Walters,

of Circleville, who recorded 53 monuments, then it went to Mr.

Tipton in the southwestern portion of the county, who placed

about 25 more, and from him to a gentleman upon the east side,

who listed such as were known there. Then it was sent to Mr.

Roof, of northern Pickaway County, who recorded 15 or 20

more.

It must be remembered that nearly every location represents

more than one mound and that a large proportion of the earth-

works include numerous mounds, circles, squares, etc., so that

the total average for each mark made upon the map is:

Report of Field Work. 259

41/2 for the Scioto Valley,

21/2 for the Muskingum,

21/2 for the Great Miami,

2 for the Little Miami,

2 for Brush Creek, and

1� for the whole Ohio River from Steubenville to Cincinnati.

The northern part of the State and hilly sections will not

average more than 11/4 per character. As near as we can estimate,

the 2843 marks upon the map represent 6500 monuments.

Of the obliterated mounds, circles and earthworks, some

can be accurately placed, but there are doubtless many, espec-

ially in rich, alluvial bottoms of the Scioto, Muskingum, Hocking

and two Miamis, which have forever disappeared and have left

no trace behind, either in the memory of man, or upon the surface.

It will be observed that twenty counties in the State have fur-

nished nearly all the mounds and that Butler, Ross, Jackson,

Pickaway, Franklin, Licking, Washington, Fairfield and Adams

have furnished over 1400, or about one-half of the entire number

recorded.

The larger portion of them lie south of the center of the

State. Many cannot be very accurately located. If these were

recorded, the number would be swelled to 7500, but we have

purposely left them out.

The survey during the past two summers recorded upwards

of 500 monuments during its travels. Mr. Swartzel was sent

through the northern part of the State on a bicycle and visited

seven or eight counties, procuring from them 50 or 60 monuments.

Mr. Loveberry spent four days in traversing portions of

Fayette, Pickaway, Madison, Highland and Ross Counties on

a bicycle and secured a total of 165 additional mounds. Mr. R.

H. Moorehead traveled through northern Licking County and

secured 48 mounds in two days. Mr. Loveberry followed Big

Darby Creek on one of his trips and main Paint Creek upon

another, while Mr. Moorehead followed the north fork of Licking

River.

The Curator drove from Steubenville nearly to Clarington

260 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

in Monroe County, along the Ohio River, and located about 40

monuments. He drove several days in Perry, Fairfield and Pick-

away Counties, and while lecturing in the northern part of the

State, drove across Hardin, Wyandotte, Seneca and Sandusky

Counties. Pike, Ross, Carroll, Harrison and Warren Counties

were also traveled by him.

While mounds seem very thick in the Muskingum and

Scioto Valleys, it must be remembered that those regions

had been repeatedly traversed by surveys. We do not claim

that other regions would show as many remains, but they

would exhibit several hundred more than is now assigned them

were it possible for a representative of the Society to visit them.

Brush Creek, previous to this summer, had but a scant dozen

known remains. White Oak Creek in Brown, Raccoon Creek

in Gallia, the lower Hocking, Beaver Creek in Columbiana and

other valleys, if visited, would be found to contain at least three

or four hundred prehistoric structures.

It is now practically impossible to secure exact locations,

or any considerable number of additional monuments by means

of correspondence.

Recently two hundred letters sent out to persons supposed

to be interested in archaeology with whom previous correspond-

ence had not been had, resulted in the acquisition of only twenty

or thirty mounds or village sites.

An examination of the map shows that many sections of the

State, and especially those enumerated below, are not fairly rep-

resented. We cannot hope to complete our map, or at least

to have it approach completion, unless we resort to personal

visitation.

Because of the difficulty of securing further testimony by

correspondence (as we have written to every one in the State

who is interested in archaeology) the Curator suggests the prac-

ticability of sending, next summer, one of the students upon a

bicycle from Jefferson in Ashtabula County south through War-

ren to New Lisbon, west across the State to Lima, south along

the Great Miami River to Dayton, thence by rail to New Phila-

delphia, thence southeast to Clarington in Monroe County, and

Report of Field Work. 261

from there down the Ohio River to Ironton, thence northeast to

Athens, then to Ashtabula and west along the lake to the Mau-

mee, up the same to the Indiana line, and south to Cincinnati.

