Ohio History Journal

THE CENTENARY OF SANDUSKY COUNTY.

BY BASIL MEEK.

(Read at the centennial celebration of Sandusky county, August 2, 1920.)

Sandusky county has a wonderfully interesting history, but

only a few of the more important facts will be attempted to be

given by me on this occasion of its centenary of years.  The

time allotted will necessarily preclude the mention of many of

the romantic incidents in its aboriginal and early civil and mili-

tary history. Reference to these is hereby made to an article by

the writer, entitled "The Evolution of Sandusky County", pub-

lished in the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications,

Vol. 24, page 138, where a fuller history appears.

The region of country, comprising what is now Sandusky

county, is within what has been, since the discovery of the New

World by Columbus, under the dominion of the several powers

of Spain, France, England, and of course the United States. And

it is not saying too much to add, the dominion of what may be

called the Republic of Virginia, for to this power, rather than

the greater ones mentioned, we are more directly connected, in

our history; and to this our more particular attention will be

given, with some facts as to the aboriginal occupation.

Virginia's claim to all the vast domain later known as the

Northwest was based on the charter of 1609, granted her col-

onists by England, which in its area of country included all

within defined boundaries, West and Northwest from the Atlantic

coast, from "sea to sea", i. e., from the Atlantic to the Pacific

oceans, but which was subsequently, by treaty with contending

powers, limited in its western boundary by the Mississippi river.

Virginia formed counties whose western boundaries ex-

tended to the Mississippi river, and in which our region was

embraced, in the order following: Orange county, in 1734;

Augusta, in 1738; Botetourt, in 1769; and the county of Illinois

formed from Botetourt in 1778. This latter county was created

as the result of the conquest from England, of the country west

(455)

456      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.

of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio river to the Mississippi,

by George Rogers Clark, under the authority of Virginia, in

1778, then a defacto republic, and claiming that England, by the

act known as the Quebec Act, in 1774, was violating the rights of

Virginia granted by the charter of 1609, in annexing this region

to the Province of Quebec and prohibiting settlements therein

by her people.

In 1784 Virginia ceded all the region named to the Federal

Government, and we accordingly came under the jurisdiction of

the United States. Counties were formed including the region

of what is now Sandusky county, as follows: Hamilton county,

which came into existence in 1790. It did not then, however,

embrace our county, but in 1792 its boundaries were extended to

include the same; Wayne county was formed in 1796. The latter

was not the present county by that name in Ohio. It was and

is Wayne county, of which Detroit, in the state of Michigan, is

the county seat.  It included all of northwest Ohio, part of

Indiana, including Fort Wayne, part of Illinois, including the

site of Chicago, and all of Michigan. Thus it will appear that

we were then in a county with Detroit its seat of justice.

Ohio state was admitted into the Union in 1803; since when

Sandusky county has been during the periods mentioned, em-

braced within the county of Franklin, 1803-1808; within the

county of Delaware, 1808-1815; and in the county of Huron,

1815-1820.

ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION.

Long ages prior to the advent of civilized man this region

was inhabited by a pre-historic race, long since wholly vanished

from the earth, leaving no evidence whatever of their existence

save only structures known as "earthworks" or "enclosures",

found here along the Sandusky river, one of which was within

what is now the city of Fremont, two south of the city, several

between the city and Sandusky Bay, and two near the mouth of

Pickeril Creek, a total in all, in the county, of eighteen of these

pre-historic sites (History of Sandusky Co.--Meek, p. 38.)

The aborigines of authentic history here were, first, the Erie

or Cat Nation, from whom Lake Erie is believed to have derived

its name. They, about the first of the seventeenth century, in

The Centenary of Sandusky County.        457

war with the Indians from east of the Niagara country, known

as the Five Nations, were completely exterminated and their

region, left a solitude, thus continued until about the first decade

of the eighteenth century, when it was reinhabited by the Wyan-

dots, with Ottawas and remnants of dispersed western tribes,

which had been driven into exile westwards by the Five Nations,

about the middle of the seventeenth century.  It seems that the

Five Nations had lost or abandoned their absolute supremacy,

but still claimed some rights in the region.

Thereafter the Wyandots became the dominant aboriginal

power, but other tribes on friendly relations with them shared in

occupation of the region, which was an important one for them

all. The beautiful Sandusky river, which flows through the

entire county, teemed with fish, and its marshes and valleys

abounded in fowl and large game. It was, indeed, a suggestion

to them of their happy hunting ground, in their hoped for "Land

of the Hereafter".

All pretended dominion over the Northern Ohio country, by

the Five Nations, then the Six Nations, was by treaty, in 1784,

abandoned in favor of the Federal Government.

