Ohio History Journal

GERARD FOWKE

Gerard Fowke was born June 25, 1855, in Charleston

Bottom, Mason County, Kentucky, six miles below

Maysville. His father, John D. Smith, was a native of

Wexford County, Ireland, son of Luke Smyth whose

mother was a Murphy; she was niece to Father Murphy,

who was killed while leading the Wexford Insurgents

at the Battle of Arklow, in 1798. Luke Smyth's wife

was Judith Ann Cleary whose mother was a Macauley

of County Down. John D. Smith (who substituted the

"i" for the "y" in his name) came to Kentucky in 1848.

He conducted a private school in Mason County for a

few years; then went to Davenport, Iowa, where he was

similarly engaged for a time. Returning to Kentucky,

he taught at Dover until the beginning of the Civil War,

when he went south and continued teaching in Alabama

and Tennessee until his death early in 1870. In 1854,

he married Sibella, daughter of Colonel Charles Smith

Mitchell, of Mason County; his father, Ignatius Mitchell,

came to Kentucky in 1775 from Charles County, Mary-

land, where his ancestors settled in 1667. The wife of

Ignatius Mitchell was Mildred, daughter of Charles

Smith, who was born in Orange County, Virginia, in

1735; his wife, "Patsey" Jones, in Culpeper County, Vir-

ginia, in 1740. In 1781, with their six sons and three

daughters, they moved to Kentucky and settled in what

is now Harrison County, not far from Cynthiana.

The oldest of the five children of John D. Smith was

named Charles Mitchell Smith. His mother and the

(201)

202      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

four younger children died before he was ten years old.

On February 26, 1887, by action of the Mason County

Court, he assumed the name of Gerard Fowke, borne by

the first American ancestor of his grandmother, Eliza-

beth Fowke, wife of Charles Smith Mitchell. Her

father, Roger Fowke, left Fauquier County, Virginia,

for Kentucky, in 1804. He was fifth in descent from the

immigrant, the family having lived in the Northern Neck

of Virginia and in Charles County, Maryland, since 1651.

The immigrant Gerard was Colonel of cavalry in the

army of Charles I, and fled to Virginia after the battle

of Worcester. He married Anne, daughter of Adam

Thoroughgood, "who built the first Colonial House in

America."

Fowke's earlier boyhood was spent partly with his rel-

atives in Kentucky, but principally with his father until

the latter's death. He next became a clerk and book-

keeper in Nashville, Tennessee, until 1873, when he re-

turned to Kentucky. Farm work, with a few months of

irregular attendance at school, filled his time until the

spring of 1876, when he went to central Illinois, where

he taught two years. In 1878, he taught in Brown

County, Ohio, and the following year was made principal

of the Grammar school in Sidney, Ohio, his vacations

being spent along the Ohio River and in the mountains

of Tennessee. In 1881, he made some examination of

the country along the lower Wabash and Arkansas

Rivers; in the vicinity of Hot Springs, Arkansas; and

along the Missouri River between Kansas City and

Omaha. In the fall, he entered the Ohio State Univer-

sity, at Columbus, for a special course in geology and

mathematics. In 1882, he made geological excursions

Gerard Fowke               203

in central and southern Ohio, and traversed the Big

Sandy Valley from the Ohio River to the eastern slope

of the Cumberland Mountains. In 1883, he continued

his work in Ohio, and that winter taught in New Madi-

son, Ohio. In 1884, he carried on extensive researches

in the aboriginal quarries at Flint Ridge, in Licking

County, Ohio, and made a geological trip across western

and southern Ohio, from Indiana to West Virginia. In

1885, he excavated a large group of mounds near Pon-

totoc, Mississippi, finding clear evidence that at least one

of them had been erected about the time De Soto made

his winter camp on the Tallahatchie River. He also

made some examination of Lookout Mountain, Ten-

nessee, and carried out additional explorations at Flint

Ridge, in Ohio. He started a private school in Mays-

lick, Kentucky, but the tedium and monotony of such a

life did not appeal to him and he soon terminated his

career as a teacher, in order to devote his time to ar-

chaeology and geology. Not only was he attracted by the

inherent fascination of these sciences, but in no other

direction could he find equal opportunity for indulging

his love of outdoor life and his desire to mingle with

people who differ widely in customs, tendencies and

ideals.

