Editorialana. 261
plained. Indeed the annotations
themselves have a value second only to
the text which they explain. They
constitute a compendium of informa-
tion that evidences the faithfulness and
enthusiasm with which Mr. Con-
nelley has performed his work. We cite
only one instance especially
interesting to Ohio readers. It is Mr.
Connelley's note on the meaning
of the word "Ohio." He says: "Ohio is derived from the Iroquois.
The original is variously spoken in the
different dialects. In Wyandot
it is Ohezhu; in Mohawk and Cayuga it is
oheyo; in Onondaga and
Tuscarora it is Oheye; in Oneida it is
Ohe; in Seneca it is very nearly
the same as in Wyandot. Darlington, in
his Christopher Gist's Journals,
p. 94, and Morgan in his League of the
Iroquois, say this means 'fair,'
'beautiful,' and that the Iroquois
called the Ohio the Beautiful River.
The French so called it (La Belle
Riviere), but there is no evidence
that they secured the name from any
Indian original. The word does
not mean 'fair,' neither does it mean
'beautiful.' It means great. The
Iroquois, therefore, called the Ohio the
Great River. The Wyandots
call it Ohezhu Yandawaye--Great River.
And in the various dialects
of the Iroquois it is so called without
exception. They give the stream
that name from it source to the Gulf of
Mexico; with them it is the
main stream and has but one name. When I
became acquainted with
the Wyandots they told me of hunting
trips to the 'Sunken Lands' on
the Ohio. 'But,' I replied, 'there are
no sunken lands on the Ohio.'
'Yes,' they said, 'plenty on Ohio;
plenty by New Madrid.' 'But New
Madrid is on the Mississippi,' I
insisted. 'We call him Ohio-all along,
Ohio; not call him Mississippi any
place.' The Iroquois must have had
at some time a name for the Mississippi
above the mouth of the Ohio,
but those I have met do not remember
it."
GRAVE CREEK MOUND.
[One of the most interesting and noted
mounds of the West is the one
located at Moundsville, W. Va. It was
recently reported that the proprietor
had offered it for sale to any
historical society and that in default of a purchaser
he would destroy it, in order to have
the use of the grounds for agricultural
purposes. It appears, however, that the
West Virginia legislature laudably came
to the rescue and secured the property
for preservation. The following interesting
history of this mound and its
explorations is from the pen of Mr. Wills De Haas.
The article appeared in a late number of
The Philadelphia Ledger. We repro-
duce it in full with an accompanying cut
of the famous ancient tablet found in
the mound.-EDITOR.]
The Legislature of West Virginia at its
late session did a praise-
worthy act in purchasing the great mound
at Moundsville, one of the
largest and most interesting prehistoric
tumuli in central North America.
This important mound has long interested
scholars and antiquarians, and
has also provoked controversy. A
description and a statement of the
controversy may not be uninteresting at
this time. The tumulus is a
typical structure of the Mound
period--conical, symmetrical and 70 feet
262 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
in height, covered with forest trees, some of primeval growth. It stands on a second terrace of a crescent-shaped plateau, one third of a mile from the Ohio River. Pioneer settlement of "Grave Creek Flats" was made by Joseph Tomlinson, 1770, who discovered the great mound and system of earth- works, then in good preservation. He refused to have the large mound disturbed, but early in the last century an excavation was made near the summit and 60 copper beads found. Dr. Doddridge of Wellsburg, procured ten of these and sent them to a museum in Philadelphia, which fact is stated in a communication published in Vol. I "Archaeologia Americanae." In 1838 Jesse Tomlinson, who had inherited the property, decided by the advice of friends, to explore the mound. Accordingly a tunnel, 5 by 7 feet, was driven from the northeast base to the centre--111 feet-where a chamber 8 by 12 feet was discovered. It had been con- |
|
structed of undressed stone and wood, and contained two human skeletons, with several hundred shells (Marginella apicinos), over six hun- dred beads cut from the Buscyco perveorum, some mica plates, and a steatite. Enlarging the chamber ten additional skeletons were found sur- rounding the crypt. Continuing exploration, a shaft was sunk from summit to base, disclosing a second chamber mid- distant from base to summit. This |
had been constructed like the first (both were in ruins), but contained only one skeleton in tolerable preservation; the cranium was sent to Dr. Morton of Philadelphia, and is figured in "Crania Americae"; it is in the Academy of Science. Beads, shells and five copper wristlets, show- ing advance of the builders from stone to copper age, were found. A more important discovery was a small stone tablet, inscribed with un- known characters. This is the celebrated Grave Creek Tablet, about which much has been written and considerable controversy made. It is a small, thin, flat pebble of compact, hard-grain dark sand- stone, probably taken from the river beach. The workmanship is rude, but distinct. The inscription consists of 22 characters and one idiograph. The discovery attracted attention. Dr. Clemens of Wheeling, prepared a careful report of his investigations for Dr. Morton. Dr. Townsend, of Prof. Rodger's geological staff, communicated to the Cincinnati Chronicle (monthly) a detailed account of the mound and discoveries. A pen drawing of the tablet accompanied his sketch, which was used by Prof. |
|
Editorialana. 263
Raflio, Baron Jomard and other European
scholars, and not being en-
tirely accurate, has been slightly
misleading.