This would occupy about two months and would give us an

accurate report upon such regions as have not been recorded.

The Curator is convinced that the number of monuments upon

the map would be increased by two or three thousand by such

personal visitation.

Taken as a whole, the two years' work upon the map has

been productive of gratifying results. We have recorded for

archaeologists and persons interested in science 6500 of the monu-

ments of pre-Columbian times. To students of the future, the

value of our State archaeological map can scarcely be overesti-

mated.

No archaeologist seems to have paid attention to glacial

kame and gravel knoll burials. Our map shows them to have

been much used as grave sites.

Out of three hundred and ten persons in the State inter-

ested in archaeology, no one seems to have ever heard of copper

and but little mica have been found with skeletons in them.

There is every indication that interments in glacial kames are

older than the mounds.

Excellent preservation of the skeletons is not evidence of

recent interment. Bodies buried in gravel, are well preserved,

because the material surrounding them permits the water to

readily penetrate below the bones, thus keeping the bodies dry.

With the exception of some pieces of pottery and carved

shell, the most crude and primitive form of ornaments and weap-

ons accompained the skeletons. There is no care evinced in the

preparation of the graves-no evidence of ceremonies having

been enacted, such as we conclude were carried out when the

mounds were constructed. A simple excavation is made in the

knoll and the bodies deposited, apparently without any wrap-

pings of hides or cloth. When possible a rounded knoll-almost

artificial in appearance-was always chosen. The number of in-

terments ranges from one to fifty. In Clark, Pickaway, Lick-

ing, Clinton, Clermont, Ross and Hardin Counties, gravel burials

262 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

seem most numerous. A circle twenty miles in diameter with

Circleville as the center would include more than one hundred

glacial formations in which skeletons have been found. Nearly

every farmer or county commissioner who has had any consid-

erable experience in opening pits, speaks of the finding of skel-

etons, always tolerably well preserved.

In gravel ridges we sometimes observe trenches varying from

fifty to one hundred feet in length, in which there are skeletons.

We are inclined to the opinion that these are not ancient, but

cannot speak with certainty until further explorations are made.

In one trench near the site of Cornstalk Town, in the Pickaway

Plains, farmers found thirty-five or forty skeletons, several of

which showed unmistakable bullet holes in the skulls.

Some interesting conclusions can already be drawn from

the map. Fortifications, enclosures, village sites and mounds

are so numerous in the southern part of the State that a line

drawn in any direction will intersect large numbers. This dis-

proves the old assertion, made by our pioneer archaeologists, that

mounds follow each other at regular intervals and were used

largely as signal stations. The distributions of mounds can be

compared to the stars in the heavens, and lines, circles, squares

or triangles might be drawn so as to intersect almost any desired

number. While mounds follow the streams generally, yet there

are many of them in hilly sections. Nearly every mound can

be truly classed as simply a structure erected to cover the dead.

Stone mounds predominate over those of earth along the Ohio

River, upon Brush Creek and throughout the Muskingum Valley.

It almost appears that we can classify the mounds of Brush Creek,

the Ohio, the Scioto and the Muskingum as having been erected

by different tribes. The exact relationship of these to each other

must be determined by future investigations, but it seems, now,

as if we could place those of Brush Creek and the Ohio in greater

antiquity, or at least belonging to a more primitive culture than

those in the Scioto or the Muskingum. It is safe to conclude

that in point of numbers, careful construction and evidence of

a high grade of barbaric culture, the remains in the Scioto,

especially in Ross and Pickaway Counties, rank far above those

Report of Field Work. 263

in other portions of the State; and while that culture is high,

yet it must find its true position in upper barbarism and cannot be

considered as belonging to a state of true civilization.

