edited by WILFRED W. BLACK The Fifty-First Ohio Volunteer Infantry, a Tuscarawas County regiment, was organized in September and October of 1861 at Camp Meigs, near Canal Dover. More than one-half of its members were citizens of the county, and Companies A, B, C, E, G, and K were composed almost ex- clusively of Tuscarawas County men. The Fifty-First had re-enlisted on January 1, 1864,1 and following a furlough it returned to the front at Blue Springs, near Cleveland, Tennessee where on April 10 it was connected with the Second Brigade, First Division, Fourth Army Corps.2 The regi-
NOTES ARE ON PAGES 95-100 |
ORSON BRAINARD 55
ment brought three hundred recruits, and
the next three weeks were spent
in drilling for Sherman's Atlanta
Campaign, which began on May 6 and
ended on September 2. During this
campaign the Fifty-First was engaged
in battles at Rocky Face Ridge (May 7),
Resaca (May 13-16), New Hope
Church (June 2), Big Shanty (June 11)
and Kenesaw Mountain (June
9-30, including the Special Assault on
June 20).3
The following letters written by Private
Orson Brainard to his father,
Joel M. Brainard of Trenton, Ohio,4
embrace the period from February 1
through June 29, 1864. Strange as it may
seem, however, the author's name
does not appear in the Official
Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio
in the War of the Rebellion,
1861-1866.5 The muster rolls of
Company K,
to which the youth was attached, are not
on file in The Adjutant General's
office, either.6 Because of
these omissions, the letters presented here serve
to contribute to the history of Company
K as well as the Fifty-First
Regiment because at least sixteen other
members of the company are
mentioned by Brainard. With the
exception of a Joel Davis and James
Purvis (not mentioned in these letters)
"the names of other members
of this company who died or were killed
in service are not known, as the
public records have failed to preserve
them."7
Orson Brainard came from a humble
background. In all probability his
father was a day laborer or tenant
farmer, since the records of the Pro-
bate Court at New Philadelphia
(Tuscarawas County) do not indicate
that he owned any land. According to his
descendants, Orson was either
seventeen or eighteen when he enlisted.8
As is readily seen in the letters,
his style, composition, grammatical
construction, and spelling reflect his
youthfulness and only a meager
education; nevertheless, they are a credit
to the Moravian community from which he
came. In regard to the letters
themselves, reading and interpretation
at times are difficult as Brainard
seldom employed any punctuation;
therefore, for greater ease of read-
ing the editor has left a wider space
than usual between sentences. For
the most part, the letters are well
preserved; some in pencil, while others
are penned. The stationery is 5" x
8" when folded once, and a second fold
fitted them to a size of 5"
x 4" for small envelopes. Apparently the young
soldier wrote home frequently, but so
far as his descendants know, only
the following fifteen letters have been
preserved. The letters have some
characteristics of many written by Civil
War soldiers: descriptions of
life in the army, commentaries on the
terrain traversed, expressions of
patriotism and dedication to a cause;
occasional references to over-all strat-
egy and important episodes, and
manifestations of loneliness and the long-
ing for word from home. Even though
Brainard was an "unknown" who
never returned home from the war and
record of when he died or where
his body rests has been lost, he will
not remain an "unknown soldier."
His clearness of expression and the
challenge of his deeds speak out from
the past more clearly to us today in our
own time of turmoil than, per-
haps, they did to his family and friends
more than one hundred years ago.
56
OHIO HISTORY
February 1st 1864
Tod Barracks
Columbus. Ohio
Company. D.9
51st Regtiment
Dear father
I take my pen in
hand to write you a few lines to let you know where
we are and how we
are getting along we are in columbus
in the city
Barracks it is a very comfortable place if it was
not so mudy the
mud is shoe top
deep but is drying up fast we have
plenty to eat and
do not have to
cook it as there is a set of cooks who cook for all there
are about three
thousand men in here now but some are leaving all the
time and some are
coming in all the time we are going to
leave here
this evening we will be paid this afternoon and we will
either be sent
to the regtiment
or stay at Camp Chase you may go to
Urichsville and
get my Clothes
about Saturday I expreesed them to
day you will
find A. D. Moors10
clothes in the same box you make
Ira. Moor pay
half the
charges did you get that money of John
milone11 I will
not send any more
money home just now as there is a poor chance to send
such things as
that I will wait until
I can get a chance to send it home
in some better way you will find my buck
gloves in my coat pocket I
did not want them you need not answer till I
write again which I will
do as soon as I
can get a chance to so no more at
present onley I forgot
to tell you that
they have got the small pox in camp but it is not very
bad we drawed our clothes as soon as we came
in
yours as ever
Orson Brainard
Company K
51st Regtiment
O.V.I.
Camp Chase Ohio
March 11th 186412
Dear Father
and Mother
I sit myself down
to write a few lines to let you know where
we are and how we
are getting along we left
Urichsville yesterday
about half past
one o'clock and we arrived at Columbus about 10 o'clock
and we slept in
the cars untill morning when we got out and staid in town
a couple of hours
when we were ordered in to line and that done we marched
out to camp Chase
four miles from town and the mud shoe top deep
I
got along very
well and now while I write i am sitting
by the fire and
I feel very good we have just drawed our rations they are of the
best kind they consist of Coffe shugar beans molases
potatoes hominy
bread and sow
belly and shoulders there is six of us
in a mess and there
is five messes in
our company 30 men in all we had a good time at
ORSON BRAINARD
57
dover on the
9th at dover we had a good dinner and
then we went
back to New
Philadelphia and the next morning at eight o'clock we started
for urichsville
and it rained all the time [we] were on the road and it
just soaked us
through and through Camp
Chase is a nice place they
keep no gaurds
around the camp we
can get out and go where we
please we are going to stay here I think about ten
days if not longer
the prisons here
are very large and just filled to overflowing13 there was
a squad of rebs
came in this morning they are hard
looking fellows
dirty and ragged
and lousy I have not much more to
write just now
so I think I will
close for the present so no more at present
yours truly
Orson Brainard
[same address as
February 1, 1864]
put on the end of
the envelop: please forward to the
Regtiment and
it will Come
Louisville Ky
March 18th 186414
Dear Father
I seat myself to
write you a few lines to let you know how I
am getting
along we left Camp Chase on last
wedensday and arrived
in Cincinatia in
the evening and we stayed in the Barracks on fifth street
untill next
morning (Thursday) when we started for louisville on the
steamer Briliant a
large boat and a good one we started
from the
wharf at
cincinatia at 3 p.m. arrived in
louisville at 3 o'clock this (friday)
morning the distance (165) miles we are laying here waiting for
Transportation I do not know how soon we will move I have not got
any letter since I
started but we will be in a place soon where we can
get a mail I have not much to write now so I must
Close as I must go
up town and put
this in the office or my pass will run out
I can get a
pass most any time
I want it though so it does not make
much difference
yours truly
Orson Brainard
[Written on reverse
side of last page of letter]: Direct your letter To
Chattenooga Tenn
Nashville Tennesee
Barracks No 1
March. 23d. 1864.
