Ohio History Journal

EXCAVATION OF THE REEVE VILLAGE SITE,

LAKE COUNTY, OHIO

By

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Foreword ........................................                                                                    5

Description  of  the  Site .................................                                                   5

Burial ........................................  10

Artifacts  .............................................                                                               11

Bibliography ........................................                                                              31

Appendix  ...................................... .....                                                              32

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EXCAVATION OF THE REEVE VILLAGE SITE,

LAKE COUNTY, OHIO

Foreword

The entire season of 1929 was spent in locating and examin-

ing a number of aboriginal sites in northern Ohio, from the

eastern border of the State to the city of Lorain and in only one

instance more than ten miles from the shore of Lake Erie. Pre-

vious to 1929 no excavations in the lake shore region had been

conducted for this Society, and consequently the first problem

was to locate a promising site. For this purpose the assistance

of Mr. Sidney S. Wilson, secretary of Adelbert College, Western

Reserve University, was sought, and through him contact was

made with Mr. Eugene Vohlers of Willoughby, who gave the

location of the Reeve Site. Since this site had been dug indis-

criminately for fifty years or more, the excavations which were

then begun were of a preliminary nature, pending the location of

a virgin site. The field staff, consisting of Mr. Richard Morgan

of Middletown, Ohio, Mr. Warren Stevens and Mr. William

Rygg of Oak Park, Illinois, began excavation under the direc-

tion of Mr. Robert Goslin, field assistant, while the writer made

a number of trips in the effort to find a more promising site for

the summer's work. Other sites were located, but excavation of

them gave such meager results that several returns were made to

the Reeve Site, which was the most productive of artifacts of

the fifteen or more sites found during the season. In view of

the fact that the Reeve Site had been worked so thoroughly, few

measurements were taken, either vertically or horizontally.

Description of the Site

The Reeve Village Site is in Willoughby township, Lake

County, one-quarter of a mile south of the mouth of the Chagrin

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6      OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

River, on a bluff about thirty-five feet high on the east side of

the river. No earthworks were found but the site may origi-

nally have been fortified by a stockade of logs set in a low wall of

earth. Charles Whittlesey¹ describes a site in the immediate

vicinity of the Reeve Site, with two walls of earth inclosing an

area at the edge of the river bluff. He refers to "a blunt point

of land, composed of drift hard pan, about thirty-five feet high,

at the base of which the river is rapidly wearing away the mate-

rials." Although in 1929 no projecting of the bluff was notice-

able, people who have been familiar with the site for the past

half-century say that from thirty to fifty feet of land has fallen

into the river within the period of their memory. The two walls

described by Whittlesey, which ran parallel a short distance

from one another, were nearly obliterated at the time of his visit

in 1877, but he traced them for a distance of about 640 feet.

Permission to excavate was readily granted by the owner of

the site, Dr. George N. Reeve. As determined by excavation the

occupied area extended along the bluff for some 250 feet, and

away from the bluff not more than eighty feet (Figure 1.). The

stream at the bottom of the bluff is not the main current of

Chagrin River, but a slow-moving, shallow bayou which enters

the main stream at the north end of the village site. The oppo-

site shore of this bayou is a large island. At the present time

there is a summer cottage with a fenced-in yard at the edge of

the bluff, the whole covering an area about thirty by seventy-five

feet upon which no excavations were made. The road extend-

ing from the pavement to the summer cottage, paralleling the

edge of the bluff for nearly two hundred feet, forbade extensive

digging in that part of the site. Formerly an apple orchard

benefitted from the rich soil, but only four of the trees were

standing in 1929.

This spot of ground has been well-known for many years,

probably since its surface was first broken by the plow, and re-

ports of excavations in the past were substantiated by a number

1 Superior figures in this article refer to numbered items in the Bibliography.

8      OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The Reeve Site closely resembles many of the villages ascribed to the Iroquois, in northern New York, in the character of the objects found, in its situation at the edge of a bluff, and in the thick deposit of black soil which contained the debris of occupation. This layer varied in thickness from two to three and one-half feet along the bluff and became thinner toward the outer limits of the area occupied. It lay directly upon the clay which beyond the limits of the site is at the surface of the ground. Indications were lacking that the occupants had dug beneath the clay, and all artifacts and other accumulations of occupation were found in the black soil. This thick deposit prob- ably represents a modification of the original clay surface rather than an accumulation above it. It appeared to result from the decay of organic matter, the planting of crops, and from fire. The presence of artifacts and of refuse material and ashes from top to bottom of this layer can be explained only by supposing that activities attendant upon continuous occupation reached down into the ground to the present level of the clay. Thick layers of ashes were frequently found separating the black soil from the clay. These contained no artifacts and but very few animal bones, and were thicker along the edge of the bluff than elsewhere. Only one of these layers was examined from edge to edge. It was about ten inches thick and was overlaid by one foot of black soil. It consisted of solid, white ashes and contained a few bones of animals and birds, but no artifacts. This deposit measured fifteen feet in diameter and lay twenty- five feet from the edge of the bluff, about at the center of the occupied area. Identity of the Occupants. In 1932 a new method of classi- fying the archaeological cultures of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains was formulated,3 in which several large culture-groups of the Mississippi Valley are gathered together under the general term Mississippi, which is subdivided into three heads, Lower, Middle and Upper. The Upper Mississippi in- cludes the Fort Ancient and Iroquois cultures, and since the characteristics of the Reeve Site place it either in one or the other of the latter, this site falls into the Upper Mississippi

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION               9

phase. Detailed comparison with other specific sites has not

yet been made, and aspect, focus and component cannot here be

indicated.

Because of its location if for no other reason, the Reeve

Site is more allied to the Iroquois than to the Fort Ancient cul-

ture, although the sherds with curvilinear incised designs (Fig-

ure 36, A, B, C.) place it closer to the latter than any other

known site ascribed to the Iroquois. Historically, the identity

of the occupants of this site points to the Erie Indians, who

were linguistically Iroquois and are placed on the early maps

along the southern shore of Lake Erie. The Erie, or Cat Nation,

as they are called in the early records, were completely destroyed

as a separate unit by the confederated Iroquois in 1654.4 The

nearest site to the one under discussion, which has been de-

scribed as a village of the Erie Indians is near Ripley, Chau-

tauqua County, New York.5

The characteristics of the Reeve Site are as follows: double

burial; flexion; extension; thick deposit of artifact-bearing black

earth; situation at edge of a river-bluff; stockade fortifica-

tion(?); stone celts, mostly rough, many showing constriction

for hafting; projectile points, flint, unnotched, predominating;

projectile points, flint, notched or stemmed; projectile points,

antler; scrapers, flint, keeled; scrapers, flint, other types; drills,

flint, three types; knives, two types, unnotched leaf-shaped pre-

dominant; blanks, flint; net-sinkers, thick, large, and unmodified

except for notches, and thin, with edges chipped, and notches;

mortar, sandstone, small; rubbing stones, two with grooves; ham-

merstone, pitted; awls, bird and animal bones, some bearing

notches; punches, bone or antler; gouges, antler; flint-chipping

tools, bone, antler, and raccoon penis-bone; chisels, antler; animal

bone with incised crosshatch design; fish-scalers, mussel shell,

some perforated; beads, hollow bird bone; beads, discoidal shell;

pendants, slate, mussel shell, and perforated animal canine teeth;

gorgets, slate, with and without holes; combs, effigy, antler; flutes,

bone; tobacco pipes, clay, stone, Ohio pipestone (Sciotoville flint-

clay), effigies in stone, and probably elbow clay types, one with

bell-shaped bowl; pottery, bearing incised, punctate, pressed and

10     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

rouletted designs, with rounded bottoms, occasionally scallops on rims, neck not deeply constricted, handles rare, mostly grit-tem- pered but some shell; red pigment on celts; representation of face on rim of a vessel. Important among the traits common to other sites of this type, but which were lacking on the Reeve Site, are fish-hooks and refuse pits. It is highly improbable that the absence of the latter is due to long-continued indiscriminate excavation. There are four items in the foregoing list of characteristics which indicate the possibility that more than one culture is rep- resented on the Reeve Site: notched projectile points, slate gor- gets, potsherds bearing roulette marks, and one sherd with hori- zontal and diagonal lines in relief (Figure 37, A.)  The first three traits are more characteristic of the Algonkian, which is found in the same general region, and the fourth is not yet identifiable. Burial Sixty-five feet from the bluff (At X in Figure 1.) a double burial was encountered on the surface of the clay beneath about twenty-six inches of black earth. This was the only burial found, and consisted apparently of the remains of mother and child. Unfortunately the skulls of both skeletons were displaced by the shovel before it was realized that a burial had been found. The two individuals had been placed very close to one another (Figure 2.). The radius and ulna of the left arm of the child lay between the pelvic bone and upper articular surface of the femur of the adult; the left humerus of the child lay upon the right pelvic bone of the adult. From the top of the head to the bones of the feet, following the curve of the flexion, the adult skeleton measured forty-nine inches. Judging by the condition of the teeth and the state of fusion of the head of the femur the individual here represented was between fourteen and eighteen years of age at the time of death. A very small skull corre- sponds with the extreme shortness of stature. The child had in life been about twenty-one inches in height. Both skeletons lay on the back, and the knees of the adult were slightly flexed