In 1886, he reported upon the archaeology of the Mo-

nongahela Valley in western Pennsylvania, and of

several counties in western Kentucky; investigated the

flint deposits in Union County, Illinois, where the aborig-

ines quarried a vast amount of material; studied the

prehistoric earthworks of southern Ohio; and began a

monograph on stone implements. In 1887, he worked in

northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York, in-

204     Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

cluding the gorge of the Niagara River; assisted in mak-

ing a survey of most of the Mound-builder remains in

southern Ohio; and made a preliminary reconnaissance

from Toledo to Duluth, locating village-sites and other

remains on the western border of Lake Huron, around

the northern end of Lake Michigan, and along the south-

ern shore of Lake Superior. On the same mission, he

went from Duluth to Minneapolis, and down the Mis-

sissippi River to St. Louis; through southern Illinois and

central Kentucky; and back to Washington to complete

his paper on stone implements. In 1888, he again went

on various missions to northwestern Pennsylvania; to

Pike County, Ohio, where he excavated a number of

mounds; to Flint Ridge in Licking County; to Big Bone

Lick in Boone County, Kentucky; to Pittsburgh; and to

Columbus, Ohio. In 1889, he assisted in the excavation

of mounds in Ross County; in a survey of Fort Ancient

in Warren County; examined the earthworks at Ma-

rietta; prospected the Muskingum River to Zanesville;

and worked in Muskingum and Licking Counties, Ohio.

In 1890, he made some observations around the mouth

of Chesapeake Bay, and in the Luray Valley, Virginia;