It will be seen in this enumeration, that we have not at-

tempted to make a detailed division of the prehistoric remains in

Ohio into their proper classes. While the map shows the known

remains in each valley, and distinguishes between structures upon

hills and those in the valley, of earth and of stone, of circular,

square and irregular form; an enumeration of these remains ac-

cording to kind, might lead students to arrive at erroneous con-

clusions. In the next annual report, the map shall have been

sufficiently progressed to permit us to state in tabulated form

just what classes of remains predominate in the various sections.

Therefore the present omissions in our table are intentional,

and must needs be overlooked by the critical reader.

TABLE OF PREHISTORIC REMAINS IN OHIO ARRANGED AC-

CORDING TO COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS.

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER CONTAINED.

ROSS.

Colerain ..................... 1 Buckskin .................... 10

Green ....................... 22 Concord ..................... 10

Springfield .................. 13 Deerfield ..................... 4

Liberty ...................... 25 Franklin ..................... 18

Scioto ....................... 22 Jefferson ..................... 10

Huntington .................. 10 Paint ........................ 6

Union ....................... 38

Twin ......................... 25 Total .................... 231

Paxton ...................... 17

LICKING.

Mary Ann ................... 1 Franklin ..................... 20

Monroe. .................... 2 Lima ........................ 1

McKean ..................... 5 Washington .................. 9

Jersey ..................... 7 Harrison ..................... 2

St. Albans ................. 13 Union ....................... 14

Eden ....................... 7 Licking ...................... 13

Granville ................. 21 Hanover ..................... 17

Newton ..................... 10 Bowling Green ................ 15

Newark ..................... 2 Burlington ................... 8

Hopewell ................... 9

Madison ................... 18 Total .................... 212

264 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

PICKAWAY.

Salt Creek .................... 7 Muhlenburg .................. 19

Pickaway .................... 21 Monroe ...................... 12

Perry ................... .... 5 Deer Creek ................... 13

Washington .................. 7 Wayne ....................... 15

Walnut ...................... 21 Darby ....................... 8

Madison ..................... 4 Circleville .................... 8

Scioto ....................... 17

Harrison ..................... 16 Total .................... 195

Jackson ...................... 22

BUTLER.

Morgan ..................... 10 Wayne ....................... 7

Reilly ..................... 16 Madison ..................... 12

Oxford ...................... 17 Lemon ....................... 4

Milford .................... 6 Liberty ...................... 6

Hanover ..................... 11 Union ....................... 11

Ross ....................... 44

Fairfield .................. 14 Total .................... 183

St. Clair................... 25

JACKSON.

Scioto ....................... 4 Jackson ..................... 5

Madison ..................... 4 Coal ......................... 65

Jefferson ..................... 5 Washington .................. 15

Bloomfield ................... 5 Milton ....................... 7

Franklin ..................... 21

Liberty ...................... 15 Total .................... 152

FAIRFIELD.

Rush Creek .................. 11 Clear Creek .................. 25

Madison ..................... 5 Violet ........................ 5

Richland ..................... 20 Walnut ...................... 1

Pleasant ..................... 4 Bloom ....................... 13

Berne ........................ 12 Amanda ..................... 15

Hocking ..................... 12

Greenfield .................... 3 Total .................... 126

FRANKLIN.

Perry ........................ 6 Franklin ..................... 7

Sharon ...................... 10 Marion ...................... 8

Blendon .................... 4 Truro ........................ 5

Brown ....................... 2 Pleasant ..................... 10

Clinton ...................... 3 Jackson ...................... 21

Mifflin ....................... 4 Hamilton .................... 19

Jefferson ..................... 4 Madison ..................... 11

Washington .................. 1

Prairie ....................... 3 Total .................... 118

WASHINGTON.

Windsor ................. .. 3 Marietta ..................... 10

Waterford .................... 12 Warren ...................... 1

Adams ....................... 35 Salem ........................ 2

Union ....................... 3

Muskingum .................. 19 Total .................... 85

Report of Field Work. 265

CLINTON.

Chester ...................... 1 Richland ..................... 1

Liberty . .............. 4 Clark ........................ 1

Wilson ...................... 1 Union ....................... 42

Washington . ................ 2 Green ........................ 1

Adams . ...... ............. 13

Vernon ...................... 11 Total .................... 77

ADAMS.