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             11

while the legs of the child were extended. The heads lay to the south. A girdle of thirty-eight bone beads, made of the hollow leg- bones of birds, encircled the hips of the infant, and upon re- moval of the skeleton, sixty-nine more small discoidal shell beads, many of them cemented together in the strung position, were found under the girdle of bone beads (Figure 20.). No other artifacts were found with this double burial, and there was no observable preparation of the grave.   Artifacts For convenience in description the artifacts from the Reeve Site are classified as follows: implements, ornaments, musical instruments, tobacco pipes, and pottery. These divisions are not final, since certain types of objects will readily go into more than one, as pottery for example, which could come under im- plements, but is also ornamental. The terms given to various types of objects, such as "awl," "projectile point," "knife," are used more for convenience than for the purpose of indicating the use to which they were put. Some of these terms, "awl" for example, are quite obviously used correctly, but one cannot in all instances be certain when a flint specimen was intended for use as a projectile point or as a knife. Some specimens provide no clue whatever to the nature of their use, and these are classed as problematical. Classifications and descriptions of celts, projectile points, scrapers, drills, knives, blanks, net-sink- ers, slate ceremonials and decorated potsherds will be found in the Appendix, pages 32 to 64. Identification of minerals, tentative in many instances, was made by Mr. Howard R. Goodwin of the Museum staff. All measurements given are maximum, and the instrument used was a straight celluloid rule. Celts. The fifty-six celts are divided into five main groups (See Appendix.). These implements present many interesting features. The majority have rough, deeply-chipped surfaces and jagged sides, and the blunt ends of many are so uneven as to give the impression of a fracture, as in Figure 3, D. On many others the blunt end appears to be missing entirely, as in Figure

12     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

4, B, C, D and F. One of the chief features of this series is the large number of specimens with slight constrictions along the sides near the blunt end, indicating that they were hafted. A in Figure 5, and E in Figure 4, are examples of this type. Highly specialized forms such as those shown in Figure 4, A, and Figure 6, A, B, E, are rare. The entire surfaces of only three are polished. Two of these are illustrated in Figure 4, G, and Figure 3, A, and the third is described in the Appendix under Celts as number 2 in division 3. All three are made of syenite. Another specimen, of diorite, has a high polish on one face (Appendix, division 5.1, number 7.). The opposite face is very rough, as if the piece had been split in two longitudinally. Projectile Points. A total of 195 specimens is included under this head. One hundred ninety-one are of flint, twelve of which are notched (Figure 9.), and 179 are unnotched (Figure 8.). Four are of antler (Figure 11, right end, and Figure 16, F.). Five of the unnotched specimens exhibit a flake technique, with one face smooth and more or less secondary chipping at the edges. One of the notched forms shows this feature (D, in Figure 9.). Only six specimens are made of material which might have come from Flint Ridge, in Licking County, Ohio. Two of these are unnotched, and four are notched (Figure 9, A, B, C, F. See also Appendix, division 2.). Two of the points made of antler are polished on all surfaces (Figure 11, right end.), while the remainder are rougher. Figure 10, F, is classi- fied as a scraper, although it appears to be notched, and re- sembles a projectile point to some extent. The larger unnotched forms shown in Figure 8, lower row, may have been used as knives. Projectile points of the unnotched type are abundant on sites ascribed to the Iroquois. On the Reeve Site they were found at various levels, from the surface downward, in ash- layers and elsewhere. Some or all of the rougher forms, par- ticularly those classed as rejects or as unfinished specimens, were probably made upon the site itself and used there only, while the finished forms, whether or not they were made there, prob- ably found their way back to the Reeve Site after use in hunt-

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             13

ing, in the carcasses of the animals or birds into which they were shot. Scrapers. The twenty-seven specimens of this type are of five different kinds. Those of the keeled type are thick at the cutting edge (Figure 10, H.), with a cross-section as shown in Figure 13, H and I. The second type has an outline roughly similar to that of the keeled scraper, but with a longitudinal cross-section as in Figure 13, J. The remaining three types are shown in Figure 10, F, G and K. Drills. These are of three types, Figure 10, D, E, I, J, and N, and 0. Six of the long and narrow type represented in D, E, I and J were found. They are rather thick, with blunt points, and the term here given to them may have no relationship to their actual use. Total number found, eight. Knives. Twenty-five specimens of the types shown in Fig- ure 8, lower row, are classified as projectile points, but they may have been used only as knives. The forms classified in the Appendix as knives are represented in Figure 10, C, of which there are four, and a third, resembling the detached edge of a celt, is described in division 2. Blanks. Only two blanks, or "turtlebacks," as they are sometimes called, were found. These are shown in Figure 10, A and B. Net-sinkers. The twenty-seven specimens found are of two types, large, with irregular outlines, mostly unmodified except for the notches (Figure 12, A, B, E.), and smaller, with mainly circular outlines and the edges of the majority chipped (Figure 12, C, D.). The most interesting specimen is one with two notches and a circular outline, one face of which bears the im- print of a cord across the face from one notch to the other. The materials used in the manufacture of these implements are limestone, siliceous schist, sandstone, slate and quartzite. Mortar. The small specimen in Figure 14, A, described as a mortar for lack of a better term, was found at the bottom of the layer of black soil of the Reeve Site, lying on the clay three and one-half feet beneath the surface. The pebble shown by its side (B.), was lying directly on the top of the mortar.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION            15

was found. It is roughly cube-shaped and about 45mm. square. The material, unidentifiable, is very hard. All faces but one have a single depression, or pit, about at center. Awls. Total, 104. These are made of the bones of birds and smaller animals, with a variety of form as shown in Figure 15. Six made of bird bone are notched, as in Figure 15, C, and seven others, made of the leg-bones of small animals, are of the type shown in Figure 15, F. There are sixty-eight awls and fragments of awls similar to those in Figure 15, A, B, D, E. The type shown in J is represented five times, and K and L but once each. Thirteen specimens, including fragments, are made of the split bones of larger animals (Figure 15, 0, G.). There are two of rib-bone, of the type in Figure 15, N. This one is 155mm. long, and the other measures 95mm. The blunt ends of both specimens are missing. For want of a better term, M, Figure 15, may be described as a double-pointed awl. It is 83mm. long. This specimen is probably an unfinished piece, since the side opposite that in the illustration shows no sign of use, either at the points or elsewhere. One awl, slightly bowed and roughly circular in cross-section, with long tapering point, measures 14cm. in length. Punches. The implements described under this head are made of bone and antler, and range from 16cm. to 23cm. in length. The points are blunt in comparison to those of the awls. One, measuring about 21cm. long, is made of the leg bone of a bear, and the longest of the series is a straight portion of deer or elk antler, which bears three longitudinal slits or grooves, in- dicating an unfinished attempt to split the piece. The pointed end shows considerable use as a pick or punch. The total num- ber of punches found is five. Flint-chipping Tools. The range of variety of implements in this class is shown in Figure 15, H, I, and Figure 16, A, B, C, D, E. The two in Figure 15, and E in Figure 16, are the only long, thin and double-pointed ones found. The meaning of the indentations in the latter is conjectural. Also in the collection are six other irregular or fragmentary specimens, two of which Vol. XLIV--2

16    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

are flat like E, Figure 16, and six of which resemble H and I in Figure 15. The total number of flint-chippers made of the penis-bone of the raccoon (Figure 16, C.) is six. None show use at both ends. Eleven of the short thick forms of antler were found (Figure 16 B.). They range in length from 42mm. to 28mm., and all unbroken specimens show use at both ends. Figure 16, A and D, are unusual types, with the working ends blunt through use. Gouges. There are eight gouges, all of deer or elk antler (Figure 11, lower row, the two at left end.). They range in length from eight to 15cm. Such specimens as these may have been used as digging tools, although there is no evidence that they were hafted. One is highly polished on the convex sur- face at and near the cutting edge. None of the cutting edges of these specimens are sharp. Chisels. Two of these are shown in Figure 11. The speci- men at the top is antler, and was probably made by splitting an antler gouge. The other specimen, third from the left, also of antler, is 135mm. long. It consists of the entire tip of the antler, unworked except at the cutting edge. A third specimen, of the same material, is 152mm. long. The other two are poorly made and fragmentary. Total, five. Problematical Forms. A number of objects provide no clue in themselves to the use to which they were put. Among these are eleven incisor teeth of rodents, two of which are shown in Figure 16, H. The one to the right is that of the beaver, as are probably nine of the others. The one to the left is probably that of the woodchuck. None of these have been worked in any observable manner, but they may nevertheless have been used as scrapers or chisels, since the cutting edges are very sharp and durable. Other specimens: A hollowed-out toe-bone of the deer (Figure 16, G.), a portion of the leg-bone of the goose which has been cut off just below the upper articular surface, another bird leg-bone treated in a similar manner, probably in the manu- facture of beads, and the hollowed-out leg-bone of an animal about the size of a bear, which shows polishing over the entire surface, and is 16cm. in length; a piece of deer antler 34mm.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             17

long, and round in cross-section, with a longitudinal perforation 7mm. in diameter at one end and 2mm. in that dimension at the other; a splinter from the leg-bone of a large bird, 12.5cm. long, with a band of incised crosshatching 7mm. wide, near one end. There are also two specimens of mussel shell of which the use is not apparent (Figure 17, upper row, center and right end.). Fish-scalers. Three of these, made of mussel-shell, are shown in Figure 17. In addition to these, five others show ar- tificial alteration, four of them with perforations, and one with the edge or point somewhat narrowed. These may also have been used as scrapers, or as digging tools. Beads. These are the most numerous of any of the objects ascribed to a purely ornamental use, with a total of 168 speci- mens. Ninety-eight are made of the hollow leg-bones of birds, and thirty-eight of these were found with the burial (Figures 2 and 20.). Three of the others are shown in Figure 18, A, B, and C. This type of bead ranges in length from 14mm. to 68mm., the latter being the length of A, Figure 18. This, the longest specimen found, is highly polished, and is made of the leg-bone of some animal.   The greatest outside diameter is 19mm., and the walls are no more than 3mm. in greatest thick- ness. The only other type of bead from the site is discoidal and made of shell. Sixty-nine of these were found with the burial as previously described (Figure 20, inside the string of bird-bone beads.). These average a little less than a millimeter in thickness, and about 2mm. in diameter. Pendants. Ornaments of this class are made of slate, shell, and of the teeth of animals. Figure 18, I, J, are the perforated canine teeth of the bear. Six others were found, unperforated and otherwise unaltered except for one which has an unfinished hole about one millimeter deep. F, is the perforated canine of a smaller animal, and G is an incisor of the elk. H is a frag- ment of an elk canine, broken at one end and showing no al- teration. At the upper left hand corner of Figure 17 is a small pendant of mussel shell, 34mm. long. The face presented is highly irridescent. Figure 19, H, is slate, reddish purple. Ap- parently there has been no artificial modification of this speci-