Dear Father
I take the present
oppertunity of seating myself to write you a
few lines to let
you know that I am well we are
quartered in a very
good place it is in one of the largest houses in the
City Gen Toli-
coffer15 had
it built for a Hotel but when the war broke out it was left
unfinished and
when the City was taken it fell into the hands of unchle
sam I have been all over the City since we
Came every day we
get out and stay as long as we please we are going to leave here today at twelve o'clock for Chattanooga we have to march as we cannot get transportation we have twenty days to go in and the distance is one hundread and fifty two miles we will not go more than ten miles a day we do not have any guns to carry so it will not go so hard I think I can go as far as any one else if we get plenty to eat and I think the prospects are prety good just now we will have it if it is to be had in Tennesee so far we have plenty to eat we have been here now three days we left Louisville on sunday afternoon at three o'clock and we got here on monday morning about 3 o'clock it is prety warm here now and dusty as I ever seen it in Ohio I have not got any letter from you yet I got two in louisville but Bob Carnes16 if you could have seen him you could have sent one to me and I would have been very glad but the next letter you write Direct to Chattanooga Tennesee and if you write as soon as you get this it will be there as soon as I get there you may send me some stamps if you will I am prety near out and stamps are scarce here I must Close this letter for this time as I have no more to write now direct as I told you and put on end of the envelop please to forward to the regtiment and if I do not get it at Chattanooga it will follow so no more at present but more anon yours truly Orson Brainard
Murfreesbouro Tennesee March 27th 1864 Dear Father I seat myself to write you a few lines to let you know how I am getting along I am well at present and feel very good considering the circumstances we left Nashville on the 23d about one o'clock in the afternoon and we marched 7 miles and camped for the night and early in the morning we resumed our march and that day we went 13 miles and camped at a place near stewarts Creek and early on the third day we again started and on this day (26th) we passed over the Battlefield of Stone River17 the marks of the battle are still fresh trees half cut off and marks of musket balls some trees with the tops cut off and the bones of plenty of horses and the graves of hundreads of our soldiers there has been a monument erected on the field it is made of stone picked |
ORSON BRAINARD 59
up off of the field there is large stones all over the field the stone is just like this piece in this letter but this did not come from there it is from the rock I am writing on we are camped about a mile from Murfreesboro near a large spring of good water we start again in the morning we have 120 miles to go yet in twelve more days and will go it two weeks from to day we will be in Chattanooga direct your letter there and I will get it I get letters most every mail we get but I have got none from you yet but I look for one every evening I wish you would send me some papers to read as we cannot get any down here as there is no need of printing any papers here for there is no white people to read them if there was any printed where there is one white person there is 15 black devils such is the south it is very warm I am writing in my shirt sieves I have been bare footed nearly all day in the day time it is warm and part of the night but in the morning it is enough to freeze one Mother I have been washing today I washed a shirt and my towel and a pair of socks and it is done up right done in cold water but I must close for this time so no more at present yours truly Orson Brainard if there is any letters comes to trenton for me send them on as soon as you can when you write tell me all the news |
62 OHIO
HISTORY
Brigade Headquarters
Cleveland Tennesee
April 10th 1864
Dear Father
I seat myself to write you a few
lines to let you know that I am
well as usual here we are at the end of our March from
Nashville
to Cleveland a distance of one
hundread and eighty miles I am proud
to say I marched as far as any one
else we rode from Stevenson Alabama
to Chattanooga onley 35 miles and
that on top of frieght cars at Chat-
tanooga I seen Abraham Glasbrook and
all of the boys that went with
Jake Babst18 he is well and is driving a post team onley two mules
I got your letters today two of them I got four letters we
have
not had any mail since we left
Murfreesbooro but now as we are at
our brigade we will get our mail
regular our brigadier Gen's name is
whitaker19 and our brigade
has now the name of Iron Brigade There
is
some talk of our going to Cleveland
as provost gaurds20 we are
now
four miles from town the Enemy lay within twelve miles on friday
af-
ternoon heavy Canonading but there has been no forward movement
yet you said you wanted to know what new things I have seen well
I have seen a great many things that
are new to me I seen old lookout
mountain21 that is of itsself a good sight and
to day sunday as it is I
seen a sight not soon to be forgotten
for a while a soldier of the 40th
Ohio one of the regiments of our
Brigade was tried on a Charge of Derser-
tion found guilty sentenced
to forfiet all pay due him and all for
his terme of service to come which is
yet 10 months 20 days and his head
shaved and to be drumed around the
brigade formed in a hollow square
we were marched up and presently the
prisoner made his appearence sur-
rounded by a strong gaurd and
accompanied by a barber and the sheep-
skin band of the 40th and they
marched him to the center and then his
sentence was read to him and after
put in excution but he bore it like a
man I have not much more to write so I will close
write soon
yours truly
Orson Brainard
Camp Near Cleveland
Tennesee
April 12th 1864
Dear Father
I seat my self on[c]e more to write a
few lines to let you know
that I am well and recieved your
letter of the 3d yesterday and the papers
allso I was very glad you sent them as I have nothing to read and the
time passes off very slowly as you
may imagine if you will you may
send me the Ledger and the advocate
every week as long as we stay here
and I think we will stay some
time I recieved your letter that had
the stamps in I was very glad to get them as I was very
near out
and those will not last long if I
write as often as I have been doing for
ORSON
BRAINARD 63
the last
few days I wish you would send me some
more if you will
send me
one dollars worth and when I get payed I will send you all you
expend for
me and send me a dollar in money we
will get no pay till
July and
maybe not then and I am about out of money
I will pay you
all back22
I feel very well just now better I believe than I ever did in my
life we have plenty to eat such as it is it
consists of hard tact and
piceled
meat potatoes beans shugar & Coffee Benjiman
Walton23 messes
with me we have a Coffee pot and frying
pan and we can cook our meals
in style you wanted to know wether my feet
got sore or not on the
march no they did not and I wore my
boots all the time & Isiac
Emfield24
got through safe he came back to
the company just before we
left
Columbus he marched clear
through I sent a shirt home in
Josephs
Keffers25 box I have two so
I thought I would send that one
home I have not much more to write just now and
I am tired we
drilled
some to day26 and I have wrote two letters to day and have one
more to
write so no more at present
yours
truly
Orson
Brainard
Direct
your letter to Cleveland Tennesee
do not
fail to send me them stamps and money
O.B
Blue
Springs Tennesee
April. 25,
1864
Dear
father
I take up
my pen to write you a few lines to let you know that I am
well as
usual and hope those few lines may find you all well I received
your
letter of the 18th a few minutes ago and was very glad to hear from
home once
more I am very thankfull for the
stamps and money it
contained
as I am just out of stamps and if I had not got them soon I
would have
had to quit writing I also got the
papers you sent they
come very
good as I can pass away the time now for a few days in read-
ing the time passes away very slowly we get up in the morning
at half
past four o'clock and have roll call and then we have to stand in
line of
Battle till day light and then at 7 o.clock company drill for one
hour and
then from nine till eleven we have targret practice we shoot
five
rounds apiece I can hit the targaret
about 3 times out of five at
150 yards
and when that is over we dont have any more drill till 3 oclock
and then
Battalion drill till five and at six Dress parade27 it is very
warm here
now as warm nearly as I ever saw it in Ohio and the nights cold
and
chilly we have a nice camp plenty to
eat and good water to drink
this camp
is named from the springs it is situated on
we are 23. miles
from
Dalton and 87 from Knoxville the
rebles are not far [from]
here their pickets fired on our's on the morning
of 23.d but did
no
harm there is not much danger of an
attact very soon and if they
would
attact us they would be repulsed we are
repairing the railroad
from
dalton to knoxville now some of our men
are cutting ties we
64 OHIO HISTORY
will soon have to move further down
the rail road to protect the work-
men I expect you may look for the news soon of dalton falling in
our hands and that to[o] with out any
fighting28 but I dare not write
any more news as we are forbidden to
write any thing conc[e]rning any
movements there is not much more to write so I will close for the pres-
ent answer soon
you say mother wanted to know wether
my arm got sore well I should
think it did
but no more
yours truly
Orson Brainard
direct as before
THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN
The Atlanta Campaign, one of the hardest
fought struggles of the
war, commenced on May 3, 1864 and ended
with the fall of Atlanta on
September 1. The Fifty-First Regiment,
upon leaving Blue Springs, was
attached to the Second Brigade, First
Division, Fourth Corps, Army of
the Cumberland.29 Sherman's
army of 99,000 men consisted of Major Gen-
erals George H. Thomas' Army of the
Cumberland, James B. McPherson's
Army of the Tennessee, and John M.