in central Tennessee; around Niagara Falls; in central

Indiana; in western and central Ohio; and arranged a

collection at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1891,

he made a thorough archaeological examination of the

James River Valley, from the ocean to its headwaters,

including several of its tributaries; opened many mounds

in the Luray Valley; prospected nearly every county in

the Shenandoah Valley; and excavated a large com-

munal burial mound in Orange County, Virginia. In

1892, he collected specimens along the Savannah River,

Gerard Fowke               205

and secured data for a map of the shell-mounds in the

coast regions of Georgia and eastern Florida; and went

to Colombia, South America, to supervise the excavation

of a mound on the Cauca River, which proved to be a

"wild goose chase." On his return, he completed his

work in the Shenandoah Valley; explored the Potomac

Valley as far up as Cumberland, Maryland, and several

of its tributaries, including the Monocacy and the South

Branch; made surveys of Mound-builder remains in

southern Ohio, and prepared a comprehensive paper on

the archaeology of the State. In 1893, he searched un-

successfully, for reported human remains in the gravel

beds at Trenton, New Jersey; made some examinations

around the mouth of the Appomattox River; investi-

gated aboriginal mica and steatite mines south of the

James River, and made collections from an Indian stone-

implement factory in Page County, Virginia; located

shell-mounds along the Tennessee River from Knoxville,

Tennessee, to Shell Mound, Alabama, traveling in a small

open boat; made a further study of ancient flint quarries

in the Kanawha Valley, and in Highland County, West

Virginia, Carter County, Kentucky, Licking County,

Ohio, Todd County, Kentucky, and Crawford County,

Indiana. In 1894, he excavated a number of sites on

which Horsford had located settlements of Leif Ericson

and his successors, finding much to substantiate Hors-

ford's conviction that Norsemen occupied the Charles

River Valley, near Boston, for at least several genera-

tions. He also opened some mounds in Pike County,

Ohio; studied geological formations in southern Ohio,

and flint quarries in eastern Kentucky; reported upon

mounds in the Monongahela Valley, the South Branch

206      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

of the Potomac Valley, and in the vicinity of Cumber-

land, Maryland. In 1895, he completed the excavation

of the mounds of Pike County, Ohio. In 1896, he made

further explorations on the Charles River, Massachu-

setts. In 1898, he excavated a series of stone graves in

Brown County, Ohio, whose construction was such as to

prove that Indians, living along this part of the Ohio

River, had certain methods of burial different from any

that have been found elsewhere; explored Indian graves

near Victoria, British Columbia; went to Japan; then to

Vladivostok and Khabarovsk, Siberia. From the latter

city, he went in an open canoe with only a stranded

sailor and a Tungus native as companions for 700 miles

down the Amur River, out into the Channel of Tartary,

along the coast to the Okhotsk Sea, and back to Nikol-

aiefsk, in a vain search for evidence of the migration of

the American Indian from Eastern Asia. Leaving

here on the last vessel of the season, he stopped

on Saghalien Island, then returned to Japan where

he ended the year. In 1899, 1900, and 1901, he

brought together the results of his work in Ohio and

some other states in his Archaeological History of Ohio.

In 1902, he trenched the "Elephant Beds," at Kimms-

wick, Missouri, searching for human remains in connec-

tion with the fossil deposits; mapped aboriginal quarries

and collected museum material at the flint beds in Carter

County, Kentucky; and by means of tunnels and trenches

disclosed the nature of the deposits in which was found

the "Lansing Skull" 28 feet underground, near Lansing,

Kansas. In 1903, he explored about 200 caves, also

aboriginal flint and hematite quarries, in southern In-

diana, southern Illinois, eastern Missouri, central and

Gerard Fowke               207

western Kentucky, northern Alabama, and western Ten-

nessee, traversing many counties in each of these States.

He also studied in the museums of the University of

Pennsylvania and of Cornell University. In 1904, he ar-

ranged the archaeological display at the St. Louis Exposi-

tion, going to New York, Philadelphia, Washington, and

Chicago to select material for exhibition; excavated a

large amount of prehistoric material from a cave near

Arlington, Missouri; made examinations of flint deposits

at Crescent, Missouri, at Alton and in Union County,

Illinois, and in the vicinity of Clifton, Tennessee. In

1905, he studied the loess formation on the Missouri and

Mississippi Rivers from St. Charles to Cairo, working

out an explanation of its peculiar distribution in this sec-

tion; and opened mounds at Montezuma and East St.

Louis, Illinois.  In  1906, he excavated numerous

mounds along the Missouri River from the Gasconade

to the Blackwater; and, in 1907, completed these ex-

plorations to Kansas City, ascertaining that the mounds

covered stone burial-vaults of a type not hitherto re-

ported from any other part of the country. In 1907, he

also examined the small mounds in several counties of

southeast Missouri, opening a number of them near New

Madrid. In 1908, he studied the zinc deposits of south-

west Missouri; the Burlington, Iowa, limestone; and

made additional examinations of the mounds at Monte-

zuma, Illinois. In 1909, he did some geological work

in southern Ohio, and completed a number of reports

of his work up to date. In 1910, he spent the spring and

summer in New York and in Kentucky, doing literary

work. In 1911, he packed the library and collections

of the Missouri Historical Society, preparatory to its

208      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

removal to its new building. In 1912, he opened a num-

ber of mounds at the ancient Maya city of Quirigua,

Guatemala, and examined the aboriginal remains across

that country to the Pacific Ocean. He also examined

supposed ore land in western Missouri, and studied the

geological conditions from Grand Tower to Cairo, Illi-

nois. In 1913-'14-'15, he classified, arranged, and put

on display, the collections of the Missouri Historical So-

ciety. Also, in 1913, he made some geological investiga-

tions in southern Missouri, in northeastern Arkansas, and

in the Iron Mountain region of Missouri; and explored

a cave on the Current River in Dent County, Missouri.