Winchester .................. 10 Tiffin ........................ 10

Scott . .............. 1 Jefferson ..................... 6

Bratton ...................... 6 Green ........................ 9

Meigs . ............... 10 Monroe ...................... 7

Oliver . .............. 3 Spring ....................... 4

Wayne .. ..................... 5

Liberty ...................... 1 Total .................... 72

MUSKINGUM.

Madison .................. 8 Salt Creek ................... 2

Cass ............ ...... 6 Rich Hill ..................... 3

Hopewell . ............ 9 Newton ................... 1

Licking ...... ............ 4 Harrison ... ................. 2

Muskingum ............... 1 Blue Rock ................. 5

Falls ................... 2 Brush Creek ................ 3

Salem .................. 1 Springfield ........ ...... 10

Washington ............. 7

Union ...... ............. 1 Total ................... 70

Wayne ................ 4

PERRY.

Monroe ...................... 1 Madison ..................... 1

Salt Lick . ............ . 2 Hopewell . ................... 14

Pike . .... .. .............. 3 Thorn ........................ 28

Reading . ............. 15

Clayton . ........... ... 4 Total ....................68

WARREN.

Wayne . .............. 7 Deerfield .................... 1

Turtle Creek... ............ 18 Washington ................. 9

Franklin . .................. 5 Harlem ...................... 1

Massie ...................... 2 Hamilton .................... 4

Union ...................... 7

Clear Creek . .................. 1 Total .................... 55

PIKE.

Benton ...................... 2 Scioto ....................... 9

Berry ........................ 3 Seal . ....................... 11

Mifflin ....................... 2 Pee Pee . ..................... 11

Sun Fish .................... 1 Jackson . ..................... 10

Camp Creek .................. 2

Newton ...................... 4 Total .................... 55

266 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

COSHOCTON.

Tiverton ..................... 4 Tuscarawas .................. 11

New Castle .................. 8 La Fayette .................... 5

Jefferson ................... 8 Oxford ...................... 3

Bethlehem ................... 7 Pike .......................... 1

Keene ...................... 1 Franklin ..................... 1

Perry ........................ 1

Jackson ...................... 2 Total .................... 52

DELAWARE.

Porter ....................... 2 Oxford ...................... 1

Berlin ....................... 1 Brown ...................... 3

Thompson ................... 1 Berkshire ................... 2

Radnor ...................... 4 Orange ...................... 6

Marlborough ................ 1 Genoa ....................... 2

Troy ........................ 3 Harlem ...................... 1

Scioto ....................... 2

Concord ..................... 5 Total ................... 45

Liberty ...................... 11

HARDIN.

Washington .................. 1 McDonald ................... 3

Jackson ...................... 1 Lynn .......................: 2

Cessna ....................... 7 Buck ........................ 6

Hale ......................... 4 Taylor Creek ................. 3

Pleasant ..................... 6 Dudley ...................... 5

Goshen ..................... 3

Round Head................. 4 Total .................... 45

ATHENS.

Dover ....................... 4 Trimble ...................... 1

Athens ....................... 11 Ames ........................ 9

Lee .......................... 1

Rome ....................... 1 Total .................... 44

Alexandria ................... 17

SCIOTO.

Valley ....................... 6 Washington ................. 6

Porter ....................... 2 Nile ......................... 6

Clay ............. ...........15 Morgan ...................... 1

Green ........................ 3

Rush ........................ 4 Total .................... 43

CLARKE.

Bethel ....................... 5 Harmony .................... 7

Springfield ................... 12 Madison ..................... 2

German ...................... 2 Pike ......................... 1

Mansfield .................... 3

Green ............. ........ 4 Total ................... 38

Mad River .................... 2

Report of Field Work. 267

HAMILTON.

Colerain ..................... 2 Anderson .................... 10

Miami ....................... 3 Spencer ...................... 2

Delta ........................ 5 Delhi ........................ 1

Mill Creek ............ ....... 1

Sycamore .................... 3 Total .................... 36

Columbia .................... 9

ASHLAND.