Schofield's Army of the Ohio. Sher-
man's opponent, General Joseph E.
Johnston, was strongly entrenched
at Dalton, Georgia, with a force of
53,000. The constant extending of Sher-
man's line of communication and the
subsequent assignment of detach-
ments to protect this line required an
army twice the size of Johnston's
in order to achieve the main objective
of the campaign, either the destruc-
tion or the surrender of
Johnston--neither alternative was achieved. Sher-
man endeavored to make the campaign one
of maneuver with a series of
wide flanking movements, but Johnston,
an able strategist in his own
right, matched paces with him all the
way. At Kenesaw Mountain, Sherman,
tired of his flanking operations, tried
to crack the center of the Confeder-
ate line but was repulsed with
substantial losses; it was there he learned
that well-entrenched Confederates were
impervious to frontal attack.
Sergeant Samuel Welch of Company E,
Fifty-First Regiment, recorded
that "there was no time during
these long four months that we were not
within hearing of the booming cannon,
the bursting shell, or the whizzing
minie ball." His Company had left
Blue Springs with forty-two men, "and
when we marched through the deserted
streets of Atlanta we had fourteen."30
Kingston Georgia
May 20th 1864 31
Dear Father
I seat myself down to write you a few
lines to let you know that I
am well and hope when this reaches
you it will find you all well all of
the boys are well and in good
spirits we have passed through a couple
of prety hard skirmishes and we were
engaged in the battle at Resaca
on saturday and sunday on saturday evening we had a prety hard
fight for about three quarters of an
hour the rebles came around on
our left flank and our regiment and
two others were thrown out to pro-
ORSON
BRAINARD 65
tect our
flank our line when it was formed was
only two men deep
well we
went to our left and formed in line and layed down and we lay
in this
position about fifteen minutes when the rebs run our skirmishers
in on the
double quick and thier main force advanced till they were within
two
hundread yards of us thier line was
four men deep when they
got as I
said before about two hundread yards we let them have [it]
and then
our regtiment was ordered to fall back but it did not get back
in good
order some of the men ran one way and
some another but
we got out
in an open field where our battery lay and the rebs came out
to the edge
of the woods and our battery shelled them and the three
regtiments
that were in the woods got together or a part of them our
regiment
had part of six companies rally and then two of gen Hookers
brigades
formed on our left and we opend fire and in a very few minutes
rebs were
hard to see32 they run for
their lives when they [we] made
thier [our]
stand. after the fight our men piled up
260 dead ones as
the fruits
of our labor our loss was very slight
one killed and two or
three
wounded Ben walton33
my mess mate was wounded in the leg
near the
knee he will be apt to
loose his leg but thank God so far I
have
escaped prety well but several times I came near getting my scalp
taken the balls came so near several times
as to make me feel un-
easy bullets came as thick and fast as
hail on sunday the battle was
severe our loss was heavy the rebs loss
heav[i]er still34 our regt
was not in
a very warm place on sunday we onley
had two wounded
on sunday
night the rebs put out and early monday morning we pursued
them twice since then they have tried to stand
but whenever we come
up they
will run we have chased them from
tunnell hill rocky face
dalton
Resaca Kingston, and rome all of those
they boasted of as
strongholds
and they were strongholds and now we are onley about 60
miles from
Atlanta and that is bound to come before very long but I
must
close the reason I did not write
sooner was we had orders to
send no
letters for fifteen days I Recieved two
letters from you since
I
wrote I got the one that had the 25
cents in I received two
papers this
morning when you answer send me about
50 or 75 cents
so I can
buy papers to read it is so very
loansome to not hear any
news we can get all kinds of newspapers here
but they cost southern
prices for
them
yours truly
Orson
Brainard
Direct your
letter to
Kingston
Georgia
Camp 6.
Miles from
Davenport
Ga
May 30th
186435
Dear Father
I take the
present oppertunity of writing you a few lines to let
you know
that I am well and enjoying myself prety well Considering cir-
66
OHIO HISTORY
cumstances we are laying here in sight and reach of
the rebs we have
to lay
low in our entrenchments we are
keeping them in check here
in front
while our flanks work around we are all
prety safe. yes-
terday
Captain slade36 of Co. G. had a piece shot out of his hat rim we
had one
man wounded in our Company one man in
Co. I. killed one
in Co. H.
wounded and one in Co G wounded in all
since we left Blue
springs
in killed and wounded and missing our Regt has lost 20 men 3
killed 2 missing and 15 wounded this is another Vicksburgh we lay in
our works
and pick away at them and our Artilery plays on them when they
get a
chance the cussed rebs shell us every
day but so far they have
onley
killed one man and wounded one those
little balls do the most
damage the sharp shooters wach us and if we show
our heads they
peck away
at us37 yesterday I came prety near getting my last I
was down
in the hollow behind our works at the spring and I was going
back and
a ball came whizzing past me and struck in the bank just ahead
of me but
I dont scare worth any any [sic] thing
we are going to be
in
Atlanta on the fourth of July if I was
to come home now I would
be
perfectly lost I have got so used to
the crack of muskets from morn-
ing till
night and from night till morning when
you answer I want you
to tell
me all of the news I want mother to
send me another silk
pocket
hankerchief one like the one I took away with me I lost that
one and I
can not get any here you can send it
in a letter with 6
cents
postage be sure and send it as I am in
need of it well
I must
close for
this time or I will not get my letter in the mail so no more at
present but remain
your son
Orson
Brainard
Direct
your letter to Kingston Georgia Via Chattanooga
Camp in
the field
29 miles
from
Atlanta
June 5th
/64
Dear
Father
I once
more take up my pen to write you a few Hurried lines to
let you
know that I am well at present and I have so far been lucky in
all of
the fights and skirmishes I have been in
perhaps before you
read this
you have heard of the rebs making a stand here in this place and of
thier
evacuation of thier works well I am
glad that they left we
have been
here in the breast works Eleven days38 and every day some
part of
our line would have a fight several
times in the Night have the
rebs
charged and recharged our Breast Works and as many times were
they
drove back with a heavy loss and many of our poor boys fell in
this
siege our Regt has lost 10. or 12
killed and wounded but I seen
this
morning that there were some fresh graves on thier side also they
had
better breast works than we had39
thier works faced in all di-
rections
but when men leave such works as thiers it is no use for them
ORSON
BRAINARD 67
to try to
do any more Atlanta must come by the
fourth of July if
not
sooner when we enter Atlanta our
campaign I think will be over
for this
summer we moved to day from our
breast works on toards
Atlanta
about 9 miles we do not get any Mail
now but we daily expect
our Mail
and I hope I will get a letter from home once more but I can not
write many
more letters till I get some paper Envelops and stamps will
you send me
some if you posibiably can as we cannot get any down here
and I must
have some take and get the small size
paper and envelops and
then take
two pieces of pasteboard and put the paper in between them
and then it
will come safe when we get in camp
once more I want
you to send
me a box with something to eat in it and a pair of socks and
several
other things if I had some of Mothers
good bread to eat now
it would
come good not because I am tired of hard tact but because we
do not get
enough of it some times since we left