In 1914, he examined prehistoric earthworks in north-

eastern Kansas, and investigated reported finds of very

ancient human remains in the Missouri Valley from

White Cloud, Kansas, to Omaha, Nebraska. In 1915,

he made additional examinations of the hematite and

flint deposits, and of the Granite Mountain and Iron

Mountain region, of Missouri. In 1916, he studied the

mountain structure of western North Carolina, eastern

Tennessee, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Ken-

tucky. In 1917, he excavated mounds near Farming-

ton, Missouri. In 1918, he located, and examined for

mapping, scores of caves, village-sites, and aboriginal

burial-places in the Ozark region of south-central Mis-

souri, and made valuable museum collections from some

of them. He continued this work in 1919, thoroughly

excavating some large caves in Pulaski County, with

gratifying results. In 1920, after some work in eastern

museums and a study of ice-gorges at Niagara Falls,

he made a careful reconnaissance of the Hawaiian Is-

lands, but finding no evidence of a prehistoric popula-

Gerard Fowke               209

tion, did no excavating, and returned by way of the

Panama Canal. In 1921, he explored mounds opposite

Portsmouth, Ohio, and did some desultory work in

Ohio as far north as Berea. In 1922, he arranged a

collection for the Missouri Historical Society; went to

northeastern Arkansas and to Memphis; worked along

the Ohio River from Cairo to Pittsburgh; traversed

various eastern States from southern Virginia to Lake

George and Cape Cod Bay, including the slate and mar-

ble quarries of Vermont. In 1923, he explored a cave in

Maries County, Missouri; studied geological formations

in Yellowstone Park, Utah, and Colorado; and com-

pleted his studies of pre-glacial drainage lines of the

Ohio Valley in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio.

Much of his work in Ohio being along the border line

of the ice-sheet, he had observed, about 1890, that great

changes had occurred in the drainage systems. His

investigations into the cause of these conditions extended

as opportunity offered until he had thoroughly studied

nearly every mile along the Ohio from its source to its

mouth, as well as parts of many of its tributaries. Less

systematically, he carried these observations into Penn-

sylvania on the east and to Kansas and Nebraska toward

the west. Nearly all this work was necessarily done on

foot.

In 1924, he went to northern Arkansas, Memphis, and

Birmingham, and excavated mounds and shell heaps

around Mussel Shoals and in Lawrence County, Ala-

bama. In 1925, he went to Washington for museum

work; to Richmond, Virginia; did some geological work

in Indiana; made an archaeological survey of the Red

Vol. XXXIII--14

210      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

River Valley in Louisiana and of Scott County, Arkan-

sas; examined flint quarries in southwest Missouri; and

took part in mound work in the Scioto Valley in Ohio.

In 1926, he surveyed an extensive group of earth-

works near Marksville, Louisiana, and excavated a num-

ber of mounds there. He made some examinations

around Memphis, Tennessee, and in the vicinity of St.

Louis; prepared for printing various reports of his ex-

plorations, going to Washington for that purpose; ex-

amined stone deposits in western Indiana; studied the

formations along nearly 200 miles of the Kentucky

River; re-labeled and re-arranged the archaeological

collection of the Missouri Historical Society; and spent

part of the winter among the prehistoric remains of

Mexico and around New Orleans. In 1927, he made

further study of aboriginal flint quarries in Carter

County, Kentucky, and in Coshocton County, Ohio. In

1928, he explored the Carlsbad Cavern in New Mexico;

and arranged for display new material of the Missouri

Historical Society.

Aside from the scientific interest attached to his work,

he had little inclination for indoor life and was con-

tinually making pedestrian tours into regions remote

from ordinary lines of travel, in the effort to observe

and study natural features. It is a moderate estimate

to say that he walked a hundred thousand miles in open

country, traversing portions of nearly every State be-

tween Canada and the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic

Ocean to the Great Plains; and he probably knew more

from actual observation about the eastern half of the

United States than did any one else.