Clear Creek ................... 4 Hanover ..................... 4

Montgomery ................. 7 Lake ........................ 2

Jackson ...................... 1 Green ....................... 10

Mifflin ....................... 2

Mohican ..................... 5 Total .................... 35

BROWN.

Eagle ........................ 1 Union ....................... 14

Jackson ...................... 1 Huntington .................. 4

Jefferson ..................... 3 Lewis ....................... 2

Scott ........................ 1 Perry ........................ 5

Byrd ........................ 2

Pleasant ..................... 2 Total .................... 35

HIGHLAND.

Paint ........................ 9 Fairfield ..................... 2

Madison ..................... 2 Concord ..................... 8

Clay ......................... 2 Brush Creek ................. 3

Liberty ...................... 2 Jackson ...................... 2

Dodson ...................... 1

White Oak.................. 4 Total .................... 35

CLERMONT.

Montgomery ................ 2 Ohio ........................ 1

Miami ....................... 5 Pierce ....................... 2

Monroe ....................... 1 Wayne ....................... 5

Stone Lick ................... 5 Tate ........................ 2

Jackson ...................... 4

Williamsburg ................ 1 Total ................... 32

Batavia ...................... 4

MORGAN.

Bloom ....................... 5 Meigsville ..................... 3

Malta ........................ 1 Centre ....................... 3

Morgan ..................... 14 Deerfield ..................... 1

Union ....................... 2

Windsor ..................... 3 Total .................... 32

FULTON.

Clinton ..................... 1 Pike ........................ 6

Gorham ..................... 3 Fulton ................. 2

Franklin .................... 8 Chesterfield ................. 6

York ........................ 2

Dover ....................... 2 Total ................... 31

Swan Creek ................. 1

268 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

WAYNE.

Sugar Creek ................. 2 Wooster ..................... 12

Canaan ...................... 1 East Union ................... 2

Congress .................... 2 Franklin ..................... 4

Chester ...................... 3 Salt Lick .................... 2

Plain ........................ 2

Wayne ...................... 1 Total ................... 31

KNOX.

Jefferson ..................... 3 Morgan ...................... 1

Wayne ....................... 3 Clinton ...................... 1

Morris ...................... 11 Pleasant ..................... 1

Middleburg .................. 3 Butler ....................... 1

Monroe ..................... 1

Union ....................... 4 Total .................... 30

VINTON.

Elk .......................... 2 Swan ...................... 3

Madison ..................... 5 Richland ..................... 2

Eagle ....................... 6

Brown ....................... 8 Total .......... ......... 26

MONTGOMERY.

German ..................... 6 Harrison .................... 4

Jackson ..................... 1 Butler ....................... 1

Jefferson ..................... 2 Vanburen ................... 1

Miami ...................... 7

Washington ................. 2 Total ................... 26

Madrid ...................... 2

WYANDOTTE.

Tymochtee .................. 8 Richland ..................... 1

Crane ........................ 3 Jackson 2

Salem ....................... 8

Pitt ......................... 1 Total .................... 23

MARION.

Grand ....................... 1 Pleasant ..................... 1

Salt Rock ................... 4 Marion ...................... 4

Green Camp ................. 1 Grand Prairie ............... 4

Montgomery ................ 1

Prospect .................... 4 Total ................... 23

Richland .................... 3

LAWRENCE.

Hamilton .................... 5 Rome ........................ 1

Upper ....................... 7

Fayette ...................... 8 Total ................... 23

Union ....................... 2

Report of Field Work. 269

GREENE.

Jefferson ................... 1 Xenia ....................... 10

New Jasper ................. 2 Spring Valley ................ 3

Cedarville .................. 2 Miami ....................... 2

Beaver Creek ................ 1

Caesar's Creek............... 1 Total .................... 22

FAYETTE.

Marion ...................... 2 Union ....................... 4

Paint ........................ 2 Perry ........................ 5

Jefferson ..................... 3

Wayne ....................... 5 Total .................... 21

SUMMIT.