blue springs I have
not had a
bite to eat but parched corn you may
think of that for
your self
but I have stood it patiently for I know that it is for my country
that I
suffer I can do any
thing for it I am well and as fat and
hearty as
ever the boys in my Mess
have just been out and got a
hog well I must close
So good bye
for the
present
from
Orson
Brainard
Direct to
Kingston
Georgia
Camp in the
field in front of the enemy [Pine Mountain]
15 miles from Atlanta
June 13th
1864
Dear
Father It is with much pleasure that
I take up my pen to an-
swer your
letter of (June 1st) which came to hand on the eleventh inst
I am glad
to hear you are all well I for myself
cannot complain my
health has
been good considering the hardships we have to endure for
the last
two weeks it has rained allmost every day40 the mud is shoe
top deep
but it is not cold or we would suffer more than we do if the
weather is
fair it is comfortablal to lay down on a blanket in the open
air and
sleep without any cover such is the
climate of Georgia in
Tennesee a
man roasts to death in the day time and at night he will
freeze to
death we have plenty of good water
here water can be
found most
any place I wrote to you a few days
ago and I stated in
my letter
that we onley got half rations now we
have commenced to
get full
rations once more that is of hard tact pork and beef and sugar
and coffee we do not get any beans or potatoes now as
we have no
way of
cooking them I am very well satisfied
if I get enough of hard
bread pork
and sugar and coffee but after the rebs are whiped out from
here and we
get to atlanta and get camped right once more we will get
all
necessary things we lay in sight of the
rebs we can see them
as they walk along on thier works but I do not think there will be much fighting if there is it will be on the flanks our corp[s] is in the center well I think that the war is comeing to a close some of those days in Chattanooga they have commenced to enlist regulars for five years David Fry41 came to the Regiment a couple of days ago he was back at Nashville part of the time and part of the time he was at Chattanooga he looked prety well when he came up but now he is give [giving] out again as bad as ever Hiriam Romig is a mere skele- ton if he is not cared for prety well he will die before another month42 A. D. Moor is at Ringold in Hospital I [saac] emfield is well I got the money you sent when you write again send me some stamps as I am out well I must close for this time so no more at present yours truly Orson Brainard
Lost Mountain Georgia June 15th 186443 Dear Father I once more take up my pen to write you a few lines to let you know that I am well at present and hope you are all well at home we have prety hard times but we stand it cheerfully I see by some letters re- |
ORSON
BRAINARD 69
cieved
here that those 100-day men44 have wrote home that they had hard
times if they want to see hard times let the
sneaking pups come down
here to
the front and face rebel bullets and live on half rations As for
some of
those Northren COPPERHEADS down here we could break
them in
or break thier necks for them we would
not be very peticular
I assure
you if we ever get home they had
better lay low* well
we have
got the rebs treed again on Lost mountain and I think if they
dont get
up and dust all will be lost to them I
suppose before this time
you have
heard of the rebel General Pope [Lieutenant General Leonidas
Polk]
being killed he was
killed on the 13th45
by a shell one more
rebel
General less Sherman
still presses on cautiously before many
days we
will be in Atlanta 1 got some paper
and Envelops but I
had to
pay two prices for them dont fail to
send me some do the
paper up
like a newspaper onley roll it up and
send me some stamps I
have to
borrow a stamp to send this
so no
more at present
Orson
Brainard
* See Thomas
Smith's study of the Copperheads above, pp. 50.
Kennesaw
Mountain Georgia
June 22nd
186446
Dear Father
I now
seat myself to write you a few lines in answer to your let-
ter which
I recieved today I was glad to get a
letter from you at
this
time we have not had any mail for
several days I recieved the
pocket
Hankierchief mother sent me and I was glad to get it as the
weather
is so warm here to day the sweat just run[s] off me we have
had some
hard fighting since I wrote last on sunday (19th) we ad-
vanced
about one mile and our skirmishers came up to the rebs skirm-
ishers
and of course we had to stop and in the evening Companies K. G. B.
were sent
out to skirmish and we were on all night
early monday morn-
ing we
were ordered to advance the line
luitenant Lowe had charge
of one
half of co K. and Luitenant Purvis had charge of the rest of the
company47 we were to support the advance
skirmishers about eight
o'clock
the advance began we onley got about
one hundread yards
further
up the hill Fredrick Winsenreed48 sargent
of our company was
shot
dead Co.G. lost 5 Co.B. 7. men Co.K.
1. we kept up a fire
on the
rebs all day till about four o'clock when the 21st Kentucky regt and the
51st were
ordered to charge the hill49 the
21st Ky came up with fixed
Bayonets
and colors flying followed closely by the 51st
on up the hill
they go
as our regt passed we fell in we connected in line with the
21st when we got about half way up the hill we
rasised [raised] the
yell and
up we went our regt lost on monday 7
killed and 161 wounded
as soon
as we got posesion of the top of the hill we went to work and
put up
works we had hardley got our works up
till the rebs made a
charge on
us and we repulsed them with a slight loss on our side but
70
OHIO HISTORY
they were
not so lucky they lost heavy we could see the dead
and
wounded from our works the rebs
formed again and made an-
other
charge but were repulsed again they
tried it twice more with-
in an
hour but they could not make it we
worked all night and threw
up the
dirt about midnight the rebs made
another charge but were
drove
back again teusday we done but little a shell went through
the works
and wounded five men in Co. G. on
wedensday nothing
done but
strengthning the works in the morning
as Luitenant wirtman50
of Co.H.
was hanging his overcoat on a bush to dry a rebel sharpshooter
shot him
dead the ball went in back of the ear
and came [out] on
the other
side of the throat cutting the artiries
he was a good officer
on
wendesday night we moved to the right about 3 miles and we are
laying
here this morning taking our ease
well I will close for the
present
so no
more
write
soon
Orson
Brainard
Direct to
Kingston
Georgia
Just as I
have finished writing
Reason
Poole51 of our company was
shot
dead the ball went in at
the right
shoulder and went
to the
heart causing instant death
SPECIAL
ASSAULT ON KENESAW MOUNTAIN -- JUNE 27, 1864
Following
the loss of Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk at Pine Moun-
tain,
General Joseph E. Johnston had withdrawn to Kenesaw Mountain
where
Sherman resolved to attack him on June 27. Some critics contend
that this
decision was a flaw in an unusually well-conceived and admir-
ably
executed campaign. Sherman was soon to learn what General Grant
had
discovered at Cold Harbor three weeks earlier -- that frontal attack
against
strong Confederate entrenchments would be costly.
With great
courage, Sherman's veteran soldiers made the assault at
two points
south of Kenesaw, but they soon discovered that one rifle
in the
trench was worth five in front of it. The Union forces were repulsed
with an
aggregate loss of approximately three thousand men, while the
Confederates,
who lay behind their breastworks, lost about eight hundred.
Satisfied
that the enemy's works would be carried only by great sacrifice
of life,
Sherman abandoned the attack. Under a flag of truce on June
28, soldiers
from both the North and South met on the gory field at
Kenesaw to
bury their dead and to minister unto the wounded. Sherman
not only
assumed full responsibility for the costly assault at Kenesaw
Mountain,
but he justified it on the ground that an army must not rely
solely on
systematic flanking maneuvers and skirmishing, with the enemy
merely
withdrawing to assume newly fortified positions.