At various times he was aided in his work by the

Gerard Fowke               211

American Museum of Natural History of New York;

the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; the

Smithsonian Institution, the Bureau of Ethnology, of

Washington, D. C.; the Ohio State Geological Survey;

the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society;

the St. Louis branch of the Archaeological Institute of

America; the Missouri Historical Society; and several

individual collectors and students in their private capac-

ity. In addition to reports made to the above organiza-

tions, he wrote articles for an Encyclopedia, for Moore-

head's Fort Ancient and Primitive Man in Ohio, and for

several periodicals.

Compelled before the age of fifteen to depend entirely

upon his own efforts for a living, too restless to remain

long in one place, Fowke had but little opportunity to

procure an education. But from boyhood he was an

omnivorous reader of everything he could comprehend.

possessed a tenacious memory, was a close and accurate

observer, and thus managed to pick up considerable in-

formation about various subjects. However, his desul-

tory reading and rambling life made his knowledge more

satisfactory, mentally, than profitable, financially. He

could never adapt himself--and never wanted to do so--

to the restraints which are essential to success in any

line of business or professional life. It was equally

irksome for him to follow the plans or instructions of

those who held erroneous ideas in regard to conditions

as they existed, or to the proper methods of securing

the best results. Had he been more complaisant and

diplomatic, less contumacious and determined, his field

of research would have been wider but his life would

212       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

have been less satisfying. Like Sitting Bull he could

say:

"I have seen nothing the white man has--railroads, great build-

ings, fine clothes, rich food--that is worth as much as the right

to move about freely and live in your own way."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1). "A Sketch of Flint Ridge, in Licking County, Ohio."

Smithsonian Report for 1884, pp. 851-873, with a map.

(2). "Mounds in Pike County, Ohio." The American Archaeo-

logist (Warren K. Moorehead, publisher), March, I898,

pp. 62-68.

(3). "Prehistoric Mounds."  Cincinnati Commercial-Gazette,

July 22, 1888.

(4). "How a Mound Was Built." Science, August 10, 1888.

(5). "Some Popular Errors in Regard to Mound Builders and

Indians."  Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society

Publications, Columbus, Vol. II, December, 1888, pp.

380-403.

(6). "The Manufacture and Use of Aboriginal Stone Imple-

ments."  Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society

Publications, Vol. II, March, 1889, pp. 514-533.

(7). In Fort Ancient, by Warren K. Moorehead. Robert

Clarke & Company, Cincinnati, 1890:--

"Survey Notes of Fort Ancient," pp. 119-129; also por-

tions of the general text.

(8). In Primitive Man in Ohio, by Warren K. Moorehead, G.

P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1892:--

(a). "Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio," pp. 30-48.

(b). "Excavations at Fort Ancient," pp. 84-90, 4

figures.

(c). "Reports of Mounds Excavated in Ross County,

Ohio," pp. 113-183, 15 figures.

(9). "Some Interesting Mounds." American Anthropologist,

Vol. V, January, 1892, pp. 73-82.

(10). "Aboriginal Remains of the Piedmont and Valley Region

of Virginia." American Anthropologist, Vol. VI, No. 4,

October, 1893, pp. 415-422.

(11). "Indian Mound Riddles." St. Louis Globe Democrat, De-

cember 3, 1893.

Gerard Fowke                    213

(12). "Some Prevalent Mistakes Concerning American Aborig-

ines." The American Archaeologist (Moorehead), Feb-

ruary, 1894, pp. 43-50.

(13). "Mounds in Pike County, Ohio." Proceedings of Phila-

delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, July, 1894, 5

figures.

(14). "Norse Remains in the Neighborhood of Boston Bay."

The American Naturalist, July, 1894, pp. 623-625.

(15). "Cupstones." The American Archaeologist (Moorehead),

October, 1894, pp. 315-316.