Northfield ................... 1 Norton ...................... 1

Boston . ............ . 2 Coventry ..................... 2

Northampton ................ 8

Copley . ...................... 3 Total .................... 20

Portage ...................... 3

MADISON.

Monroe .................... 4 Pleasant ..................... 2

Oak Run ............... 1 Jefferson ..................... 7

Union .................. 2

Darby . .................. 3 Total .................... 20

Deer Creek................. 1

WILLIAMS.

Northwest .................. 4 Springfield .................. 2

Bridge Water . ............... 1 Brady ....................... 1

Florence .................... 3

St. Joseph . .................. 7 Total ................... 20

Pulaski ...................... 2

HOCKING.

Falls ......................... 1 Washington .................. 4

Greene . ..................... 1 Salt Creek .................... 4

Good Hope . .................. 1 Marion ...................... 1

Starr ....................... 5

Perry ........................ 2 Total .................... 19

UNION.

Washington .................. 1 Dover ....................... 1

York ........................ 4 Mill Creek ................... 1

Claibourne . .................. 1 Darby ....................... 4

Liberty . ..................... 1 Jerome ...................... 1

Leesburg .................... 2

Paris ........................ 3 Total .................... 19

270 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

ERIE.

Margaretta .................. 10 Oxford .................... 1

Portland ..................... 4

Perkins ..................... 2 Total .................... 18

M ilan ........................ 1

MIAMI.

Staunton .................... 1 Concord ...................... 2

Newberry ................... 1 Monroe ..................... 3

Washington .................. 3 Bethel ...................... 2

Spring Creek ................. 3

Newton ...................... 2 Total ................... 17

LORAIN.

Sheffield ..................... 6 Brownhelm .................. 1

Brighton ..................... 1 Pittsfield ..................... 1

Elyria ....................... 3

Wellington .................. 4 Total . ............. 16

MORROW.

North Bloomfield ............. 3 Peru ................... 1

Gilead ....................... -

Lincoln ...................... 3 Total ................... 16

Chester ..................... 6

BELMONT.

Pease ........................ 5 York ..... . ............... 2

Pultney ...................... 4

Wood ....................... 4 Total .................... 15

LUCAS.

Adams ....................... 2 Providence ................... 1

Oregon ...................... 11

Springfield .................. 1 Total .................... 15

HOLMES.

Washington ................. 2 Monroe ..................... 1

Ripley ....................... 2 Richland .................... 1

Knox ........................ 7

Paint ........................ 1 Total . ............. 14

HURON.

Ridgefield .................... 3 Clarksfield ................. 1

Norwalk ..................... 5

Peru . ....................... 1 Total .................... 12

Fairfield ..................... 2

Report of Field Work. 271

RICHLAND.

Jackson ...................... 1 Jefferson ..................... 2

Sandusky .................... 1 Worthington .................' 1

Springfield ................... 1

Madison ..................... 3 Total .................... 12

Miffin ....................... 3

TUSCARAWAS.

Dover ....................... 1 Wayne ....................... 2

Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Mill ........................ 2

Clay ......................... 4

Warwick . .................... 2 Total ................... 12

DARKE.

Allen ........................ 2 Harrison ...................... 1

Wabash ...................... 1 Greenville .................... 3

Brown ....................... 1 German ...................... 1

Mississina ................... 1

Washington .................. 1 Total .................... 11

ASHTABULA.

Conneaut ..... .............. 3 Morgan ...................... 1

Ashtabula .................... 2 Rome ....................... 1

Harpersfield ................. 1

Wayne ....................... 3 Total .................... 11

CUYAHOGA.

Brooklyn .................... 2 Solon ........................ 1

Independence .... ........ 1 Bedford ...................... 3

Orange ...................... 3

Newberg .................... 1 Total .................... 11

JEFFERSON.

Cross Creek ................. 3

Wells ........................ 3 Total .................... 10

Warren ...................... 4

STARK.

Sugar Creek .................. 1 Nimishillen .................. 1

Bethlehem ................... 2 Perry ........................ 3

Canton ....................... 1

Sandy ....................... 1 Total .................... 9

DEFIANCE.