18     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

men with the exception of the two notches. It is described in the Appendix under Slate Ceremonials. Gorgets. These are classified in the Appendix under Slate Ceremonials. The fragments of eleven were found, seven of which are shown in Figure 19. Cross-sections are represented in Figure 13, E, F, G. All but one of these gorgets are made of slate, gray in color, and the exception (Figure 19, D.) is brown on the surface and gray inside. Two specimens have drilled holes. Apparently the one shown in Figure 19, B. had two at the central portion, and a third hole shows up in the edge of one corner. Figure 19, C, shows a portion of a hole on the face opposite that in the picture, in the edge at the right end. The hole is widely countersunk and about 8mm. in diameter. The faces of A and C show no artificial modification, and the fragment F has pecking at the center of the rounded face, which is the face presented in the illustration. Combs. Only two of these interesting and attractive objects were found (Figure 18, D, E.). Portions of the prongs of both were missing, but in the illustrations these have been restored. The material is antler, and both appear to be effigies, D of a wild- cat or lynx, and E of the head of a bird in profile. Musical Instruments. The two specimens at the top in Fig- ure 20 appear to have been used as flutes. Both are made of bird bone. The larger of the two is 14cm. in length, and 12mm. in greatest diameter, which is at one end. This specimen has three stops, one at a distance of 51mm., and the other 36mm., from the central stop measuring from the edges of the holes. The holes themselves are slightly less than 3mm. in diameter. This specimen has three tones, but the number of tones does not correspond to the number of stops. The central stop does not alter the tone, and when it is closed, alone or with either or both of the others, there is no musical note. The notes A, B and C may be produced respectively by closing the two end stops, then releasing either one or the other, then releasing both. The smaller flute is 86mm. long and 7mm. in greatest diameter. It has four stops. The two at the left in the illustration are 17mm. apart; the two at the right are 10mm. apart and the distance between

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION            21

has a crudely incised figure on the side presented in the illus- tration. In Figure 24, showing pipe-bowls and stems of clay, D is the only one of the so-called bell-shaped type found on the site. This is a type characteristic of the Iroquois sites in northern New York. C is a portion of a small pipe-bowl made of Ohio pipestone, of which material no others were found. All three of the stems (E.) are perforated, but in the middle one the hole emerges before it reaches the end. There is no tempering ma- terial in any of these clay objects, with the exception of minute fragments of yellow mica in B. The surfaces of A and C are highly polished. In Figure 14, D and E, are two objects of calcite which are probably unfinished pipes. At the top of the bowl in D, behind the protruding knob, a hole, 8mm. in diameter and about five in depth, has been started. The record of fifty-two more tobacco pipes from the Reeve Site is preserved in a notebook made by Williams of Chagrin Falls, Ohio, who secured them by excavation. This notebook is now the property of Mr. A. T. Wehrle of Newark, Ohio, and the drawings of these pipes have been reproduced in Fig- ures 25 and 26. These drawings were made by Goodwin of the Museum staff from another set which was copied by the writer from the Williams' notebook. They are therefore not accurate in all details. These pipes were presented by Williams to an educational institution in the East, but attempts to ascertain their present repository have been unsuccessful. In addition to the forty-four pipes illustrated, there were six more of a shape re- sembling number 44 in Figure 26, and one elbow pipe of stone about 15cm. in length. Miscellaneous Objects. These include a piece of slate 52mm. long, which has seen a small amount of artificial modification, and a smooth pebble of quartzite 62mm. long, broken at one end, which may have been used as a rubbing stone or as a net- sinker. A piece of the basal portion of an elk antler, a little over 16cm. long and 92mm. in greatest diameter at base, was at first believed to have been used as a pestle, but close examination of the base revealed no evidence of use. There are two grooves,

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             23

roughly V-shaped in cross-section, sixty and 70mm. long, and 17mm. apart, on one side, which appear to have been cut in. The only other artificial modification of this piece was done by beavers, the marks of whose teeth are on all edges. Animal Bones. The bones of deer, elk, bear, and of smaller quadrupeds, and of various birds, in particular the wild turkey and the goose, were found on the site at various depths in some profusion (See Catalog List, Appendix, number 61.). Pottery. No entire vessels were found on the Reeve Site, and 402 of the 1606 sherds are portions of rims.  Potsherds ranging in size from one-half of an inch to six inches long were found in all parts of the area excavated, and at various depths, from the surface of the ground downward. They exhibit a considerable variety of decorative designs, which may be seen in the illustrations accompanying the pottery classification in the Appendix, pages 47-58, Figures 30-37. Paste.     Under this term come the two types of ma- terial of which the pottery of the Mississippi Valley is made, the clay itself, and the tempering materials, the latter consisting in the present instance of fragments of granitic rocks or pieces of ground-up mussel-shell. The texture of these sherds varies in fineness, and in most the surface exposed by fracture is rough and lumpy, with cracks between the lumps. Both surfaces, and the edges of most sherds, are bluish gray or reddish brown, but the former color shows dark or light reddish brown when scratched with a metal implement. This is true both of shell and grit tempered sherds. Some sherds show a distinct lamina- tion as to color and texture, with blue, or dark bluish clay at the center, lined on both sides with light brown, which is lighter on the outer than on the inner surface, the latter surface being sometimes of a lighter blue-black than the central layer. In such sherds as this the inner bluish clay is very fine in texture, show- ing minute fragments of iron pyrites, gold-colored. The outer lamina of brown clay are slightly coarser, and show the same minute particles of tempering material, which are scarce through. out the entire sherd. A few shell-tempered sherds show a simi-

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             25

near the surface as to impart an uneven appearance and to cause short, shallow cracks. The paste of some sherds contains an admixture of sand, which gives a gritty feeling to the surface. In Figure 27, C, is a cross-section showing the frequency, size and shape of fragments of micaceous materials as they show up in the broken edge of a sherd. The largest fragment seen is one-half of a millimeter in thickness.  In the shell-tempered sherds the fragments of shell vary in size from the barely visible to irregularly shaped pieces six or 8mm. across, and usually no more than half a millimeter thick. The larger fragments usually lie with planes parallel to inner and outer surfaces. The mix- ture is quite uniform, and fragments of shell show on both surfaces. Three rim-sherds and one decorated body sherd show the use of both grit and shell in tempering. Three hundred and eighty-three rim-sherds are tempered with grit, and sixteen with shell. One hundred and ninety-eight decorated body sherds are tempered with shell, and of the 1207 undecorated body sherds, only eighty-six are tempered with shell. The hardness of these sherds on the mineralogical scale has been determined by Griffin (See table, Appendix.). Surface Finish.     This term is described by Guthe6 as re- ferring "to that dominant feature of a ceramic specimen which is the result of a uniform treatment of the major part of its sur- face." In the pottery discussed herein it refers to a modification of the surface by smoothing or scraping while the clay is in a plastic condition, by impression or incision, with results which are distinct from decoration. Outer surfaces: Some sherds are smooth, but not sufficiently so to reflect light enough to give the appearance of a polish. The majority have the surface roughened by impression with objects giving a bark-like appearance, and a few show the im- pression of twined two-ply cords in long vertical parallel lines, occasionally at an angle to the vertical or in two groups of par- allel lines one superimposed upon the other at an oblique angle. This roughening of surfaces either covers the entire body of the vessel, with the exception of the base, or extends only as

26     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

far as the shoulder, from which to the lip the smoothed surface usually bears an incised design accompanied by punctate lines. In some cases the design is made upon a surface thus roughened to the outer edge, and sometimes across the lip. One grit-tem- pered sherd shows a bark-like roughening of the surface over which narrow lines have been cut when the clay was relatively dry, but previous to firing. These lines are about half a milli- meter in depth and width, and almost perfectly straight to the eye. Inner surfaces: Some sherds are rough and gritty, to an extent comparable to both fine and coarse sandpaper. Others show shallow rounded depressions made probably by the finger tips in modeling the vessel. As described above, the inner sur- faces of many grit-tempered sherds are rough, due to the in- trusion or protrusion of the larger pieces of tempering material. Most sherds of this type have meandering jagged cracks which do not extend through the outer surface, where such cracks are rare. Sherds containing sand in addition to pounded granite show no such cracks. Most of the sherds, whether tempered with grit or shell, have a discoloration on the outer surface due to handling or to smoke and fire, and coatings or accumulations up to one and a half millimeters thick of carbonized grease on both outer and inner surfaces. Form.       There are no entire vessels from  the Reeve Site, but sherds five or six inches in vertical length, showing portions of the rim, neck and shoulder, and sherds from the basal portion, give some indications of the predominant shapes. The largest portion of a single vessel is that of the very small one in Figure 30, B, with a cross-section as in Figure 28, r. This sherd is 33mm. high and 9mm. thick, and bears no design. It is remotely possible that it is a fragment of the bowl of a tobacco pipe. Fragments of larger vessels indicate forms of this type, with variations as to constriction of neck, width of lip and presence or absence of a collar, or enlargement of the rim just beneath the lip. Bases are always rounded. Eleven rim-sherds have scallops on the lip; on six of these the scallops are narrow, forming notch-like depressions from six to 13mm.