(16). "Recent Discoveries."   The American    Archaeologist

'Discoveries'" (Moorehead), October, 1894, p. 316.

(17). "Material for Aboriginal Stone    Implements."  The

American Archaeologist (Moorehead), November, 1894,

pp. 328-335.

(18). "Archaeologic Investigations in the James and Potomac

Valleys." Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington,

Bulletin 23, 1894, pp. 1-80, 17 figures.

(19). "The Archaeology of Ohio." In Vol. VII, Part II, of the

Geological Survey of Ohio, 1894, pp. 1-55, 11 plates, 4

figures.

(20). In the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of American

Ethnology, Washington, 1894, are the following re-

ports:--

(a). "Excavation of a Group of Mounds in Union

County, Mississippi": pp. 267-278, 9 figures.

(b). "Ancient Works near Dublin, Ohio," pp. 449-451,

I figure.

(c). "Mound Group on Hill Place in Brown County,

Ohio," pp. 451-452, I figure.

(d). "Stone Graves in Brown County, Ohio," pp. 452-

457, 2 figures.

(e). "Flint Quarries in Coshocton County, Ohio," pp.

457-458. "Notes, Maps, and Descriptions (with

James D. Middleton) of Aboriginal Earthworks

and Other Remains in Southern and Central

Ohio," pp. 458-491, as follows:--  (f to 0 in-

clusive).

(f). "Works in Licking County," pp. 458-469, 5 plates,

II figures.

(g). "Stone Fort in Perry County," pp. 470-471', I

figure.

214       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

(h). "The Hopetown Works in Ross County," pp.

472-474, 2 plates.

(i.)  "The Cedar Bank Works in Ross County," pp.

474-476.

(j). "The High Bank Works in Ross County," pp.

476-479, 2 plates.

(k). "The Liberty Township Works in Ross County,"

pp. 479-482, I plate, I figure.

(1). "The Baum Works in Ross County," pp. 483-484,

I plate.

(m). "The Seip Works in Ross County," pp. 488-489.

(n). "The Seal Township Works in Pike County," pp.

489-491, I figure.

(o). "The Graded Way at Piketon," pp. 491-492.

(p). "Explorations in the Valley of the Monongahela

River, Pennsylvania," pp. 494-499, I figure.

(q). "Earthwork in Warren County, Pennsylvania,"

p. 503, I figure.

(r). "Enclosure on Rifle River, Michigan," pp. 516-

518, I figure.

(s). "Reconnaissance of the Upper and Lower Penin-

sulas of Michigan" (abstract), pp. 518-519.

(21). "Aboriginal Handicraft in Stone." The American Archae-

ologist (Moorehead), February, 1895, pp. 197-202.

(22). "The Uses of Stone Implements." The American Arch-

aeologist (Moorehead), April, 1895, pp. 300-304.

(23)'. "Excavations in the Aboriginal Quarry Pits at Flint

Ridge, Licking County, Ohio." Popular Science,

New York, November and December, 1895.

(24). "Pre-Glacial and Glacial Drainage in Ross County, Ohio."

Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison Uni-

versity, Granville, Ohio, Vol. IX, 1895, pp. 15-24, I map.

(25). "Mounds in Pike County, Ohio." Proceedings of Philadel-

phia Academy of Natural Sciences, January, 1896, 7

figures.

(26). "The Equinoxes and History."  Popular Science, New

York, September, 1896.

(27). "Stone Art." Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of

American Ethnology, Washington, 1896, pp. 47-184,

278 figures.

(28). "Forests and Climate," Popular Science, New York,

March, 1897.

(29). "The Formation of Natural Bridges." Popular Science,

New York, March, 1897.

Gerard Fowke                     215

(30). "Pre-Glacial Drainage in the Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio."

Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison Uni-

versity, Granville, Ohio, Vol. XI, March, 1898, pp. I-10,

I map. (This paper was printed subject to future cor-

rections and additions).