Mark ....................... 1 Noble ....................... 2

Milford ...................... 1 Farmer ................. ... 1

Tiffin ........................ 1

Hicksville ................... 1 Total' ................... 9

Adams ....................... 1

272 Ohio Arch. and His. Society Publications.

MERCER.

Dublin ....................... 3 Marion ...................... 1

Union ....................... 1

Jefferson ..................... 2 Total .................... 9

Recovery .................... 2

PREBLE.

Jefferson ..................... 1 Gasper ....................... 1

Harrison ..................... 1

Twin ........................ 5 Total .................... 8

CHAMPAIGN.

Mad River .................... 1 Urbana ...................... 2

Jackson ...................... 1 Union ....................... 2

Wayne ...................... 1

Johnson ..................... 1 Total .................... 8

ALLEN.

German ...................... 1 Jackson ...................... 5

Bath ....................... 1 --

Total .................... 7

MEDINA.

Westfield .................... 1 Spencer ...................... 1

Medina ...................... 2

York ........................ 2 Total .................... 6

WOOD.

Perrysburg ................... 1 Washington .................. 1

Milton ....................... 1

Plain ........................ 2 Total .................... 6

Weston ...................... 1

CRAWFORD.

Holmes ...................... 3 Bucyrus ..................... 1

Liberty ...................... 1

Total .................... 5

HARRISON. HANCOCK.

Pleasant ..................... 1

Delaware .................... 1

Franklin ..................... 2 Blanchard ..................... 2

Monroe ..................... 3

Total ................. 5 Total.................... 4

OTTAWA. AUGLAIZE.

Bay .......................... 2 Logan ....................... 2

Danbury.......... .... 3 Douchouquet ................ 2

Total .................... 5 Total .................... 4

Report of Field Work. 273

LAKE. GEAUGA.

Perry .................. ..... 2 Russell ...................... 1

Painesville ................... 2 Parkman ..................... 1

Total .................... 4 Total .................... 2

SENECA. HENRY.

Eden ........................ 1 Napoleon .................... 2

Pleasant ..................... 2

TRUMBULL.

Total .................... 3 Framington .................. 1

Braceville .................... 1

GALLIA.

Addison ..................... 2 Total .................... 2

Green ........................ 1

LOGAN.

Total ................. .. 3 Brookes ...................... 1

MAHONING. SHELBY.

Austintown ................... 1 Vanburen .................... 1

Youngstown ................. 2 PUTNAM.

Total .................... 3 Blanchard .................... 1

MONROE. MEIGS.

Switzerland .................. 1

Switzerland .................... 1 Scipio ....................... 1

Salem ........................ 2

COLUMBIANA.

Total .................... 3 Liverpool .................... 1

PORTAGE. AUDING.

Palmyra ..................... 2 Auglaize ..................... 1

Hiram ....................... 1

VAN WERT.

Total ................... 3 Washington .................. 1

NOBLE. GUERNSEY.

Olive ........................ 2 Spencer ...................... 1

Noble ........................ 1

CARROLL.

Total ................. 3

Perry ....................... 1

SANDUSKY. Total number of symbols.2843

Sandusky .................... 1

York ........................ 1 Along the Ohio River on Ken-

tucky and West Virginia

Total .................... 2 banks ..................... 41

274 OhioArch. and His. Society Publications.

SUMMARY.

In the entire State there are (records up to Jan. 30, 1897):

Circles of earth ............................... 143

Squares of earth ........ ..................... 74

Enclosures and fortifications of earth and stone.. 279

Series or groups of stone graves ................ 115

Glacial kame or gravel knoll burials ........... 223

Village sites ................................ 174

Tumuli of earth and stone ..................... 1835

Total ................................... 2843

WARREN KING MOOREHEAD.

APPENDIX.*

Total number of specimens added to the joint collections

since the summary on page 255 was compiled, 9,500.

Total number of monuments added to the state archaeologic

map since January 30, 420.

More than 20 mounds have been explored by Mr. Love-

berry. These will be described in the annual report of next

year. W. K. M.

*July 1, 1897.

Ohio History Journal