28     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

across, and from about one to 6mm. deep. The scallops of four

sherds are from thirty-eight to 51mm. wide, and from six to

13mm. high. The scallop on the remaining sherd (Figure 32, D,

a repaired sherd made from four smaller ones.) is from twenty-

one to 23cm. long. Only two sherds show handles (Figure 33,

B, and Figure 34, C.). The sherd illustrated in Figure 35, B,

also originally had a handle. One portion of a large vessel

(Figure 34, A.) has large oval depressions extending upward

from the shoulder, 45mm. long and one and one-half millimeters

in depth. The inner surface of this sherd bulges at the points

directly opposite these depressions. At the shoulder there is a

row of smaller oval depressions lying in oblique positions. In

addition to the above described handles, the only application of

clay to the body of vessels is just beneath the lip, to form a

crimped pattern either by pinching up the plastic clay between

the fingers, or by impression with the side of a round stick, or

by pressing the edge of a thin implement into the ridge of clay

and working it from side to side. On five grit-tempered sherds

strips of this crimped raised pattern have fallen off.

While some sherds are wider in cross-section at the lip

than beneath, only one has anything resembling a collar (Cross-

section, Figure 28, s.).

Lips are of the following main types: horizontal, as in

Figure 28, b, f; slanting downward to outer surface of rim,

as in g, k; slanting downward toward inner surface of rim, as

in i; broadly or narrowly rounded, as in j, p; gabled, with slant

on each side of a central ridge, as in o, q; and consisting of a

ridge only, as in r. Sherds in which the lip, or a portion of it,

forms a straight line, connect with the sides either in curves

or sharp angles.

Decoration.     Under this heading come those modifica-

tions of the surfaces of sherds which have not already been

dealt with under discussion of Form, where the crimped pat-

tern for example, while it may be looked upon as a decorative

element, consists in the addition of clay to the surface with a

consequent alteration of the form of the vessel. The decorations

discussed in the present section are formed by modification of

30     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the surface rather than by the addition of materials. Two tech-

niques were used, incision and impression. The incised lines

are straight in all but three sherds. They vary in width from

6mm. to half a millimeter, and in depth from the barely visible

to 3mm. The spaces between them are from 1.4mm. to 16mm.

wide. On the majority of sherds the lines are drawn as evenly

as the tools used would permit, but on some, lines apparently

intended to be parallel run into one another, or present an

uneven appearance. Many of the lines have fine ridges or

striations running parallel to the sides.  Some were incised

with sticks which were rectangular in cross-section, and others

indicate sticks that were oval or elliptical in cross-section.

Many of the lines have irregular lumps of clay, or long ridges,

no more than one-half of a millimeter high, at their edges on

the level of the surface of the pot, indicating a degree of plas-

ticity of the clay allowing such ridges or lumps to be pushed up

in the incising process.

Marks made by pressing are mainly punctate, formed by

pressing the end of a blunt or pointed implement a short dis-

tance into the clay. These punctate marks, which are usually

arranged in horizontal rows, vary in outline as shown in Figure

27, A. Punctate marks vary in depth from half a millimeter to

3mm. Some of them were made with an instrument the end

of which was notched or ridged (Figure 27, A, 9.). The only

other type of pressed technique is in the form of shallow oval

depressions already discussed, at the neck of the rim-sherd in

Figure 34, A.

One sherd is unique in having diagonal and parallel lines

apparently raised, although they are not above the general sur-

face (Figure 37, A, and division 12 in the pottery classification

in the Appendix.). These lines are simply narrow strips of

the surface of the vessel left between rows of short incisions,

the latter parallel to one another and at right angles to the lines.

This sherd is of great interest, since others of the type were

found in excavations in 1930 near Cleveland, and there are

several of them in private collections in Sandusky, nearly eighty

miles west of the Reeve Site.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             31

Terminology.      The sherds described in the Appendix

show two types of diagonal line, those forming connecting

groups at angles to one another, or with horizontal or perpendicu-

lar incised lines, and those, never more than 13mm. long, in rows

the units of which are perpendicular or slanting and which

do not connect with one another or with horizontal lines. The

former type is referred to as diagonal, and the latter as short

or as slanting. The former, because of their greater length, are

always incised and the latter are sometimes incised and some-

times pressed, or gouged out by the thumb-nail or other imple-

ment. The term punctate refers to indentations pressed as by

the side of a stick, into the lip and extending its width, or into

the outer edge of the lip and going down the distance of its

depth on the outer surface. Some of the entire vessels repre-

sented by rim-sherds may have had more decorative elements

than are shown on the fragment. This is particularly true of

those in division 3.3. Some or possibly all of these thirty-one

sherds may belong with division 3.2, since in all the break is so

close to the bottom horizontal line as to make it impossible to

say with certainty that there were not punctate marks below

that line.

Bibliography

1 Ancient Earthworks--Northern Ohio, by Charles Whit-

tlesey, in Western Reserve Historical Society Tracts (Cleveland,

1870-), II (1888), 36.

2 "The Characteristics of Iroquois Village Sites of Western

New York," by Frederick Houghton, in American Anthropol-

ogist (Menasha, Wisconsin, 1888-), XVIII (1911), 515.

³ "Ancient Aztalan," by S. A. Barrett, in Public Museum

of the City of Milwaukee Bulletin (Milwaukee, 191O-), XIII

(1933), 370-1.

4 Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents; edited by Reuben

Gold Thwaites (Cleveland, 1896-19O1), XLII, 177-183.

⁵ "The Ripley Erie Site," by Arthur C. Parker, in New York

Vol. XLIV--3

32     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

State Museum Bulletin (Albany, 1848-), nos. 235, 236 (1920),

part 1, pp. 246-307.

6 Standards of Pottery Description, by Benjamin March;

with an Introductory Essay by Carl E. Guthe, in Museum of An-

thropology of the University of Michigan Occasional Contribu-

tions (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1932-), no. 3 (1934), 2.

Appendix

Celts

I. Rectangular in Transverse Cross-section, Faces Flat, Sides at

Right Angles to Plane of Faces, or Rounded. Symmetrical.

12 celts.

Fig. 4.   B: sandstone, 87mm. long, 65mm.

wide, 14mm. thick. Broken, blunt

end missing.

C: sandstone, 80mm. long, 53mm.

wide, 19mm. thick. Broken, blunt

end missing.

D: probably gneiss, 69mm. long. 57mm.

wide, 17mm. thick. Broken, blunt

end missing.

F: sandstone, 6omm. long, 50mm.

wide, 18mm. thick. Broken, blunt

end missing.  Corners of cross-

section rounded.  Parts of both

faces reddish, as if from pigment.

Fig. 3.   E: siliceous slate, 47mm. long, 30mm.

wide, 13mm. thick. Broken, blunt

end missing.

F: quartzite,  38mm.   long,  35mm.

wide, 19mm. thick. Broken, blunt

end missing.  Corners of cross-

section rounded.

G: slate, 42mm. long, 20mm. wide,

11mm. thick. Broken, blunt end

missing.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION            33

Fig. 7,   A: quartzite, 144mm. long, 63mm.

wide, 18mm. thick. No cutting

edge. Unfinished, or perhaps in-

tended as a gorget.

B: probably sandstone, 149mm. long,

79mm. wide, 19mm. thick.

C: quartzite, 181mm. long, 75mm. wide,

16mm. thick.   No cutting edge.

Perhaps unfinished, or intended as

a gorget.  Opposite face deeply

scratched.

Fig. 5.   C: quartzite, 81mm. long, 55mm. wide,

18mm. thick. Flaring edge. Broken,

blunt end missing. Edges jagged.

Others,       One piece of middle portion of a

celt, sandstone, 60mm. wide, 18mm.

thick.

2. Symmetrically Elliptical in Cross-section.

3 celts.

Fig. 4,   A: mica schist, 130mm. long, 57mm.

wide, 35mm. thick. Cross-section

as in Figure 13, C.

Fig. 3,    I: sandstone or slate, 64mm. long,

19mm. wide, 9mm. thick.   Made

from a water-worn pebble with no

surface altered except at the cut-

ting edge. Cross-section roughly as

in Figure 13, D.

Fig. 6,   A: syenite, 114mm. long, 52mm. wide,

33mm. thick. Polished 35mm. or

more up from cutting edge. Cut-

ting edge missing.

3. Faces Rounded, Sides Flat.

4 celts.

Fig. 4,   G: syenite, 47mm. long, 53mm. wide,

30mm. thick. Cross-section as in

34    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Figure 13, B. This may be a piece

of the blunt end or the cutting end.

Fig. 3,   A: syenite, piece of a blunt end, 65mm.

long, 50mm. wide, 29mm. thick.

Cross-section as in Figure 13, B.

Others,   I. syenite, 100mm. long, 47mm. wide,

30mm. thick. Broken, cutting edge

missing.

2. syenite, 34mm. thick. Fragment of

cutting edge.

4. One Face Rounded, Opposite Face Flat.

5 celts.

Fig. 6,   B: syenite, 152mm. long, 48mm. wide,

30mm. thick.

Fig. 5,   B: probably  syenite, 92mm.   long,

50mm. wide, 18mm. thick. Sides

scarred by pecking.