72
OHIO HISTORY
7 miles south of
Big Shanty52 Ga
June 29th 1864
Dear Father
I take the present
oppertunity of pening you a few lines to let you
know that I am
well at present and hope those few lines may find you
all well at
home we have had some real hard times
but I think there
is a better day
comeing not far distant we have had
some prety hard
fighting within a
few days back day before yesterday
(27th) our
troops made a
charge on the Rebel works but were compelled to fall Back
but we got our
works closer to the enemys works last
night the rebs
brought in a flag
of truce53 and it was agreed to that both sides should
bury their
dead on the evening of the charge the
woods took fire and
burnt numbers of
the dead as luck would have it near
all of the wounded
had been
removed When they comenced to burn
the smell was horribial
I was out near the
skirmish line and I could hardly stand it but last night
all were removed
and burried today all is quiet in
front we
were re-
lieved from the
front line and are now in the rear resting if
this cam-
paign does not
soon close the half of the army will be sick and half of
those will die54 when we left Blue Springs our company
drawed rations
for 34 men now we draw for 24 oficers and [in] all
we have onley
15 privates for
duty Ike Emfield gets along very
well John Strayer55
got a letter last
night and it said that at home they heard I was killed
and they wanted to
know if it was so or not well I guess
it is not as
I can eat hard
tact and pork yet we now get full
rations and I am
as fat as can
be I suppose I weigh 160 pounds
now well I must
close for the
present write soon if you have not sent me some
stamp[s] send me
some right away as I am out and have to Borrow a
stamp to send
this I seen Billy peeters and John
Blatter56 the other
day they are both well and hearty
well no more
yours truly
Orson Brainard
Direct to Kingston
Georgia
I have had no
letter from you for two weeks nor
no papers for more
than three weeks
THE EDITOR: Wilfred W. Black is
Professor of History
at Findlay College.
NOTES
95
86. Ibid., May 15, 1863.
87. Journal, May 1, 1863.
88. Ibid., June 19, 26, 1863.
89. Ibid., June 19, 1863.
90. Ibid., October 2, 1863.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid., June 12, 1863.
93. Ibid., September 11, 1863.
See also ibid., June 5, July 10, 24, August 7, 14, 28,
September 4, 25, October 16, 1863.
94. Forum, July 31, August 14,
September 4, 1863.
95. Record of City Ordinances,
Bucyrus, Ohio, Vol. I., 1863, Mayor's Office, Bucyrus,
Ohio.
96. Journal, July 10, 1863.
97. Ibid., May 8, 1863.
98. Forum, July 17, 1863.
99. Ibid., June 5, 1863.
100. Hopley, Crawford County, 122.
101. Forum, July 17, August 7,
1863. Thomas E. Powell, The Democratic Party
in Ohio (Ohio Publishing Company, 1913), Vol. I, 148.
102. The Crisis, September 23,
1863.
103. Forum, August 21, 1863.
104. Ibid., September 11, 1863.
105. Journal, September 11, 1863.
106. Forum, October 9, 1863.
107. Jacob Scroggs to John Hopley,
October 8, 1863. John Hopley Papers, The
Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio.
108. Journal, April 1, 8, 15,
July 23, 1864.
109. Ibid., May 6, 1864.
110. Ibid., March 18, 1864.
111. Forum, March 18, 1864.
112. Ibid., December 4, 1863.
113. Ibid., March 4, July 22,
1864. Journal, August 6, 1864.
114. Forum, January 13, February
19, March 4, April 29, May 6, 1864; Journal,
January 29, 1864.
115. Ibid., June 10, 1864.
116. Forum, August 12, 1864.
117. Ibid., March 25, 1864; Journal,
August 6, 1864.
118. Forum, March 25, June 24,
August 12, October 7, 1864.
119. Ibid., August 12, 1864.
120 Journal, September 24, 1864.
121. Ibid., September 3, 1864.
122. Ibid., September 17, 1864.
123. Forum, November 18, 1864.
124. Ibid., November 11, 1864.
125. Ibid., November 18, 1864.
126. Journal, April 8, 1865.
127. Forum, November 11, 1864.
128. Ibid., January 20, 1865.
129. Ibid., April 14, 1865.
130. Journal, April 1, 1865.
131. Forum, June 9, 1865.
132. Journal, April 15, 1865.
ORSON BRAINARD: A
SOLDIER IN THE RANKS
1. Prior to reenlistment the Fifty-First
Regiment had seen action at Dobson's
Ferry, Tenn. (December 9, 1862); Stone's
River or Murfreesboro, Tenn. (December
31, 1862 to January 2, 1863); Rosecrans'
Tullahoma, Tenn. Campaign (June 23-30,
1863); Ringgold, Ga. (September 11,
1863); Chickamauga, Ga. (September 19-20, 1863);
Lookout Mountain, Tenn. (November 24,
1863); and Missionary Ridge, Tenn. (Novem-
ber 25, 1863).
See Frederick H. Dyer, A Compendium of
the War of the Rebellion (New York,
1959), III, 1520-21; J. B. Mansfield,
comp., The History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio
(Chicago, 1884), 424-435; Official
Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the
War of the Rebellion, 1861-1866 (Akron, 1887), IV, 585 (hereafter cited as Ohio
Roster); Sergeant Samuel Welch of Company E, "A Sketch of
the Movements of the
Fifty-First Ohio Volunteer
Infantry," The First Centennial History and Atlas of
96 OHIO
HISTORY
Tuscarawas County, Ohio (New Philadelphia, 1908), 107-115; Whitelaw Reid, Ohio
in the War: Her Statesmen, Her
Generals, and Soldiers (Cincinnati,
1868), II, 310-313.
2. Union (field) forces commanded by
Major General William T. Sherman in
the Atlanta Campaign, May 3-September 8,
1864: Army of the Cumberland, Major
General George H. Thomas; Fourth Army
Corps, Major Generals Oliver O. Howard
and David S. Stanley; First Division,
Major General David S. Stanley and Brigadier
Generals William Grose and Nathan
Kimball; Second Brigade, Brigadier General
Walter C. Whitaker and Colonel Jacob E.
Taylor.
See The War of the Rebellion: A
Compilation of the Official Records of the Union
and Confederate Armies (Washington, 1891), Series I, Vol. XXXVIII, Part I, Re-
port Nos. 19-20 for an account of the
Fifty-First Ohio Volunteer Infantry in the
Atlanta Campaign.
3. Following June 29, 1864, the date of
the last letter in the Brainard collection,
the Fifty-First Regiment gave battle at
Smyrna Camp Ground, Ga. (July 2-5);
Peach Tree Creek (July 20); and
Jonesboro (August 31 to September 1). Ohio
Roster, IV, 585.
Brainard's descendants believe that he
was killed in the Battle of Atlanta (Jones-
boro). After the fall of Atlanta, the
Regiment fought in the Battle of Franklin, Tenn.
(November 30, 1864) and the Battle of
Nashville (December 15-16, 1864). After
pursuing the enemy to Lexington,
Alabama, the Regiment went into camp at Hunts-
ville on January 5, 1865. On March 20 it
proceeded by rail to Strawberry Plains
and then to Bull's Gap, Tenn. On April 5
it moved by rail to Nashville where it re-
mained until June 16. It was next moved
to Texas via New Orleans and then landed
at Indianola, Texas on July 25. From
Indianola it marched to Blue Lake and Victoria,
Texas from which it was mustered out on
October 3, 1865. On the following day it
was on its way to Ohio where it arrived
on November 1. It was discharged at Camp
Chase. Reid, Ohio in the War, II,
312.