Arthur T. Boreman, then a resident of
Elizabethland (Mounds-
ville), communicated to the American
Pioneer a sketch of the mound, its
exploration, and containing quite a good
impression of the tablet. Mr.
Boreman was the first Governor of West
Virginia and later U. S. Senator.
Mr. Schoolcraft visited the mound and
made a painstaking and
exhaustive examination, which he
reported to the Ethnological Society.
His great work on Indian history and
archaeology fully describes the
mound and contents. Other visitors and writers of distinction
have
published descriptions and opinions.
The tablet was deposited temporarily in
the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, where casts were made in wax,
plaster, etc., and generally dis-
tributed. Professors Henry, Baird and
Foreman were interested and
stimulated research in Western
archaeology.
Of foreign savants who have written on
the inscription, mention
may be made of Professor Raflio, of the
Society of Northern Anti-
quaries; the Baron Jomard, Sir J. E.
Alexander, Professor Wilson,
Doctor Bing, the Marquis de Naidillac
and others.
In this country, Mr. Schoolcraft, the
Rev. Dr. Hawks, with scores
of others, have written on the subject.
Our learned societies discussed
it, and almost every work on American
archaeology treated it.
Several years after the discovery, E. G.
Squier, who had been
associated with Doctor Davis in
preparing a work on the "Ancient
Monuments of the Mississippi
Valley," visited the mound, and in a cap-
tious spirit discredited the tablet
because anomalous. This opinion he
repeated in a paper before the American
Ethnological Society. Citizens
of Wheeling and Moundsville, familiar
with the facts of discovery, and
investigators who had examined and
expressed confidence in its authen-
ticity, were indignant at Mr. Squier's
attempted impeachment, and re-
solved to establish the authenticity of
the tablet. The writer, then re-
siding at Washington, was consulted, and
accepted an invitation of the
Ethnological Society to prepare for the
society a paper embodying the
facts and discussing fully the
authenticity of the tablet.
A meeting comprising most of the
prominent literary, scientific and
professional men of New York city, was
held, supplemented with a ban-
quet at the residence of the president.
A carefully prepared paper, with
a mass of testimony authenticating the
discovery of the tablet, was sub-
mitted. Mr. Squier was present, and
followed the speaker with a candid
disclaimer of any intention to discredit
the tablet. He was convinced
by the facts presented, and moved a vote
of thanks.
The tablet is recognized by linguists
and archaeologists as a valuable
discovery, but its true character has
not been determined. It is prob-
ably a prayer, medal or legend. The
character resembles the old Phoe-
necian as found along the Mediterranean.
As other chambers have been
264 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.
disclosed by the falling in of walls, it
is hoped that further explorations
may develop additional tablets and other
important relics.
In this connection it may not be
inappropriate to state that an in-
scribed stone was taken from another
mound of the Grave Creek system
many years ago, and deposited in the
museum of Hampden-Sydney Col-
lege, Virginia. It cannot be found, but
Doctor Marters, member of the
House of Delegates, who carried the
relic to Richmond, testifies to the
fact.
JOHN FILSON.
[The following sketch of the life of
John Filson is reprinted from The Cin-
cinnati Times-Star of recent date. John Filson was one of the most influential
char-
acters in the early history of Ohio and
Kentucky, and the following article is well
worthy of permanent
preservation.-EDITOR.]
One of the least familiar and at the
same time one of the most
fascinating chapters in the history of
Cincinnati and of Kentucky is the
story of the life of John Filson, the
actual founder of Cincinnati, the
first historian and geographer of
Kentucky, the biographer of Daniel
Boone, the man of peace among the
warlike pioneers of the Middle
West of the eighteenth century. Filson's
name is barely mentioned by
the historians of a later day. Some of the most complete historical
works, such as that of Bancroft,
overlook him entirely. To his memory
there is not a single monument. Even the
street in Cincinnati which
was named after him has had its title
changed and is now known as
Plum street. The picturesque name,
"Losantiville," which he gave to the
city he had laid out opposite the most
northerly point of Kentucky, has
vanished from the maps and the
gazetteers. Filson's memory is kept
green only through one organization, the
Filson Club of Louisville, which
has published a biography of the
pioneer, embodying all the known facts
of his life and his services to his
country.
One reason why Filson's name has not
been preserved in history
to a greater extent may be found in the
fact that he was not a fighting
man. In an era when deeds of bloodshed
were celebrated to the exclu-
sion of the more peaceful but more
useful arts of the teacher, the sur-
veyor and the farmer, such an oversight
is quite natural.
Even the date of John Filson's birth is
not known. It is known
that he was the second son of Davidson
Filson of Brandywine, Pa.,
himself the son of one John Filson) an
English pioneer. John Filson,
the explorer, probably was born about
1741, but there is only collateral
evidence of that fact. What his early
life and education were can only
be conjectured by piecing together the
accounts that have come down
of what colonial life in general was in
the middle of the eighteenth
century. It is recorded, however, that
he received some instruction in
his youth from the Rev. Samuel Finley,
afterwards president of New
Jersey College, and it was from this
learned man that he probably obtained
the smattering of Latin, Greek and
French he is known to have possessed.