Others,     1. probably  syenite, 99mm.   long,

32mm. wide, 18mm. thick, sides

parallel and scarred by pecking.

End roughly pointed, also scarred.

Cutting edge missing.

2. probably syenite, 95mm. long 39-

mm. wide, 20mm. thick. Edges

pecked and irregular.

3. slate, 45mm. long, 27mm. wide,

13mm. thick. Edges pecked.

5. Rough Surfaces, with Cross-sections Asymmetrical.

5.1 Parallel sides.

16 celts.

Fig. 3,   C: slate, 49mm. long, 29mm. wide,

10mm. thick. Broken, blunt end

missing.

D: slate, 45mm. long, 30mm. wide,

12mm. thick. Broken, blunt end

missing.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION           35

H: probably slate, 47mm. long, 40mm.

wide, 9mm. thick. A water-worn

flat pebble.

Fig. 6,   C: slate, 94mm   long, 38mm. wide,

20mm. thick. Shallow notches for

hafting. Cross-section roughly as

in Figure 13, A.

Others,   1. hornblende  schist, 90mm. long,

39mm. wide, 21mm. thick. Appar-

ently broken, blunt end missing.

Cross-section roughly rectangular.

2. slate, 75mm. long, 34mm. wide,

17mm. thick, cutting edge rounded.

Blunt end jagged as if broken.

3. syenite, 80mm. long, 37mm. wide,

17mm. thick, edges scarred by

pecking.

4. probably  syenite, 75mm. long,

41mm. wide, 17mm. thick, one sur-

face approaching the flat, the other

roughly rounded. Edges jagged,

sides parallel, ends rounded. Both

ends might be cutting edges.

5. hornblende schist, 103mm. long,

51mm. wide, 26mm. thick. Large

facets where flakes have been

struck off. Sides roughly parallel,

blunt end as if broken off, and

missing.

6. probably slate, 85mm. long, 43mm.

wide, 24mm. thick. Large facets,

both ends roughly rounded, sides

roughly  parallel.  Cross-section

roughly as in Figure 13, A.

7. diorite, a piece of a cutting edge,

75mm. long, 32mm. thick, 53mm.

wide. Cross-section roughly as in

36     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Figure 13, A.    Flat face very

rough, as if the piece had been split

longitudinally. Other face highly

polished.

8. slate, a piece of a blunt end, 40mm.

long, 40mm. wide, 15mm. thick.

Cross-section roughly rectangular.

9. slate, a piece of a cutting end,

50mm. long, 36mm. wide, 10mm.

thick.  Cross-section roughly rec-

tangular.

10. slate, a piece of a blunt end, 58mm.

long, 36mm. wide, 16mm. thick.

Cross-section as in Figure 13, A.

11. slate, a piece of a blunt end, 72mm.

long, 72mm. wide, 26mm. thick.

Cross-section as in Figure 13, A.

12. slate, a piece of a blunt end, 98mm.

long, 72mm. wide, 31mm. thick.

Cross-section roughly as in Figure

13, A. Very rough, perhaps un-

finished.

5.2 Sides constricted toward blunt end.

10 celts.

Fig. 3,   B: slate, 86mm. long, 32mm. wide,

17mm. thick.

Fig. 5,   D: slate, 96mm. long, 36mm. wide,

9mm. thick. Cross-section roughly

rectangular.

E: probably   syenite,  75mm.   long,

35mm. wide, 10mm. thick. All sur-

faces rough except cutting edge.

Constriction slight. This celt has a

twist in the plane of the faces.

A: slate, 77mm. long, 45mm. wide,

14mm. thick. Constriction slight.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION           37

Sides slightly indented by pecking

as if for hafting.

Others,   1. slate, 120mm. long, 43mm. wide,

18mm. thick. Constriction slight.

2. slate, 91mm. long, 43mm. wide,

16mm. thick.

3. slate, 108mm. long, 48mm. wide,

20mm. thick.   Constriction pro-

nounced.

4. slate, piece of blunt end, 45mm.

long, 47mm. wide, 15mm. thick.

Sides polished.

5. slate, 63mm. long, 38mm. wide,

18mm. thick. Blunt end jagged.

6. slate, 66mm. long, 30mm. wide,

15mm. thick. Blunt end jagged.

5.3 Sides constricted towards cutting edge.

4 celts.

Fig. 6,   D: slate, 93mm. long, 45mm. wide,

18mm. thick. A water-worn pebble,

with no alteration on side opposite

that in picture.

E: slate, 118mm. long, 53mm. wide,

14mm. thick. Cutting edge 15mm.

wide.

Others,   1. slate, 18mm. long, 54mm. wide,

24mm. thick. Constriction much

less than in F and G. Blunt end

jagged.

2. slate, 107mm. long, 49mm. wide,

12mm. thick. Constriction much

less than in F and G. Blunt end

jagged. Cutting edge jagged, per-

haps unfinished.

38     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

5.4 Outline indeterminable.

2 celts.

Fig. 4,   E: Blunt end of a notched celt, dark

purplish slate, 60mm. long, 50mm.

wide, 16mm. thick.

Others,   1. piece of blunt end, 58mm. long,

48mm. wide, 20mm. thick. Material

granular like quartz, but contains

mica. Cross-section roughly as in

Figure 13, C.

Projectile Points

1. Unnotched, Flint.

1.1 Triangular. Mostly thin, well made. A few with con-

cave bases or sides. Outlines vary slightly. Figure 106,

top row.

76 specimens.

Color of flint, mostly black to me-

dium gray, and dull in all shades.

Only two show the translucent

quality suggestive of Flint Ridge

Material. Two others are reddish

brown, one apparently unfinished

and exhibiting a portion of the

brown weathered surface of the

original block of flint. This one is

35mm. long and 22mm. wide. Five

show a flake technique, one of

which is the one just described.

Both faces are unaltered in these

five, except for coarse secondary

chipping at the edges. All but one

of the remainder show secondary

chipping at the edges of the flaked

surfaces. Most of them are less

than 39mm. long. The longest is

55mm., and the shortest is 17mm.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION            39

One has the extreme dimensions of

31mm. long, 10mm. wide, with a

triangular  outline.  The  longest

specimen in the entire group, with

an outline like that in Figure 106,

upper row, second from left end,

is 55mm. long, 23mm. wide. Ma-

terial, light gray.

1.2 Constricted base.

3 specimens.

Fig. 8,       lower row, second from  left end

55mm. long.

Others,      1. 57mm. long.

2. 43mm. long.

1.3 Leaf-shaped outline.

16 specimens.

Fig. 8,       lower row left end. 60mm. long,

25mm. wide.

Others,       The remainder vary from 24mm. to

55mm. in length. One shows a

flaked surface with secondary chip-

ping at edges.

1.4 Elliptical, pointed at both ends.

4 specimens.

Fig. 8,       lower row, second from right end,

56mm. long.

Others,       The remainder are from 55mm. to

59mm. long.

1.5 Elliptical. Greatest diameter at one side of center.

2 specimens.

Fig. 8,       lower row, right end. 49mm. long.

1.6 Outlines of various types. Roughly made and thick.

Unfinished or rejected.

38 specimens.

Most of the outlines in Figure 8,

and in Figure 10, B, C, H, L and M,

40     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

are approximated. They vary from

52mm. to 15mm. in length, from

33mm. to 14mm. in width, and from

6mm. to 17mm. in thickness.

1.7 Broken.

40 specimens.

None show notches, but might if the

bases were present. One piece of a

triangular point has a flaked surface

on one face, with secondary chip-

ping.

2.  Notched

12 specimens.

Fig. 9,       A, B, C, and F resemble Flint Ridge

material. F is light pink, A is shiny

black, and C, B are gray. The re-

mainder vary from dull black to

a cherty gray. D and G-J are of

the dark or black flint characteristic

of most of the unnotched forms.

The same is true of F, Figure 10,

which may or may not be regarded

as a notched point. The reverse of

D, Figure 9, is flaked, with slight

secondary chipping near the point

on both edges.

Dimensions, Figure 9,

A, 9cm. long.

B, 41mm.

C, 39mm.

D, 34mm.

E, 33mm.

F, 31mm.

G, 36mm.

H, 42mm.

I, 56mm.

J, 53mm.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION            41

K, 77mm.

L, 31mm.

3. Made of Antler.

4 specimens.

Fig. 11,     lower right end. 86mm. long, 17mm.

diameter at base. Hole 8mm. in

diameter, 17mm. deep, tapering.

upper, right end. 49mm. long, 8mm.

diameter.  Hole 6mm. diameter,

7mm. deep, tapering.

Fig. 12,  F: 27mm. long, 8mm. diameter at

base. Hole 4mm. diameter, 15mm.

deep. Rounded at inner end.

Others,     1.  88mm. long, 19mm. diameter at

base, hole 25mm. deep and 6mm.

in diameter, rounded at inner end.

Base ragged as if broken.

2.  78mm. long, 15mm. diameter at

base. Hole 10mm. deep, 6mm. in

diameter, bluntly rounded at inner

end.

Scrapers

1. Keeled, with Cutting Edge Thick.

11 scrapers.

Fig. 10,  H: 33mm. long, 22mm. wide, 6mm.

thick. The face opposite that in

the picture is flaked.

M: 28mm. long, 22mm. wide, 6mm.

thick.

Others,       The remainder vary from 21mm. to

26mm. long. One has one flaked

face, with slight secondary chip-

ping at edges. Longitudinal cross-

sections of all these keeled types as

in Figure 13, H and I.

42     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

2. Outlines Similar to the Keeled Types, but with Longitudinal

Cross-sections as in Figure 13, J.

13 scrapers.