(31). "Archaeological Investigations on the Amur River, Si-

beria." Science, Vol. IX (n. s.) No. 224, April 14, 1899,

PP. 539-541.

(32). "Points of Difference between Norse Remains and Indian

Works Most Closely Resembling Them." American

Anthropologist, Vol. II (n. s.), No. 3, July, 1900 pp.

550-562, 3 plates, 3 figures.

(33). "Stone Graves in Brown County, Ohio." Ohio Archaeolo-

gical and Historical Society Publications, Vol IX, No. 2,

October, 1900, pp. 193-204.

(34). "Pre-Glacial Drainage Conditions in the Vicinity of Cin.

cinnati, Ohio."  Ohio State Academy of Science, Spe-

cial Papers No. 3, Columbus, December, 1900. Intro-

duction, pp. 5-9; also pp. 68-75, with two maps. (The

statement, as to the southern limit of the drift, is an

error. It is about 20 miles south of the Ohio at North

Bend).

(35). "The Geological Relations of the Human Relics of Lans-

ing,, Kansas." By T. C. Chamberlin, Journal of Geol-

ogy, Vol. X, No. 7, October-November, 1902, pp. 745-

793.

(36). "Fossil Remains Found near Lansing, Kansas." By W. H.

Holmes, American Anthropologist, Vol IV, No. 4,

October-December, 1902, pp. 743-752.

(37). Archaeological History of Ohio. The Mound Builders

and Later Indians. Ohio State Archaeological and His-

torical Society, Columbus, 1902, pp. i-xvi, 1-760, I plate,

303 figures.

(38). "Was Man in America in the Glacial Period?" By N. H.

Winchell, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,

Vol. XIV, pp. 133-152.

(39). "The Montezuma (Illinois) Mounds." Missouri Historical

Society Collections, Vol. II, No. 5, 1905, pp. I-16, 6

figures.

(40). "Illinois Mounds (East St. Louis)." The Commerce

Monthly, St. Louis, February, 1906, 4 figures.

(41). "Exploration of the Lower Amur Valley, Siberia." Amer-

216       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

ican Anthropologist, Vol. VIII, No. 2, June, 1906,  pp.

276-297.

(42). "Abstract of work in Missouri and elsewhere in 1902-

1906."  American Anthropologist, Vol. VIII, No. 3,

September, 1906, pp. 533-537.

(43). "Superficial Deposits along the Mississippi." Proceedings

of the Ohio State Academy of Science, (14th Annual

Report), Vol. IV, Part 7, pp. 349-352.

(44). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Bulletin

30, Part I, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washing-

ton, 1907, contains articles on the Lansing skeleton, and

various types of stone implements, in their alphabetical

order.

(45). "Surface Deposits along the Mississippi between the Mis-

souri and the Ohio." Missouri Historical Society Col-

lections, Vol. III, No. I, January 1908, pp. 31-35,  4

maps.

(46). "Missouri Valley Stone Graves." St. Louis Globe-Demo-

crat, April 19, 1908, 5 figures.

(47). "Mounds and Mound Builders." United Editors' Ency-

clopedia, New York, 1908.

(48). "Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Missouri," Bu-

reau of American Ethnology, Washington, Bulletin 37,

1910, pp. I-vii, I-116, I map, 19 plates, 20 figures.

(49). "Some Notes on the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Missouri."

Missouri Historical Society Collections, Vol. IV, No. I,

1912, pp. 82-103, I figure.

(50). "Prehistoric Objects Classified and Described" (in the

Museum of the Missouri Historical Society). Published

by the Society as Bulletin I, 1913, pp. I-32 14 plates, 4

figures.

(51). "The Influence of Geology upon Human Development."

Holmes Anniversary Volume, Bureau of American

Ethnology, Washington, 1916, pp. 123-131.

(52). Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities, by W. H.

Holmes, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington,

Bulletin 60, has these articles:--

(a). "The Lansing Skeleton," pp. 71-72.