4. Not to be confused with Trenton in
Butler County. The village of Trenton, a
Moravian settlement in Warwick Township,
Tuscarawas County, was for a number
of years known as Tuscarawas or
Tuscarawastown, but later the name was changed,
upon petition, to Trenton. Since a post
office named Trenton already existed in
Butler County, the original name of
Tuscarawas has been retained for the village
in Tuscarawas County. Mansfield, History
of Tuscarawas County, 676.
5. Ohio Roster (Fifty-First regimental roster), IV, 585-645; the
roster for Company
K is cited on pp. 635-641. There was a
George Brainard who saw service with
Companies C, E, and G and he is also
listed under the Field and Staff, but he
was not related to Orson Brainard.
According to the records at New Philadelphia,
George Brainard came from Stillwater in
Rush Township, Tuscarawas County.
6. Mansfield, History of Tuscarawas
County, 428. Some of the following informa-
tion relative to Orson Brainard comes
from Mrs. John T. (Barbara Brainard)
Patterson of Findlay, Ohio whose father,
George Brainard of Bowling Green, Ohio,
is the grandson of George Washington
Brainard, who was born on June 5, 1863, a
little more than one year before Orson's
death and was the latter's only brother.
The Brainard letters have come down
through the family and were formerly the
property of George Brainard who, in
turn, has given them to Mrs. Patterson, who
has graciously consented to their
publication.
7. Referring to Company K of the
Fifty-First Regiment one writer observes,
"The names of other members of this
company who died or were killed in service
are not known, as the public records
have failed to preserve them." Mansfield,
History of Tuscarawas County, 435. Literally, this observation by Mansfield is
not true since the Ohio Roster (Vol.
IV) does record the names of several members
of Company K who were killed. It is
apparent that only a partial muster list,
an incomplete roll, was filed with the
Adjutant General for Company K. This
observation has been confirmed by the
editor, who personally checked the records
of the Probate Court and the Office of
Veterans' Affairs at New Philadelphia.
Moreover, William B. Haines, Chief of
the Division of Soldiers' Claims, Veterans'
Affairs of The Adjutant General's
Department, State of Ohio, has researched all
available records in that office,
including graves registration for the entire state,
and has found no record of Orson
Brainard. There is reason to believe, however,
that he is buried in Marietta National
Cemetery with some 3,095 decedents whose
graves are marked as "unknown."
8. The exact date of Brainard's
enlistment is unknown, but it is evident from
the letter quoted in footnote 22 below
that he was a veteran of over a year at the
time these letters were written.
9. This date is open to question.
Whitelaw Reid and Sergeant Samuel Welch
record that the Fifty-First Regiment
arrived in Columbus on February 10 for a
furlough; Reid records that it was a
thirty-day furlough, while Welch states that
it was a sixty-day veterans' furlough.
Reid, Ohio in the War, 311; Welch, "Move-
ments of the Fifty-First Ohio
Infantry," History and Atlas of Tuscarawas County, 115.
NOTES
97
Camp Jackson, Camp
Chase, and Camp Thomas were located in Columbus, and
there was a Camp Tod
(named after David Tod, governor, 1862-1864) at Troy,
Ohio. It would seem
that the barracks in which Brainard was housed at this time
were named after
Governor Tod. Since Brainard had arrived at Columbus on or
before February 10,
possibly he was temporarily quartered in barracks reserved for
Company D.
10. Private Addison
D. Moore, Company A, entered the service January 5, 1864
at the age of
nineteen; mustered out October 3, 1865. Ohio Roster, IV, 592.
11. Probably a
neighbor back home.
12. His furlough had
already ended; thus, it was probably a thirty day furlough,
as Reid records. See
footnote 9 above.
13. The first
prisoners of war at Camp Chase had arrived on July 5, 1861, and
the "high tide
of prison population was reached in 1863 with 8,000." Robert S.
Harper, Ohio
Handbook of the Civil War (Columbus, Ohio, 1961), 44.
14. On this same date
Sherman relieved Grant at Nashville in order that the
latter could assume
command of all the armies of the United States and direct
the operations
against Richmond. Sherman, meanwhile, began organizing his army
for the march into
Georgia. By the end of March, Union Generals Sherman, J. B.
McPherson, George H.
Thomas, and John M. Schofield were conferring at Chattanooga
while Southern
General Joseph E. Johnston was securely entrenched at Dalton,
Ga., thirty miles distant.
William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman,
Civil War Centennial
Series (Bloomington, Indiana, 1957), II, 5-8.
15. Felix Kirk
Zollicoffer, a political power in Tennessee, accepted a commission
as brigadier general
in the Confederate army and was in command of East Tennessee
shortly after the
outbreak of the war. Late in 1861 he was ordered to move his
army to Mill Springs,
Ky. and was killed in the Battle of Logan Cross Roads,
January 19, 1862.
16. Robert Carnes was
commissioned Second Lieutenant on March 25, 1865.
Reid, Ohio in the
War, 309. See also, Ohio Roster, IV, 620 and 608: "Robert Korns
entered the service
on September 19, 1861 at the age of twenty-six and served with
Company G; promoted
to 2nd Lt., Co. E, on March 25, 1865; mustered out October
3, 1865." In all
probability they were the same man.
17. On December 31,
1862 the Fifty-First Regiment (then a part of the Third
Brigade, Third
Division, Left Wing Fourteenth Corps, Army of the Cumberland)
while on
reconnaissance at Stone's River, had encountered the enemy in force.
On January 1, 1863
the Regiment again crossed the river and took position; four
companies were thrown
out as skirmishers. They skirmished with the enemy all
of that day and night
and part of the next day. On the afternoon of January 2,
General John C.
Breckinridge's division charged, flanked the right, and swept it
to the west side of
Stone's River. The Fifty-First left 32 of its men dead on the
field, 105 wounded,
and 46 captured. It was at this point when General William B.
Rosecrans' artillery
saved the day for the Union troops by almost literally blowing
the Confederate
columns of attack into and across Stone's River. Such recollections
of the Battle of
Stone's River must have flashed across Brainard's mind as he now
viewed the
battlefield. Dyer, A Compendium, 1520; Reid, Ohio in the War, 310-311.
18. No Abraham
Glasbrook or Jake Babst is listed in the roster of the Fifty-
First Regiment. It is
probable that, like Brainard, their names were not recorded in
The Adjutant
General's Office. It is possible they were in another regiment, and
perchance Brainard
saw them in Cleveland, Tennessee.
19. Brigadier General
Walter C. Whitaker commanded the Second Brigade, First
Division, Fourth
Corps, Army of the Cumberland from May 3 to June 30. Sickness
compelled him to turn
over his command to Colonel Jacob E. Taylor on June 30.
The War of the
Rebellion, Report Nos. 19 and 20, pp.
240-247, 247-253. See also
footnote 2 above.
20. Mere rumor; the
Second Brigade in less than a month would be marching
with Sherman toward
Atlanta.
21. On November 24,
1863 the Fifty-First Regiment had participated in the
storming of Lookout
Mountain. Reid, Ohio in the War, 311.
22. Perhaps Orson
recalled the contents of a letter written to him by his father
Joel M. Brainard from
Trenton on January 14, 1863. Quoting the pertinent section:
You stated that you
wanted two dollars for Picture i
Enclose you two
dollars now it is no use for you to be spending so
Mutch Money i
told
you that i had none
when i was up there this i have had to
borrow i
dont
see Any use for your
spending All the Mony that you Can get A hold of
23. Benjamin Walton,
Musician, Company K, entered the service October 19,
1861 at the age of
eighteen. Ohio Roster, IV, 636.