Fig. 10,  L: 30mm. long, 25mm. wide, 7mm.

thick.

Others,       The remainder vary in thickness

from 6mm. to 9mm., in length from

27mm. to 37mm.

3.  Other Types.

3 scrapers.

Fig. 10,  G: 31mm. square, 12mm. thick. Sec-

ondary chipping on lower and left

sides. The opposite surface is

flaked with no secondary chipping.

K: 37mm. long, 20mm. wide, 10mm.

thick.

F: 55mm. long, 8mm. thick.     This

may be a type of hafted scraper.

It is referred to under Projectile

Points.

Drills

1. Long and Narrow.

6 drills.

Fig. 10,  D: 42mm. long, 12mm. wide, 10mm.

thick.

E: 39mm. long, 10mm. wide, 7mm

thick.

I:  38mm. long, 13mm. wide, 7mm.

thick.

J:  35mm., long, 10mm. wide, 6mm.

thick.

Others,   1.  41mm. long, 11mm. wide, 10mm.

thick, very rough.

2. 29mm. long, 12mm. wide, 7mm.

thick. Has suggestion of a shoul-

der near base.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION           43

2. Basic Triangular Outline.

1 drill.

Fig. 10,  O: 25mm. long, 15mm. wide, 5mm.

thick.

3. As in Figure 10, N.

1 drill.

28mm. long, 16mm. wide, 8mm.

thick. Shows portion of original

weathered surface.

Knives

1. Basically Triangular, Blunt Ends, Rounded Corners.

4 knives.

Fig. 10,  C: 50mm. long, 29mm. wide, 8mm.

thick. Surface opposite that in pic-

ture is flaked, with some secondary

chipping at edges.

Others,   1. 45mm. long, 23mm. wide, 8mm.

thick.

2. 40mm. long, 22mm. wide, 8mm.

thick.

3. 44mm. long, 23mm. wide, 8mm.

thick.

2. Not Symmetrical.

1 knife.

This resembles the detached broken

edge of a celt. Material, siliceous

slate.  50mm. long, 15mm. wide,

6mm. thick. The side opposite the

cutting edge is jagged. One end

pointed but not sharp, other end

more or less rounded.

Blanks

1. Circular or Oval in Outline.

2 blanks, flint.

Fig. 10,  A: 45mm. diameter, 18mm. thick.

B: 42mm. long, 12mm. thick.

44     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Net-sinkers

1. Large, Rough and Thick. Unmodified Except for Notches.

12 net-sinkers.

Fig. 12,  A: 131mm. long, 88mm. wide, 37mm.

thick. Siliceous schist.

B: 155mm. long, 140mm. wide, 30mm.

thick. Limestone. This one shows

slight use as an anvil on both faces

at center.

E: 80mm. long, 53mm. wide, 36mm.

thick. Sandstone.

Others,       The largest specimen is 160mm.

long, 147mm. wide, and 24mm.

thick. The thickest is 39mm. None

of the entire eleven specimens has

more than two notches. Materials,

quartzite, siliceous schist, sandstone

and slate.

2.  Discoidal, Roughly Circular in Outline.

16 net-sinkers.

Fig. 12,  C: 75mm. diameter, 8mm. thick. This

specimen has no notches.

D: 67mm. diameter, 11mm. thick. Four

notches. Edges not altered except

for the notches. Faces not altered.

Others,       Four are similar to D in Figure 12

in that the edges are unaltered ex-

cept for the notches. One of these

has four notches, one has three,

and the remainder two. The edges

of the rest are more or less chipped.

In size the net-sinkers of this class

not illustrated range from 62mm.

to 84mm. in diameter. Materials,

slate, siliceous schist and sandstone.

One of these, which has been

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION              45

stained by an organic deposition,

shows the mark of the cord in

lighter color from one notch to the

other across one face. This mark is

from one to 2mm. in width.

Slate Ceremonials

1. Rectangular in Transverse Cross-section, Faces Flat, Sides

at Right Angle to Plane of Faces. Corners of Cross-section

Square or Rounded. Symmetrical, Surfaces Smooth.

1.1

3 fragments.

Fig. 19,  A: 72mm. long, 42mm. wide, 13mm.

thick. Sandstone.

B: 60mm. long.    One complete hole

and two others with edges missing.

The two holes at left are 13mm.

distant from one another. Diam-

eter of holes, 4mm.

Others,       The remaining specimen is of slate

with both ends missing. 38mm.

wide, 49mm. long, 9mm. thick.

One face shows diagonal parallel

scratches, probably intentional.

2.  Symmetrically Elliptical in Cross-section. Surfaces Smooth.

3.1

1 fragment.

Fig. 19,  D: 48mm. long, 37mm. wide, 13mm.

thick. Cross-section as in Figure

13, E.  Surfaces brown, interior

gray.

3.  Faces Rounded, Sides Flat. Surfaces Smooth.

3.1

1 fragment.

Fig. 19,  E: 47mm. long, 42mm. wide, 11mm.

thick. Cross-section as in Figure

13, G.

46           OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

4.            One Face Rounded, Opposite Face Flat. Surfaces Smooth.

4.1

1 fragment.

Fig. 19,  F: 43mm. long, 38mm. wide, 11mm.

thick. Cross-section as in Figure

13, F. Pecking at center of round-

ed face.

5. Rough and Uneven Surfaces, Cross-sections Asymmetrical.

5.1 Sides roughly parallel.

3 fragments.

Fig. 19,  C: 58mm. long, 46mm. wide, 9mm.

thick. Portion of a drilled hole at

one end. Corners of cross-section

square.

Others,   1. 82mm. long, 39mm. wide, 11'mm.

thick. Slate. The unbroken end

is at right angle to the sides.

2. 98mm. long, 41mm. wide, 11mm.

thick. Cross-section roughly as in

Figure 13, D.

5.2 Sides constricted toward one end.

2 specimens.

Fig. 19,  H: 62mm. long, 30mm. wide, 8mm.

thick, dark purple in color, with

notches at small end. Appendant.

Faces apparently unmodified. Prob-

ably no modification except for the

notches.

Others,       This one is 93mm. long, 45mm.

wide, 10mm. thick. Probably an

unfinished pendant. Outline sim-

ilar to H, Figure 19. All edges

modified.

5.3 Outline unknown.

1 fragment.

Fig. 19,  G: 58mm. greatest length, 36mm. wide,

6mm. thick.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             47

Pottery--Rim Sherds

1.  Plain.

1.1 Without handles or knobs.

16 grit-tempered.

Fig. 30,  B: One-third of a small pot. Cross-

section, Figure 28, r.

1.2 With knobs.

1 grit-tempered.

2 shell-tempered.

Fig. 30,  A: Right, cross-section as in Figure

29, n. Left, cross-section as in

Figure 28, p.

2. Notches in Lip, without Other Embellishment.

2.1 Notches in outer edge of lip.

4 grit-tempered.

Fig. 30,  C: Cross-section, Figure 28, a.

2.2 Notches extending width of lip.

6 grit-tempered.

Two have wide scallops, and on

one there is a large knob standing

out 18mm. This sherd is 26mm.

thick through the knob, and 8mm.

thick elsewhere. (Figure 30, E.

Cross-section, Figure 29, O.)

1 shell-tempered.

This sherd has creased or pressed-

over short slanting lines which

might be the impression of bark.

2.3 Notches in lip parallel to sides of sherd, and in shallow

scallops.

1 grit-tempered.

Fig. 27, B.

3.  Horizontal Incised Lines.

3.1 Without other embellishment.

50 grit-tempered.

Fig. 30,  D: Cross-section, Figure 29, p. One

Vol. XLIV--4             sherd has a vertical ridge beginning

48     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

just below lip, 25mm. long, 7mm. wide, 4mm. high, with four trans- verse incisions on its surface. 2 shell-tempered. 3.2 Punctate rows above and below horizontal lines. 12 grit-tempered. Fig. 31,  A: Cross-section, Figure 28, j. One has a notched lip, the notches ex- tending diagonally across lip and down outer surface of vessel for the distance of their depth. 3.3 Punctate rows above horizontal lines only. 31 grit-tempered. The punctate marks are for the most part irregularly round or square. One sherd also has round punctate marks in lip, (Figure 27, E.). 3.4 Punctate rows below horizontal lines. 3.41 Without other embellishment. 5 grit-tempered. One has a wide scallop, as in Fig- ure 31, B. The punctate marks ap- pear to have been gouged out in another. 3.42 Notches across lip. 1 shell-tempered. 3.43 Notches in outer edge of lip. 4 grit-tempered. 3.5 Notches in lip. 3.51 In outer edge of lip. 7 grit-tempered. 2 shell-tempered. 3.52 Notches across lip. 2 grit-tempered. 3.6 Punctate grows between horizontal lines.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             49

3.61 No other embellishment. 1 grit-tempered. 3.7 Short slanting lines just below lip. 3.71 No other embellishment. 2 grit-tempered. Lines pressed on one, and stamped with rectangular outline on the other. 3.72 With notches across lip. 1 grit-tempered. The short punctate lines on this sherd show a molded appearance with edges irregularly pressed over (Figure 31, C. Cross-section, Fig- ure 28, c.). 4.  Parallel Incised Lines in Two Groups at Right Angles. 4.1 No other embellishment. 1 grit-tempered. Fig. 31, D: Cross-section Figure 28, h.    The lines are scarcely more than a smoothing of the "fabric mark." 5. Diagonal and Horizontal Incised Lines. 5.1 Without notches or punctate marks. I I grit-tempered. Fig. 32, A: Cross-section, Figure 29, r. 5.2 Notches in outer edge of lip. 3 grit-tempered. 5.3 Short punctate or incised lines, vertical or slightly slanting, just below lip. 2 grit-tempered. One has a wide scallop (Figure 32, B. Cross-section, Figure 29, s.) with three small punch-marks ap- parently representing a face. 5.4 With punctate rows. 5.41 Above and below incised lines. 2 grit-tempered.