(b). "Work at Wyandotte Cave, Indiana," p. 91.

(c). "Explorations at Flint Ridge, Licking County,

Ohio," pp. 173-181, 2 maps.

(d). "Flint Quarries and Workshops in Other Parts

of Ohio," pp. 181-184.

Gerard Fowke                    217

(e). "Aboriginal Flint Quarries in Southern Indiana,"

pp. 185-186.

(f). "Aboriginal Flint Quarry in Missouri," p. 195.

(g). "Aboriginal Iron Ore Mine in Missouri," pp.

266-267.

(h). Prehistoric Workshop near Luray, Virginia," pp.

334-335.

(53). Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, Bulletin

76:--

(a). "Report on Cave Explorations in the Ozark

Region of Central-Southern Missouri, in 1918-

1919."

(b). "Report on Cave Explorations in Other States."

(c). "Examination of Loess Reported to Contain

Human Remains, in Northeast Kansas and South-

east Nebraska in 1914."

(d). "Aboriginal House Mounds."

(e). "Archaeological Work in Hawaii."

(54). Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, Annual Re-

port, No. 44.

(a). "Mounds in Pike County Ohio."

(b). "Excavations in Greenup County, Kentucky."

(c).  "Excavations of Mounds and Shell Heaps in the

Vicinity of Mussel Shoals, Alabama."

c1--"The Shell Heap."

c2--"The Hog Island Mound."

c3--"The Flat-topped Mound."

c4--"Mounds near the Flat-topped Structure."

c5--"The Alexander Mound."

c6--"Other Mounds in Colbert and Lawrence

Counties."

(d). "Examination and Exploration of Mounds in Red

River Valley, Louisiana."

d1--"Vicinity of Shreveport."

d2--"Vicinity of Natchitoches."

d3--"Vicinity of Alexandria."

d4--"Vicinity of Marksville."

(e). "Mounds in West Carroll and Richland Parishes,

Louisiana."

(f). "Archaeological Survey of Scott County, Arkan-

sas."

(g). "Exploration of a Cave in Maries County, Mis-

souri."

218       Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications

(h). "Exploration of Mounds and Graves in Allen

County, Kentucky."

(i).  "The Elephant Beds at Kimmswick, Missouri."

(j). "The Mound and Salt Spring at Kimmswick,

Missouri."

(k). "The Prehistoric Skeleton from Lansing, Kan-

sas."

(l). "The Formation of Flint Deposits."

(m). "Flint Quarries in Coshocton County, Ohio."

(n). "Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio, (refer-

ences)."

(o). "Flint Quarries in Perry County, Ohio."

(p). "Flint Quarries in Carter County Kentucky."

(q). "Flint Quarries in Todd County, Kentucky."

(r). "Flint Quarries in the Kanawha Valley, West

Virginia."

(s). "Flint Quarries in Hardin and Wayne Counties,

Tennessee."

(t). "Flint Quarries in Polk and Barton Counties,

Missouri."

(u). "Flint Quarries in Jefferson County, Missouri."

(v). "Flint Deposits at Alton, Illinois."

(w). "Flint Quarries in Union County, Illinois."

(x). "Flint Quarries in Harrison County, Indiana."

(55). "The Genesis of the Ohio River." Proceedings of the

Indiana Academy of Science, Vol. 34, 1924, pp. 81-102.

(56). "Note on the Pre-Glacial Drainage of the Tradewater

River, Kentucky." Proceedings of the Indiana Acad-

emy of Science, Vol. 35, 1925, pp. 109-110

(57). "Perverted Benevolence As An Influence Upon Racial De-

velopment." Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of

Science, Vol. 37, 1927, pp. 73-79.

(58). "Geology as a Factor in Human Life and Character." To

appear in a future issue of the Ohio Archaeological and

Historical Quarterly.

(59). "Americans before Columbus." To appear in a future

issue of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quar-

terly.

Various other manuscripts await publication.