By a treaty in 1795 (there were previous, but unsatisfactory

treaties), with the Wyandots and all other tribes in any way

claiming to be interested, known as the "Greenville Treaty", all

lands south of the treaty line, together with the two-mile square

tract at the lower rapids of the Sandusky river, now the city of

Fremont, were ceded to the United States; and all the lands

north thereof except certain reservations, which we need not

mention, were conveyed to the tribes "to live and hunt on", being

the extent of title recognized by civilized governments in favor

of native savage tribes.

The first land owned by the United States, embraced in

Sandusky county, clear of Indian claim, was this two-mile square

tract, now the county seat of the county.  The next was the

Maumee and Western Reserve road lands, by treaty in 1808,

ceding a tract the entire distance through the county, from the

western line of the Western Reserve, and passing through the

site of what is now Fremont, in a northwesterly direction, 120

feet in width, for a road, and one mile adjoining the same on

458      Ohio Arch. and Hist. Society Publications.

either side for settlement; and also for a road tract 120 feet in

width, to run southwardly from Lower Sandusky to the Green-

ville treaty line.

By a treaty, September 20th, 1817, at the foot of the rapids

of the Maumee river, the tribes ceded all their title to all the

remaining lands in northwestern Ohio to the United States Gov-

ernment, which was in 1820, February 12th, carved by the Ohio

legislature into fourteen separate counties, of which Sandusky

was one. The act creating these counties took effect April 1,

1820.

The name of Sandusky county is derived from that of the

river, which in aboriginal expression is Tsaendosti, pronounced

San-doos-tee, and means "It is cold fresh (water)".

When created the county contained two townships only,

Sandusky on the west side of the river, and Croghan on the east

side, both organized by the county commissioners of Huron

county. The two embraced all the territory within the following

boundaries, viz.: East of the east line of Wood county and

Lucas county, as now existing, including the townships of Oregon

and Jerusalem in the latter, to the west lines of Huron and Erie

counties, as now organized, with a small part of Erie now ad-

joining Sandusky Bay in the northeast part of Margaretta town-

ship, and north, all within said east and west boundaries, from

the north line of Seneca county to Lake Erie.  Seneca county

was attached to Sandusky county for judicial purposes, and thus

remained for four years.  Our county, with Seneca attached,

contained only about eight hundred souls. At the first election

for county officers, the first Monday in April, 1820, there were

only 175 votes cast.

In 1840 Ottawa County was created, taken mostly from San-

dusky, and now includes all of the territory of the latter as

originally formed, lying north of the north boundary lines of the

townships of Townsend, Riley, Rice, Washington and Wood-

ville, as now existing, and extending thence to the original

boundary line in Lake Erie.

The seat of justice was located temporarily at Croghansville,

on the east side of the river, where it remained for the period

of two years.  Here the common pleas court was held and

The Centenary of Sandusky County.         459

official business conducted in a house owned by Moris A. New-

man, at the northeast corner of Ohio Avenue and Pine Street.

The first term of the court was held May 8th, 1820, with Judge

George Todd presiding, and associate Judges David Harrold,

Alexander Morris and Israel Harrington sitting. David Todd,

the noted War Governor of Ohio, was a son of Judge George

Todd.

At the May term, 1822, of the court of common pleas,

Charles R. Sherman, of the commission appointed by the legis-

lature to permanently locate the county seat, made his report for

the commission, establishing the same in the "Town of Sandusky"

on the west side of the river. The report was approved by the

court, which thereupon adjourned to a hewn log school house,

situated in the permanent seat of justice, thus located. This log

house stood near the site of the location of the present high

school building. Courts were here held, both common pleas and

supreme, for several years, until the erection of a frame building

as a permanent court house, on the grounds where Rev. W. A.

Bowman resides, on Court Street, then fronting on Arch Street.

It was first located and partly constructed where the M. E.

Church stands, and finally removed to its present location about

1828. Charles R. Sherman, who made the report on the perma-

nent county seat, was the father of a son named William Tecum-

seh, then about four years old, who became the distinguished

General Sherman in the Civil War.  Mr. Sherman Sr. became

a supreme court Judge and, with Judge Burnet, held a term of

that court in this school house.

In 1829, by act of the state legislature, the two villages of

Croghansville and Sandusky were united by the name of the

"Town of Lower Sandusky." In 1849 the name was changed to

Fremont.

When this county was formed there was not a railroad in

existence in the United States. There were no telegraphs, tele-

phones, electric lights, grain reapers, mowing machines, sewing

machines, threshing machines, power printing presses, linotypes,

typewriters, automobiles or flying machines.  All these with

many other inventions and discoveries, adding comfort and happi-