50     OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

5.42 Above incised lines only. 1 grit-tempered. This may have had a punctate row beneath incised lines before it was broken. 5.43 Below incised lines only. 1 grit-tempered. Fig. 32, C: Cross-section, Figure 28, j. Notches in outer edge of lip. 5.5 Notches in outer edge of lip and extending nearly across lip. 1 both grit and shell tempered. Fig. 32, D: Cross-section, Figure 29, t. This sherd is a portion of a vessel about 18 inches in diameter. The sherd is from that portion bearing a scal- lop about 8 inches long, with six notches in lip at apex of scallop. 6. Diagonal Incised Lines Parallel. 6.1 Lip unnotched. 5 grit-tempered. Fig. 33, A: Cross-section, Figure 29, u. 6.2 Lip notched. 6.21 Notches in outer edge. 4 grit-tempered. 6.22 Notches across lip. 3 grit-tempered. All three sherds from the same vessel. The notches are at an ob- lique angle, and the diagonal lines and the notches have a molded rope- like appearance, with a punctate row beneath the diagonal lines. 6.3 Notches in outer surface of vessel beneath a widening of lip. 1 grit-tempered.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             51

6.4 With crimping. 4 grit-tempered. The crimped pattern is above the diagonal lines. One sherd has a handle, flat in cross-section (Figure 33, B, cross-section, Figure 29, q.). Another has a punctate row at the shoulder. 7.  Diagonal Lines, Incised, in Parallel Groups at Angles. 7.1 Lips unnotched. 9 grit-tempered. 2 shell-tempered. Fig. 33 D: Cross-section, Figure 29, w. 7.2 Lips notched. 4 grit-tempered. Notches in outer edge of lip. 8.  Crimped Pattern, without Incised Lines. 8.1 Crimping in a ridge of clay which has been added to rim just below lip. 41 grit-tempered. One sherd (Figure 34, A.) has three oval indentations diagonally placed at the shoulder (Cross- section, Figure 29, k.). Three other sherds have the vertical oval in- dentations at neck, but only one each, and in a fourth there are short oval indentations in two rows. One of these (Figure 34, B, with cross-section as in Figure 29, i.) has a group of three short scallops; another has a handle round in cross- section (Figure 34, C, with cross- section as in Figure 29, z.); and two have short notch-like scallops. 2 both grit and shell-tempered.

52     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

8.2 Crimping in outer edge of lip. Thickness of sherd across lip slightly more than farther down. 18 grit-tempered. Fig. 34, D: Cross-section, Figure 29, y. Fig. 36, E: Cross-section, Figure 29, y. One of these grit-tempered sherds has a scallop about one inch wide. 3 shell-tempered. 9. Crimped Pattern with Incised Lines. 9.1 Lines horizontal. 9.11 Without other embellishment. 21 grit-tempered. Fig. 34, E: Cross-section, Figure 29, k. Three sherds from the same vessel have only one horizontal line. One sherd has a double crimp, one line of crimping immediately above an- other. 9.12 With notches in lip. 2 grit-tempered. 9.13 With puctate rows. 9.131 Rows beneath horizontal lines. 3 grit-tempered. Fig. 35, A: Cross-section, Figure 29, k. Four notch-like scallops. 9.132 Punctate rows above horizontal lines. 4 grit-tempered. Probably from same vessel. 9.2 Lines diagonal, gouged. 9.21 Without horizontal lines. 1 grit-tempered. Fig. 35, B: Cross-section, Figure 29, g. Lines are short and slanting, and appear to have been gouged out with the thumb nail. They lie above the crimping.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION              53

9.22 With horizontal lines. 1 grit-tempered. Fig. 35, B: Cross-section, Figure 29, x. The diagonal lines, which slant upward to the left, show a molded appear- ance. Just below the crimping is a row of punctate marks. This sherd originally had a handle, probably flat in cross-section. 10. Sherds with Crimped Pattern Fallen off. 10.1 Without other embellishment. 17 grit-tempered. One formerly had a handle, with an undeterminable cross-section. 2 shell-tempered. 10.2 With horizontal lines. 2 grit-tempered. Punctate rows above and below horizontal lines. Narrow notches just below lip. 10.3 Punctate rows below crimping. 1 grit-tempered. 10.4 Notches across lip. 1 grit-tempered. 11. With Curvilinear Lines. 11.1 With punctate rows. 2 grit-tempered. On one (Figure 36, A, with cross- section as in Figure 28, c.), the curved lines consist of a series of connecting punched squarish de- pressions.  In the other there is crimping, fallen off, and a punctate row between crimping and the curved line. 11.2 With diagonal parallel lines, and short slanting lines just below lip.

54     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

1 grit-tempered.

Fig. 36, B: Cross-section as in Figure 28, c.

The curved lines on this sherd may

be nothing more than poorly exe-

cuted straight lines. This sherd has

a wide scallop.

Pottery--Body Sherds, Decorated.

1.  Parallel Lines Only.

1.1 No other embellishment.

69 grit-tempered.

2 shell-tempered.

2. Parallel Lines with Punctate Rows.

2.1 No other embellishment.

52 grit-tempered.

1 shell-tempered.

1 both shell and grit.

3. Parallel Lines in Groups at Angles to One Another.

3.1 At oblique angles.

22 grit-tempered.

1 shell-tempered.

Four of the grit-tempered have

punctate rows.

3.2 At right angles.

2 grit-tempered.

1 shell-tempered.

4.  Crimped Pattern.

4.1 With horizontal lines.

3 grit-tempered.

4.2 With diagonal lines in groups at angles to one another.

1 grit-tempered.

5. Rows of Elliptical Punctate Marks.

5.1 No other embellishment.

1 grit-tempered.

Fig. 36, D.

6.  Curvilinear Lines.

6.1 No other embellishment.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION            55

1 grit-tempered.

Fig. 36, C.

Catalog Number 2958 in the Ceramic Repository, Ann Arbor,

Michigan, Pottery--Rim Sherds.

1. Plain.

1.1 Without handles or knobs.

6 grit-tempered.

1 shell-tempered.

2. Notches in Lip, without Other Embellishment.

2.1 Notches in outer edge.

7 grit-tempered.

3. Horizontal Incised Lines.

3.1 Without other embellishment.

4 grit-tempered.

3.2 Punctate rows above and below horizontal lines.

1 grit-tempered.

3.3 Punctate rows above horizontal lines only.

2 grit-tempered.

3.7 Short slanting lines just below lip.

3.72 With notches across lip.

1 grit-tempered.

The notches are obliquely across

the lip. Cross-section of this sherd

Figure 27, F. The short slanting

lines are in the region indicated.

3.73 Punctate row below the horizontal lines.

1 sherd.

6. Diagonal Incised Lines, Parallel.

6.1 Lip unnotched.

4 grit-tempered.

One sherd has a punctate row be-

low lip and above the diagonal lines.

6.2 Lip notched.

6.21 Notch in outer edge.

1 grit-tempered.

56     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

6.22 Notches across lip. 1 grit-tempered. 7. Diagonal Lines, Incised, in Parallel Groups at Angles. 7.1 Lips unnotched. 9 grit-tempered. In one, the two groups of lines are superimposed to make a crosshatch. Another sherd is shown in Figure 37, B. 7.2 Lips notched. 2 grit-tempered. 8.  Crimped Pattern, without Incised Lines. 8.1 Crimping in a ridge of clay which has been added to rim just below lip. 10 grit-tempered. 8.2 Crimping in outer edge of lip. Thickness of sherd across lip slightly more than farther down. 2 grit-tempered. 9. Crimped Pattern with Incised Lines. 9.1 Lines horizontal. 9.11 Without other embellishment. 10 grit-tempered. 9.13 With punctate rows. 9.131 Rows beneath horizontal lines. 1 grit-tempered. 9.132 Rows above horizontal lines. 1 grit-tempered. 10. Sherds with Crimping Fallen off. 10.1 Without other embellishment. 8 grit-tempered. 10.2 With horizontal lines. 2 grit-tempered. 12. Raised Lines. 12.1 Lines diagonal and horizontal, with notches in lip and punctate rows on outer surface. 1 shell-tempered. Fig. 37, A: Cross-section as in Figure 28, h.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION             57

The lines in relief are at the general level of the surface of the sherd left between two rows of short in- cisions. The notches are at an ob- lique angle across the lip. There are two sets of roulette marks at the left end of the sherd. At the lip this sherd is 6mm. thick. At the outer end, 4mm. Both surfaces are very dark gray, and the interior is medium gray. Paste very fine in texture. Catalog Number 2958 in the Ceramic Repository, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Pottery--Body Sherds, Decorated. 1. Parallel Lines Only (Some have only one line). 1.1 No other embellishment. 22 grit-tempered. On two the lines are made by a roullette. 2. Parallel Lines with Punctate Rows. 2.1 No other embellishment. 12 grit-tempered. 3. Parallel Lines in Groups at Angles to One Another. 3.1 At an oblique angle. 6 grit-tempered. On two the separate groups are su- perimposed, forming a crosshatch. One is shown in Figure 37, C. 5. Rows of Punctate Marks. 5.1 7 grit-tempered. Surface Hardness This table is compiled by Mr. James B. Griffin and is based upon examination of 161 sherds in the Ceramic Repository, Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor, Michigan. These 161 sherds are representative of the entire collection.