24. Private Isaac
Enfield entered the service January 5, 1864 at the age of
nineteen; originally
assigned to Company K; transferred to Company A on December
10, 1864; mustered
out with the Company on October 3, 1865. Ohio Roster, IV, 637, 591.
98 OHIO
HISTORY
25. Private Joseph B. Keffer entered the
service February 18, 1864 at the
age of thirty-eight; transferred from
Company K to Company B on December 10,
1864; discharged May 30, 1865 on
Surgeon's Certificate of Disability. Ohio Roster, IV,
596, 638.
26. Drilling of raw recruits preparatory
for Sherman's march to Atlanta.
27. Further evidence of drilling;
Sherman's march was to begin in eleven days
(May 6). James Ford Rhodes, History
of the Civil War, 1861-1865 (New York,
1923), 314.
28. On May 11 Sherman, perceiving signs
of Johnston's evacuation of Dalton,
ordered the general advance on Resaca.
Sherman, Memoirs, II, 35.
29. See footnote 2 above.
30. Welch, "Movements of the
Fifty-First Ohio Infantry," 115. Welch entered
the service September 20, 1861 at the
age of thirty-four; mustered out on October 17,
1864 upon the expiration of his term of
service. Ohio Roster, IV, 608.
31. Between May 3 and May 20 Whitaker's
Second Brigade had skirmished at
Tunnel Hill (May 6-7), Buzzard's Roost
Gap (May 8-9), Rocky Face Ridge and
Dalton (May 9-13), Resaca (May 14-15),
Kingston and Cassville (May 18-19). Dyer,
A Compendium, 1520.
32. "The brave officers and men
hurled such storms of shell, shot, and canister
upon the rebel lines that they were
enabled to maintain their position until General
[Joseph] Hooker's command, advancing,
aided them in turning back the rebel column,
which was advancing far in rear of our
left flank." The War of the Rebellion, "Whit-
aker Report," 241.
33. Walton died on May 17 of wounds
received on May 14 at Resaca. See footnote
23 above.
34. According to Whitaker, the
Confederate loss as reported by prisoners was
about 300 killed and some 600 or 800
wounded, while Whitaker's own loss was light.
"Whitaker Report," 241. Total
Union losses at Resaca were 600 killed and 2,147
wounded, while Confederate losses were
300 killed, 1500 wounded, and 1000 missing,
according to Benson J. Lossing, A
History of the Civil War, 1861-65 (New York,
1912), 352. See also Francis T. Miller,
who states that the battle "had cost each
army nearly three thousand men." The
Photographic History of the Civil War (New
York, 1957), III, 110. On the morning of
May 16 the Confederate works were found to
be evacuated, and the Second Brigade
passed through Resaca and crossed the Oostenaula
late in the evening. It encountered
heavy skirmishing all the way to Kingston.
"Whitaker Report," 241-242.
35. During May 20, 21, and 22 the Second
Brigade remained in position near
Cassville; on the 23rd it crossed the
Etowah, and on the 24th it encamped late at
night in heavy rain at Burnt Hickory. On
the 25th it continued pursuing the enemy
"and passing Pumpkin Vine Creek
[we] were ordered to support General Hooker's
corps, which had come up with and had a
severe engagement with the rebels." The
Second Brigade went into line of battle
that night, and on the 26th remained in this
position. On May 27 the Brigade moved
across Little Pumpkin Vine Creek where it
remained until June 5 as it worked day
and night, in rain and mud, under heavy
fire. "Whitaker Report," 242.
36. Samuel Slade entered the service
September 20, 1861 at the age of thirty.
Originally assigned to Company E, he was
transferred to Company G on January
13, 1863 and was promoted to Captain on
April 14, 1863; was mustered out with
the Company on October 3, 1865. Ohio
Roster, IV, 607, 620.
37. Commenting on these days, the
commanding officer of the Second Brigade
wrote, "Severe skirmishing took
place night and day with but little intermission,
varied every day by heavy artillery
firing. This position was most fiercely con-
tested, yet day and night my officers
and men for ten days worked and fought until
we advanced our lines to pistol-shot
range at some points of the enemy's works.
Here the fire was so heavy and
concentrated that no human being could show above
the works for any length of time without
being shot." "Whitaker Report," 242.
38. See footnote 35 above. At Pumpkin
Vine Creek since May 25-26, "The
enemy was so hotly pressed that on the
morning of the 5th [of June] his works
were again found vacated. June the 6th
we pursued them, and took position about
three miles south of Acworth. Here we
remained until the 10th June, on which day
we advanced (skirmishing) and found the
enemy strongly intrenched on Pine Mountain,
with his left toward Lost [Mountain] and his right
toward Kenesaw Mountain. June 11,
took position. . .and threw up
earth-works with lumber revetments for artillery and
riflemen. Keeping a heavy line of
skirmishers forward, the enemy opened from
Pine Mountain with artillery. Remained
in this position, with severe skirmishing,
the 12th, 13th, and 14th of June." "Whitaker
Report," 242-243.
39. Probably an accurate observation.
"No clear understanding of this remarkable
campaign can be had, unless the difficult character of
the country and the formid-
able nature of these artificial defences are
remembered." Jacob D. Cox, The Army
NOTES
99
in the Civil War: Atlanta (New York, 1882), IX, 83. Owing to the size of
Sherman's
formidable army, Johnston wisely fought
a delaying action and relied heavily on his
defences. In some respects they were
more elaborate than those erected by the
Union army. "At exposed places they were covered
by chevaux-de-frise, made of logs
pierced with sharpened spokes, and by
sharpened palisades along the ditch." Loc.
cit. Other historians, however, assert that the character of
the defences was about the
same on both sides.
40. During those days "It rained
incessantly, and these brave men in their
rifle-pits, some in water nearly waist
deep, resisted, successfully every effort made
to dislodge them." "Whitaker
Report," 243. It is interesting to note that it took
only ten days for a letter from Ohio to
reach the army in the field during war time.
41. Private David P. Fry entered the
service January 7, 1864 at the age of
twenty and was assigned to Company K. On
December 10, 1864 he was transferred
to Company A; he was mustered out
October 3, 1865. Ohio Roster, IV, 637, 591.
42. Hiram Romig, although not listed in
the roster of the Fifty-First Regiment,
was one of the twelve grandsons of John
Romig who saw service in the Civil War;
he died in the service. History and
Atlas of Tuscarawas County, 75.
43. On this date the Confederates
abandoned their position at Pine Mountain
and took new position on their line of
entrenchments between Kenesaw Mountain
and Lost Mountain. "Whitaker
Report," 243. See also, Benson J. Lossing, The Pictorial
Field Book of the Civil War in the
United States of America (Hartford,
Conn., 1880),
III, 378. See also footnote 38 above.
44. Ohio's "100-day men,"
volunteer militia, were called from civilian pursuits,
and their ranks included men above and
below the prescribed military age and
veterans who had served their
enlistments or had been discharged for wounds or
other service disability. These unsung
heroes of the war, who served primarily in
Virginia, Maryland and the locale of
Washington, D.C., made it possible for Grant
to throw his full strength against Lee
in the summer of 1864. It was only natural that
three year enlistees and draftees
ridiculed these "short-termers." See Robert S.
Harper, Ohio Handbok of the Civil War
(Columbus, 1961), 33-34.