58     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

2                2. to 2.5                         2.5    3

Shell temper, undecorated .....                               17   15

Grit temper, undecorated......                                16   8                 2

Grit temper, decorated rim.....        28                   19   1

Grit temper, outer    rim-lip

notched, undecorated rim....           9       4

Grit temper, rim bears incised

lines  ......................         18       7

Grit temper, added or thickened

upper rim strip, which has

perpendicular notches. Below

are horizontal lines and bi-

sected  cones  ...............                                            12       3

Shell temper, rim sherd.......                                  1

Grit temper, brickish red color

(Atypical)  ...............         1

1        101      56    3

Catalog List

Accession Number 1o13.

Serial Number.

1. 2 large celts. Figure 7, B, C.

2. 1 celt. Figure 6, B.

1 celt. Division 1, no. 1, classification.

3. 1 celt. Division 4, no. 3.

4. 26 celts as follows:

1, Figure 6, A.

2, Figure 3, C, I.

5, Figure 5.

3, Figure 6, C, D, E.

2, Division 4, nos. 1, 2.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION                 59

6, Division 5.1, nos. 1-6.

6, Division 5.2, nos. 1-6.

1, Division 5.3, no. 1.

5. 1 large celt. Figure 7, A.

6. 1 pitted hammerstone.

7. 5 grinding stones, sandstone.

8. 2 hammerstones, gneiss.

9. 2 unfinished pipes. Figures 14, D, E.

10. 12 net-sinkers. Three in Figure 12, A, B, E.

11. 16 net-sinkers. Two in Figure 12, C, D.

12. 7 celts. Figure 4.

7 celts. Figure 3, A, B, D, E, F, G, H.

2 celts. Division 3, nos. 1, 2.

6 celts. Division 5.1, nos. 7-12.

1 celt. Division 5.3, no. 2.

1 celt. Division 5.4, no. 1.

1 rough piece of slate. Described in text under

Miscellaneous Objects.

1 quartzite pebble. Described in text under Miscel-

laneous Objects.

13. 1 projectile point. Figure 8, lower row, left end.

1 projectile point. Figure 8, lower row, second from

right end.

1 projectile point. Figure 8, lower row, right end.

2 projectile points. Figure 9, H, 1.

1 scraper, flint. Figure 10, F.

1 knife, stone. Division 1, no. 3.

2 projectile points. Division 1.2, nos. 1, 2.

5 projectile points. Division 1.3.

3 projectile points. Division 1.4.

1 projectile point. Division 1.5.

14. 1 projectile point. Figure 8, lower row, second from

left end.

2 projectile points. Figure 9, A, K.

1 scraper. Division 2.

1 drill. Division 1, no. 2.

60      OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

15. 8 projectile points.   Figure 8, upper row, except

fourth from right end.

64 projectile points. Division 1.1.

3 projectile points. Division 1.5.

6 projectile points. Division 1.6.

1 projectile point. Figure 9, G.

1 drill, flint. Figure 10, O.

16. 1 projectile point. Division 1.

3 projectile points. Division 1.3.

2 projectile points. Division 1.6.

1 knife. Division 1, no. 2.

17. 1 projectile point. Division 1.1.

2 projectile points. Division 1.3.

14 projectile points. Division 1.6.

4 scrapers, flint. Division 2.

1 scraper, flint. Figure 10, K.

1 knife. Figure 10, C.

2 blanks, flint. Figure 10, A, B.

18. 1 scraper, flint. Figure 10, H.

1 scraper, flint. Figure 10, M.

5 scrapers, flint. Division 1.

1 scraper, flint. Figure 10, G.

19. 4 drills, flint. Figure 10, D, E, I, J.

20. 7 scrapers, flint. Division 2.

1 scraper flint. Figure 10, L.

2 drills, flint. Division 1, nos. 1, 2.

1 drill, flint. Figure 10, N.

3 knives, flint. Division 1, no. 1.

1 knife. Division 2.

1 projectile point, flint. Figure 8, fourth from right

end.

1 projectile point, flint. Division 1.1.

2 projectile points, flint. Division 1.3.

15 projectile points, flint. Division 1.6.

40 projectile points, broken. Division 1.7.

21. 1 pendant of red slate. Figure 19, H.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION              61

1 pendant of gray slate. Division 5.2. Not perfo-

rated.

22. 1 gorget of red slate. Figure 19, G.

2 gorgets, slate. Division 5.1, nos. 1, 2.

1 gorget, slate. Division 1. Parallel scratches on

one face.

1 gorget, slate. Figure 19, B.

5 gorgets, slate, broken. Figure 19, A, C, D, E, F.

23. 7 projectile points, flint. Figure 9, B, C, D, E, F, J, L.

24. 1 tobacco pipe. Figure 21, B.

25. 1 tobacco pipe. Figure 21, A.

26. 5 fragments of stone tobacco pipes. Figure 23.

7 fragments of clay tobacco pipes. Figure 24.

27. 1 comb, made of antler, five pronged. Four prongs

missing but restored.

28. 1 comb, made of antler, five pronged. Three prongs

missing but restored.

29. 1 gouge, antler, cutting edge polished on back side.

30. 2 gouges, antler. Figure 11, lower row, the two at

right.

5 gouges, antler, resembling those in Figure 11.

31. 1 chisel, antler. Figure 11, lower row, second from

right.

32. 1 chisel, antler. Figure 11, top.

3 chisels, antler, resembling that in Figure 11.

1 punch, antler. Three longitudinal slits.

33. 11 flint-chipping tools, antler. Two in Figure 16, B.

34. 3 projectile points, antler. Figure 11, lower right

end, and Figure 16, F.

35. 38 beads, made of bird leg-bone, found around the

pelvis of the child in the burial. Figure 2, Figure 20.

69 small shell beads, discoidal, found beneath the

string of bone beads around the pelvis of the child

in the burial. Figure 20, within the circle formed

by the string of larger beads.

36. 2 tubes made of hollow bird bones, with flute-like

stops.

62     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

37. 1 bone awl, blunt end missing. Figure 15, N.

38. 1 two-tined bone awl. Figure 15, M.

39. 5 awls, bone, notched. One in Figure 15, C.

16 awls, bone, unnotched. Similar to Figure 15, C

40. 7 awls, made of leg-bones of small animals, resemb-

ling that in Figure 15, F.

41. 12 awls, made of split leg-bones of animals. Two

are shown in Figure 15, O, G.

4 punches, bone.

42. 1 double-pointed awl, bone. Figure 15, H.

43. 5 bone awls. One shown in Figure 15, J.

1 bone awl. Figure 15, K.

1 bone awl. Figure 15, L.

1 bone awl, notched as are those numbered 39.

2 awls, made of split leg-bones of animals.

1 awl, bone, double-pointed. Figure 15, I.

3 flint-chipping tools, bone, broken.

1 fragment of a bone awl, 95mm. long. Flat rib-bone.

2 flint-chipping tools, penis-bone of raccoon.

1 flint-chipping tool. Figure 16, D.

49 fragments of awls of various types.

44. 61 beads, made of hollow leg-bones of birds. Includ-

ing those in Figure 18, A, B, C.

45. 1 hollow and polished leg-bone of a large animal.

One end partially restored.

46. 1 polished and cut bird bone, with a crosshatched

band incised near one end.

47. 2 bear canines, perforated. Figure 18, I, J.

1 bear canine, with unfinished perforation.

2 teeth, perforated, one an elk incisor. Figure 18,

F, G.

48. 5 bear canines, unworked.

1 elk canine, one end missing.

49. 10 beaver incisors, unworked. One in Figure 16, H,

right.

1 woodchuck incisor, unworked. Figure 16, H, left.

50. 1 goose leg-bone, cut off below articular surface.

REEVE VILLAGE SITE EXCAVATION               63

3 fragments of flint-chipping tools. Two flat.

1 flint-chipping tool. Figure 16, A.

1 piece of deer antler, perforated longitudinally.

4 antler tips, 96-69mm. long. One with groove en-

circling the tip.

2 projectile points, antler. Division 3, nos. 1, 2.

1 flint-chipping tool. Figure 16, E.

51. 4 flint-chipping tools, penis-bone of raccoon. Figure

16, C, shows two.

52. 1 hollowed-out deer metatarsus.

53. 1 shell pendant, mussel shell.

2 pieces of mussel shell, worked. Figure 17, top row,

the two at the right.

54. 15 fish-scalers, made of mussel shell. Some perfo-

rated, others with edges modified. Two in Figure

17, lower row, and two perforated.

55. 28 fragments of mussel shells, none showing use.

56. 31 mussel shells, some with alteration at edges. One

is in Figure 17, lower right.

57. 1 iron hook, five inches long, without barb.

58. 327 rim sherds.

59. 107 potsherds, large pieces.

60. 980 body sherds.

61. 1 lot of about 1000 animal bones, including those of

fish and birds. Most numerous are those of the bear,

deer, elk, wild cat, beaver, porcupine, fox, raccoon,

and fish bones. Pieces of antler are also included,

as is the basal portion of elk antler described in text

under Miscellaneous Objects. Identification of these

bones made by Mr. Robert Goslin.

62. 2 complete skeletons, one female adult, one child.

63. 1 tobacco pipe, stone, in effigy of the owl. Broken.

Found by Mr. Thomas Donkin some months after

the excavations in 1929. Presented to the Museum

March, 1932.

Vol. XLIV--5

64     OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Ceramic Repository, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Catalog Number 2958.

75 rim sherds. Two are shown in Figure 37, A, B.

47 body sherds, with decoration. One shown in

Figure 37, C.

70 body sherds, without decoration. One shown in

Figure 37, D.