45. Reference is to Lieutenant General
Leonidas Polk, formerly Protestant Episcopal
Bishop of the diocese of Louisiana and a
cousin of James K. Polk. Generals J. E.
Johnston, W. J. Hardee, and Leonidas
Polk were reconnoitering upon the sum-
mit of Pine Mountain when the Union
cannonade commenced. The three figures
stood conspicuous on the lonely height
when a cannonball from one of General
Thomas' batteries killed Polk instantly.
This was on June 14th rather than the 13th
as stated by Brainard. "Opposing
Sherman's Advance to Atlanta," by General Joseph
E. Johnston, Battles and Leaders of
the Civil War (New York, 1884), IV, 270-271.
46. Corrected date should be June 24;
see footnote 51 below. While this letter
was written within sight of Kenesaw
Mountain, the Special Assault on Kenesaw
was not to take place until June 27.
47. First Lieutenant Peter Lowe, who had
entered the service September 7, 1861
at the age of forty-two, had been
transferred to Company K from Company A on
March 10, 1864. He resigned his
commission on December 6, 1864. Ohio Roster, IV,
635, 589.
First Lieutenant John H. Purvis had
entered the service September 9, 1861 at
the age of twenty-one. He, too, came up
through the ranks and saw service with
Companies B, G, and I. He was mustered
out October 3, 1865. Ohio Roster, IV, 594,
620, 629.
48. Frederick Winzenreid, Company K, had
entered the service October 11,
1861 at the age of twenty-two. He was
killed in action at Kenesaw Mountain on
June 19. He is listed in the Ohio
Roster as a corporal, rather than a sergeant. Ohio
Roster, IV, 635.
49. "The Twenty-first Kentucky,
Colonel [Samuel W.] Price commanding, was
ordered to storm the first line of
works. The Fifty-first Ohio, Colonel [Richard W.]
McClain, was ordered to support, while
the pioneers of the brigade were held in
readiness to fortify immediately any
vantage ground taken. The skirmishers having
advanced, at 4 p.m. the assault was
made. It was one of the most brilliant and suc-
cessful assaults of the war. So rapidly
and effectively was it done that the great bulk
of the rebels occupying the works were
killed or taken prisoner. The officers and
men of the Twenty-first charged beyond
this line, and up to within a few yards of
their main lines. The color-sergeant,
Henry Bryant, being wounded, Sergt. William
L. Lanham seized the colors, and bearing
them forward was in the act of mounting
the parapet of the enemy's main works
when he was fatally shot. The brave men
with him brought back their colors to
the first line of works, where they firmly
maintained themselves until the
Fifty-first Ohio and the pioneers [arrived], making
the works more tenable." This
action had taken place on June 20, and Colonel
Price was wounded severely. The
commanding officer of the Brigade paid tribute to
"the efficient conduct of Colonel
McClain and Lieutenant-Colonel [Charles H.]
100 OHIO
HISTORY
Wood" of the Fifty-First Regiment.
The Second Brigade's loss was 273 killed, wounded,
and missing. Prisoners reported
Confederate losses between 500 and 600 killed and more
than 1000 wounded. "Whitaker
Report," 243-244. Brainard's Arabic numerals at
this point are not clear, but the editor
made them out to be 7 killed and 161 wounded.
50. First Lieutenant Willis C. Workman
had entered the service September 10,
1861 at the age of twenty-four. He had
just been promoted to First Lieutenant on
May 25, 1864, and according to the Ohio
Roster he was killed on June 22 at Kenesaw
Mountain. Ohio Roster, IV, 624.
51. Musician Reason Pool, Company K, had
entered the service October 16, 1861
at the age of sixteen. According to the Ohio
Roster, he was killed on June 24, 1864
on the skirmish line near Kenesaw
Mountain; thus, the date of this letter was Friday,
June 24, rather than June 22
(Wednesday). Ohio Roster, IV, 636.
52. Big Shanty was a railroad station
within sight of Kenesaw Mountain.
53. Northern and Southern soldiers met,
for the moment, as friends and not
as foes. There were instances of father
and son and of brothers, one in blue and
the other in gray, meeting one another
on the bloody slopes of Kenesaw. Tennessee
and Kentucky had sent thousands to each side, and not
infrequently families had been
divided.
54. Sherman's effective strength as of
May 1, 1864 was 98,797 and that of
September 1 was 81,758; losses: killed,
4,423; wounded, 22,822; captured or missing,
4,442; or a total of 31,687. Major E. C.
Dawes of Cincinnati, who made a special
study of the subject, placed Union and
Confederate losses at about the same, namely,
40,000. Battles and Leaders of the
Civil War, 289.
Benson J. Lossing recorded that
Sherman's aggregate number of troops was
98,797 and "about this number of
troops were kept up during the campaign, the
number of men joining from furlough and
hospitals about compensating for the loss
in battle and from sickness." The
same author observed, "Notwithstanding Sherman
lost nearly one-third of his army,
re-inforcements had been so judiciously given,
that on his arrival at Atlanta he
maintained his original strength in men." Lossing,
The Pictorial Field Book of the Civil
War, III, 374, 394.
55. Private John W. Strayer, Company G,
entered the service September 18, 1861
at the age of eighteen. He was mustered
out October 3, 1865. Ohio Roster, IV, 623.
56. Private William Peters, Company E,
entered the service September 20, 1861
at the age of thirty-nine. He was
discharged at Nashville on May 4, 1862 on a Surgeon's
Certificate of Disability. Perhaps the
date of discharge as cited in the Ohio Roster,
IV, 612 is in error. One wonders under
what circumstances Brainard had seen Peters
so recently.
No John Blatter is listed in the Ohio
Roster. One of the histories of Tuscarawas
County, however, states that a John
Blotter built a grist mill in 1873 in Trenton.
Mansfield, History of Tuscarawas
County, 677.
AN ECONOMIC ASPECT
OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
1. Charles G. Dawes, A Journal of the
McKinley Years, edited by Bascom N.
Timmons (Chicago, 1950), 150, 152.
2. New York Times, March 27,
1898.
3. Most of the biographical material on
Kasson used in this essay has been taken
from Edward Younger, John A. Kasson (Iowa
City, 1955).
4. New York Times, March 20,
1898; New York Tribune, March 13, 1898; Washing-
ton Post, March 19, 1898. Kasson
had conducted some earlier exploratory discussions
on trade with the Spanish government.
New York Times, March 14, 1898.
5. Kasson to McKinley, March 24, [1898].
John Adam Kasson Papers, Iowa
State Department of History and Archives,
Des Moines. The memorandum has the
following notation written by Kasson on the reverse
side: "Memorandum sent to the
President March 24." An examination
of the statistics indicates that the year was 1898.
6. H. H. Kohlsatt, From McKinley to
Harding (New York, 1923), 72. Myron T.
Herrick, close personal friend and
political associate of McKinley, supported Kohl-
satt's assertion. "When history
comes to define and name the leading most prominent
feature of the policy of the Republican
party since the first inauguration of McKinley,"
he told a 1902 meeting of the New York
Board of Trade and Transportation, "it
will declare it to be a reaching out for
larger markets." Manuscript of a speech,
"The Middle West," in the
Myron T. Herrick Papers, Western Reserve Historical
Society.
7. New York Tribune, January 23,
1895.
8. Ibid., January 28, 1898.
9. William McKinley, Speeches and
Addresses (New York, 1900), 7; U.S. Congress,
The Statutes at Large (Washington, 1897), XXX, 203-204.